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ASTM D1655-00a

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels

Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract.  
1.2 This specification defines specific types of aviation turbine fuel for civil use. It does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.
1.3 Aviation turbine fuels defined by this specification may be used in other than turbine engines which are specifically designed and certified for this fuel.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jun-2001
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.J0 - Aviation Fuels
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D1655-00b - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Referred By
ASTM D5677-17 - Standard Specification for Fiberglass (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe and Pipe Fittings, Adhesive Bonded Joint Type, for Aviation Jet Turbine Fuel Lines
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Referred By
ASTM D381-22 - Standard Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Referred By
ASTM D4054-23 - Standard Practice for Evaluation of New Aviation Turbine Fuels and Fuel Additives
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Referred By
ASTM D3343-22 - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Hydrogen Content of Aviation Fuels
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Referred By
ASTM D7566-22a - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Referred By
ASTM F3397/F3397M-21 - Standard Practice for Aeroplane Turbine Fuel System Hot Weather Operations
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Referred By
ASTM D4171-22 - Standard Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Referred By
ASTM D7806-20 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) and Triglyceride Content in Diesel Fuel Oil Using Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR Transmission Method)
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Referred By
ASTM D6615-22 - Standard Specification for Jet B Wide-Cut Aviation Turbine Fuel
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Referred By
ASTM D8166-22 - Standard Test Method for Sizing and Counting Particulates in Middle Distillate Fuels and Biodiesel Blend (B6 to B20) Using Continuous Flow and Bottle Sampler Particle Contamination Monitors
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Referred By
ASTM D8194-18e1 - Standard Practice for Evaluation of Suitability of 37 mm Filter Monitors and 47 mm Filters Used to Determine Particulate Contaminant in Aviation Turbine Fuels
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Referred By
ASTM D7058-19 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Red Dye Concentration and Estimation of Saybolt Color of Aviation Turbine Fuels and Kerosine Using a Portable Visible Spectrophotometer
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Referred By
ASTM D7042-21a - Standard Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of Kinematic Viscosity)
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001
Referred By
ASTM D7464-20 - Standard Practice for Manual Sampling of Liquid Fuels, Associated Materials and Fuel System Components for Microbiological Testing
Effective Date
10-Jun-2001

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ASTM D1655-00a - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine FuelsASTM D1655-00a - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
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ASTM D1655-00a - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 1655 – 00a An American National Standard
Standard Specification for
1
Aviation Turbine Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1655; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
2
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies
D 1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid
in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine
2
Petroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
fuel under contract.
D 1322 Test Method for Smoke Point of Aviation Turbine
1.2 This specification defines specific types of aviation
2
Fuels
turbine fuel for civil use. It does not include all fuels satisfac-
D 1405 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Com-
tory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or condi-
2
bustion of Aviation Fuels
tions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of
D 1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
characteristics than is shown by this specification.
2
(High-Temperature Method)
1.3 Aviation turbine fuels defined by this specification may
D 1660 Test Method for Thermal Stability of Aviation
be used in other than turbine engines that are specifically
3
Turbine Fuels
designed and certified for this fuel.
D 1740 Test Method for Luminometer Numbers of Aviation
2
2. Referenced Documents Turbine Fuels
D 1840 Test Method for Naphthalene Hydrocarbons in
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
2
Aviation Turbine Fuels by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry
D 56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester
2
D 2276 Test Method for Particulate Contaminant in Avia-
D 86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products
2
tion Fuel by Line Sampling
D 93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
2
2
D 2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
Closed Cup Tester
D 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
4
2
X-Ray Spectrometry
eral Bomb Method)
D 2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Avia-
D 130 Test Method for Detection of Copper Corrosion from
4
2
tion and Distillate Fuels
Petroleum Products by the Copper Strip Tarnish Test
D 2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of
D 156 Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Prod-
4
2
Petroleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography
ucts (Saybolt Chromometer Method)
D 3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light
D 240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid
2
Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
4
lometry
D 323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
2
D 3227 Test Method for Mercaptan Sulfur in Gasoline,
ucts (Reid Method)
Kerosine, Aviation Turbine, and Distillate Fuels (Potentio-
D 381 Test Method for Existent Gum in Fuels by Jet
4
2
metric Method)
Evaporation
D 3240 Test Method for Undissolved Water in Aviation
D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
4
Turbine Fuels
and Opaque Liquids (the Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
2
D 3241 Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability of
ity)
4
2
Aviation Turbine Fuels (JFTOT Procedure)
D 1094 Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels
4
D 3242 Test Method for Acidity in Aviation Turbine Fuel
D 1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
2
D 3338 Test Method for Estimation of Heat of Combustion
(Lamp Method)
4
of Aviation Fuels
D 1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
D 3343 Test Method for Estimation of Hydrogen Content of
4
Aviation Fuels
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.J on Aviation Fuels.
3
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 2000. Published October 2000. Originally Discontinued—Replaced by D 3241—See 1993 Annual Book of ASTM Stan-
published as D 1655 – 59. Last previous edition D 1655 – 00. dards, Vol 05.02.
2 4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D 1655
8
D 3701 Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Aviation 2.2 IP Standards:
Turbine Fuels by Low Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Reso- 225 Copper Content of Aviation Turbine Fuel
4
nance Spectrometry 227 Silver Corrosion of Aviation Turbine Fuel
9
D 3828 Test Methods for Flash Po
...

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5.1 The boiling range distribution of FAMES provides an insight into the composition of product related to the transesterification process. This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
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5.1 The analysis of trace oxygenates in automotive spark-ignition engine fuel has become routine in certain areas to ensure compliance whenever oxygenated fuels are used. In addition, test methods to measure trace levels of oxygenates in automotive spark-ignition fuel are necessary to assess product quality.
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1.2 The ethanol blending concentration for which this test method applies ranges from 1 % to 15% by volume. Higher concentrations of ethanol coelute with methanol in the analytical column. Lower levels of ethanol, similar to the other oxygenate, can be calibrated and analyzed also. If higher ethanol concentrations are expected, the window cutting technique can be used to avoid ethanol from entering the analytical column and interfere with the determination of the other oxygenates of interest. Refer to Appendix X1 for details.  
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5.1 The combustion quality of aviation turbine fuel has traditionally been controlled in specifications by such tests as smoke point (see Test Method D1322), smoke volatility index, aromatic content of luminometer number (see Test Method D1740). Evidence is accumulating that a better control of the quality may be obtained by limiting the minimum hydrogen content of the fuel.  
5.2 Existing methods allow the hydrogen content to be calculated from other parameters or determined by combustion techniques. The method specified provides a quick, simple, and more precise alternative to these methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the hydrogen content of aviation turbine fuels.  
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5.4 This guide does not purport to specify an all-inclusive listing of test and analysis requirements to achieve ASTM International approval ...
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1.1 This guide provides procedures to develop data for use in research reports for new aviation gasolines or new aviation gasoline additives.  
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5.1 This test method was developed to assess the performance of a heavy-duty engine oil in controlling engine wear under operating conditions selected to accelerate soot production and valve-train wear in a turbocharged and aftercooled four-cycle diesel engine with sliding tappet followers equipped with exhaust gas recirculation hardware.  
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1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D5001-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Lubricity of Aviation Turbine Fuels by the Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator (BOCLE)

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5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
5.2 The relationship of test results to aviation fuel system component distress due to wear has been demonstrated for some fuel/hardware combinations where boundary lubrication is a factor in the operation of the component.  
5.3 The wear scar generated in the ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator (BOCLE) test is sensitive to contamination of the fluids and test materials, the presence of oxygen and water in the atmosphere, and the temperature of the test. Lubricity measurements are also sensitive to trace materials acquired during sampling and storage. Containers specified in Practice D4306 shall be used.  
5.4 The BOCLE test method may not directly reflect operating conditions of engine hardware. For example, some fuels that contain a high content of certain sulfur compounds can give anomalous test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers assessment of the wear aspects of the boundary lubrication properties of aviation turbine fuels on rubbing steel surfaces.  
1.1.1 This test method incorporates two procedures, one using a semi-automated instrument and the second a fully automated instrument. Either of the two instruments may be used to carry out the test.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Test Methods for Hydrogen Content of Light Distillates, Middle Distillates, Gas Oils, and Residua by Low-Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

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5.1 The hydrogen content represents a fundamental quality of a petroleum product that has been correlated with many of the performance characteristics of that product.  
5.2 This test method provides a simple and more precise alternative to existing test methods, specifically combustion techniques (Test Methods D5291) for determining the hydrogen content on a range of petroleum products.
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the hydrogen content of petroleum products ranging from atmospheric distillates to vacuum residua using a continuous wave, low-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. (Test Method D3701 is the preferred method for determining the hydrogen content of aviation turbine fuels using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.)  
1.2 Three test methods are included here that account for the special characteristics of different petroleum products and apply to the following distillation ranges:    
Test Method  
Petroleum Products  
Boiling Range, °C (°F)
(approximate)  
A  
Light Distillates  
15–260 (60–500)  
B  
Middle Distillates  
200–370 (400–700)  
Gas Oils  
370–510 (700–950)  
C  
Residua  
510+ (950+ )  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. The preferred units are mass %.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Sections 7.2 and 7.4.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8252-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Vanadium and Nickel in Crude and Residual Oil by X-ray Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a rapid and precise elemental measurement with simple sample preparation. Typical analysis times are approximately 4 min to 5 min per sample with a preparation time of approximately 1 min to 3 min per sample.  
5.2 The quality of crude oil is related to the amount of sulfur present. Knowledge of the vanadium and nickel concentration is necessary for processing purposes as well as contractual agreements.  
5.3 The presence of vanadium and nickel presents significant risks for contamination of the cracking catalysts in the refining process.  
5.4 This test method provides a means of determining whether the vanadium and nickel content of crude meets the operational limits of the refinery and whether the metal content will have a deleterious effect on the refining process or when used as a fuel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of total vanadium and nickel in crude and residual oil in the concentration ranges shown in Table 1 using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry.  
1.2 Sulfur is measured for analytical purposes only for the compensation of X-ray absorption matrix effects affecting the vanadium and nickel X-rays. For measurement of sulfur by standard test method use Test Methods D4294, D2622 or other suitable standard test method for sulfur in crude and residual oils.  
1.3 This test method is limited to the use of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometers employing an X-ray tube for excitation in conjunction with wavelength dispersive detection system or energy dispersive high resolution semiconductor detector with the ability to separate signals of adjacent and near-adjacent elements.  
1.4 This test method uses inter-element correction factors calculated from XRF theory, the fundamental parameters (FP) approach, or best fit regression.  
1.5 Samples containing higher concentrations than shown in Table 1 must be diluted to bring the elemental concentration of the diluted material within the scope of this test method.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6.1 The preferred concentrations units are mg/kg for vanadium and nickel.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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