ASTM F3337-23
(Guide)Standard Guide for Taking Property and Behavior Measurements on Weathered Fractions of Oil
Standard Guide for Taking Property and Behavior Measurements on Weathered Fractions of Oil
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A standard procedure is necessary to establish property changes for spilled oils or petroleum products at different oil weathering stages.
5.2 This procedure employs standardized equipment, and test procedures.
5.3 This procedure should be performed at the stages of weathering corresponding to the spill conditions of interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide summarizes methods to fractionate oil by evaporative weathering and then measure the properties and behavior of the weathered oil. The results of this guide can provide oil behavior data for input into oil spill models and response method selection.
1.2 This guide covers general procedures for oil weathering and behavior and does not cover all possible procedures which may be applicable to this topic.
1.3 The results obtained using this guide are intended to provide baseline data for the behavior of oil and petroleum products when spilled and input to oil spill models.
1.4 The results obtained using this guide can be used directly to predict certain facets of oil spill behavior or as input to oil spill models.
1.5 The accuracy of the guide depends very much on the representative nature of the oil sample used. Certain oils can have different properties depending on their chemical contents at the moment a sample is taken.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 30-Nov-2023
- Technical Committee
- F20 - Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response
- Drafting Committee
- F20.16 - Surveillance and Tracking
Relations
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Apr-2024
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2017
- Effective Date
- 01-Apr-2016
- Referred By
ASTM F3634-23 - Standard Guide for Preparing Weathered Samples of Oil Using a Rotary Evaporator - Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2023
Overview
ASTM F3337-23: Standard Guide for Taking Property and Behavior Measurements on Weathered Fractions of Oil is a comprehensive resource developed by ASTM International. This guide outlines standardized procedures to measure the changes in the properties and behavior of oils and petroleum products at various stages of weathering, especially relevant in the context of oil spills. The data acquired from following the guide are essential for oil spill modeling, response planning, and understanding environmental impacts. This standard supports global best practices by harmonizing methods and providing reliable input for environmental assessment and spill response strategies.
Key Topics
- Oil Weathering Stages: The guide emphasizes evaluating oils at multiple weathering stages, from fresh to extensively weathered conditions, under representative spill scenarios.
- Property Measurement: It covers a wide range of critical oil properties, including density, viscosity, pour point, sulfur content, simulated distillation, and SARA (Saturate, Aromatic, Resin, and Asphaltene) analysis.
- Behavior Analysis: The document addresses behavior metrics such as emulsion formation, chemical dispersibility, and adhesion to different surfaces.
- Test Methods: ASTM F3337-23 references numerous established ASTM test methods for measuring oil properties, ensuring accuracy and reproducibility.
- Sample Handling: Detailed procedures for proper oil sample storage, handling, and preparation are included to minimize contamination and ensure valid results.
- Safety and Compliance: The guide highlights the importance of adhering to safety, health, environmental, and regulatory requirements in all testing and sample handling processes.
Applications
ASTM F3337-23 is practically valuable across multiple industries and environmental disciplines:
- Oil Spill Modeling: The data generated support predictive modeling of oil spill behavior, which aids in the selection of response techniques and risk assessment.
- Environmental Protection: Regulatory agencies and stakeholders use these procedures to establish baseline data for the fate and transport of spilled oil, impacting cleanup operations and environmental restoration.
- Research and Development: Laboratories and research institutions apply these standardized methods to improve the understanding of oil weathering processes and the effectiveness of spill remediation technologies.
- Industry Standards Compliance: Oil producers, transporters, and responders utilize the guide to ensure data consistency and reliability in oil spill preparedness and response.
Related Standards
ASTM F3337-23 references numerous complementary standards for testing petroleum and oil products. Key related ASTM standards include:
- D93: Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
- D97: Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
- D5002: Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Crude Oils by Digital Density Analyzer
- D4294: Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
- D6560: Test Method for Determination of Asphaltenes in Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products
- F2059 & F3251: Methods for evaluating dispersant effectiveness on oil spills
- F3045 & F3634: Test methods for water-in-oil emulsion formation and preparation of weathered oil samples
ASTM F3337-23 is a foundational standard for professionals dealing with oil spill response, environmental monitoring, and oil property analysis, ensuring that vital property and behavior data are captured with accuracy, safety, and international consistency.
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Frequently Asked Questions
ASTM F3337-23 is a guide published by ASTM International. Its full title is "Standard Guide for Taking Property and Behavior Measurements on Weathered Fractions of Oil". This standard covers: SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1 A standard procedure is necessary to establish property changes for spilled oils or petroleum products at different oil weathering stages. 5.2 This procedure employs standardized equipment, and test procedures. 5.3 This procedure should be performed at the stages of weathering corresponding to the spill conditions of interest. SCOPE 1.1 This guide summarizes methods to fractionate oil by evaporative weathering and then measure the properties and behavior of the weathered oil. The results of this guide can provide oil behavior data for input into oil spill models and response method selection. 1.2 This guide covers general procedures for oil weathering and behavior and does not cover all possible procedures which may be applicable to this topic. 1.3 The results obtained using this guide are intended to provide baseline data for the behavior of oil and petroleum products when spilled and input to oil spill models. 1.4 The results obtained using this guide can be used directly to predict certain facets of oil spill behavior or as input to oil spill models. 1.5 The accuracy of the guide depends very much on the representative nature of the oil sample used. Certain oils can have different properties depending on their chemical contents at the moment a sample is taken. 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1 A standard procedure is necessary to establish property changes for spilled oils or petroleum products at different oil weathering stages. 5.2 This procedure employs standardized equipment, and test procedures. 5.3 This procedure should be performed at the stages of weathering corresponding to the spill conditions of interest. SCOPE 1.1 This guide summarizes methods to fractionate oil by evaporative weathering and then measure the properties and behavior of the weathered oil. The results of this guide can provide oil behavior data for input into oil spill models and response method selection. 1.2 This guide covers general procedures for oil weathering and behavior and does not cover all possible procedures which may be applicable to this topic. 1.3 The results obtained using this guide are intended to provide baseline data for the behavior of oil and petroleum products when spilled and input to oil spill models. 1.4 The results obtained using this guide can be used directly to predict certain facets of oil spill behavior or as input to oil spill models. 1.5 The accuracy of the guide depends very much on the representative nature of the oil sample used. Certain oils can have different properties depending on their chemical contents at the moment a sample is taken. 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM F3337-23 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 13.020.40 - Pollution, pollution control and conservation; 75.080 - Petroleum products in general. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ASTM F3337-23 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ASTM F3337-19, ASTM D1824-24, ASTM D7094-23, ASTM D7094-17a, ASTM D1824-16, ASTM F3634-23. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ASTM F3337-23 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F3337 − 23
Standard Guide for
Taking Property and Behavior Measurements on Weathered
Fractions of Oil
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3337; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This guide summarizes methods to fractionate oil by
2.1 ASTM Standards:
evaporative weathering and then measure the properties and
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
behavior of the weathered oil. The results of this guide can
Closed Cup Tester
provide oil behavior data for input into oil spill models and
D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
response method selection.
D971 Test Method for Interfacial Tension of Insulating
Liquids Against Water by the Ring Method
1.2 This guide covers general procedures for oil weathering
and behavior and does not cover all possible procedures which D1310 Test Method for Flash Point and Fire Point of Liquids
may be applicable to this topic. by Tag Open-Cup Apparatus
D1824 Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Plastisols and
1.3 The results obtained using this guide are intended to
Organosols at Low Shear Rates
provide baseline data for the behavior of oil and petroleum
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum
products when spilled and input to oil spill models.
Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-
1.4 The results obtained using this guide can be used
trometry
directly to predict certain facets of oil spill behavior or as input
D4377 Test Method for Water in Crude Oils by Potentiomet-
to oil spill models.
ric Karl Fischer Titration (Withdrawn 2020)
1.5 The accuracy of the guide depends very much on the
D5002 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
representative nature of the oil sample used. Certain oils can
Gravity of Crude Oils by Digital Density Analyzer
have different properties depending on their chemical contents
D5853 Test Method for Pour Point of Crude Oils
at the moment a sample is taken.
D5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
(Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method)
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D6352 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Pe-
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard. troleum Distillates in Boiling Range from 174 °C to
700 °C by Gas Chromatography
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D6450 Test Method for Flash Point by Continuously Closed
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Cup (CCCFP) Tester
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D6560 Test Method for Determination of Asphaltenes (Hep-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
tane Insolubles) in Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Prod-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ucts
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- Kinematic Viscosity)
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical D7094 Test Method for Flash Point by Modified Continu-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ously Closed Cup (MCCCFP) Tester
1 2
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on Hazardous For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Substances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
F20.16 on Surveillance and Tracking. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2023. Published December 2023. Originally the ASTM website.
approved 2019. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as F3337 – 19. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/F3337–23. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F3337 − 23
D7169 Test Method for Boiling Point Distribution of handling supplies and apparatus that lead to irregular results.
Samples with Residues Such as Crude Oils and Atmo- All glassware must be thoroughly cleaned. The cleaning
spheric and Vacuum Residues by High Temperature Gas process includes rinsing with dichloromethane to remove the
Chromatography oil, followed by rinsing three times once each with tap water,
F2059 Test Method for Laboratory Oil Spill Dispersant purified water, and acetone. Once cleaned, precautions must be
Effectiveness Using the Swirling Flask taken to minimize contact of the labware with contaminants to
F3045 Test Method for Evaluation of the Type and Vis- prevent interferences.
coelastic Stability of Water-in-oil Mixtures Formed from
6.2 The specified fill volumes of the test vessels must be
Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Mixed with Water
carefully observed as the accuracy varies with the amount of
F3251 Test Method for Laboratory Oil Spill Dispersant
fill.
Effectiveness Using the Baffled Flask
6.3 Temperature is a factor in all measurements, so it is
F3633 Guide for Measuring the Adhesion of Crude Oils and
important that all components (test water, instruments, and
Fuel Oils
temperature-controlled chamber) are stable at 15 °C or the
F3634 Guide for Preparing Weathered Samples of Oil Using
selected test temperature, before starting.
a Rotary Evaporator
6.4 The handling of the samples is important. Care must be
3. Terminology
taken to take a representative sample. Water should be avoided
3.1 adhesion—the tendency of dissimilar particles or sur- when sampling.
faces to cling to one another. In this case oil to surfaces such as
6.5 Oils sources, especially crude oil sources, vary much
oleophilic skimmer surfaces.
with production time and conditions. Oil samples must be
3.2 emulsion—a type of colloid, specifically, a dispersion of
treated as unique and are not necessarily representative of the
small droplets of one liquid in another. source. Depending on the actual conditions under which this
oil was sampled, different values for properties are measured.
3.3 interfacial tension—the elastic tendency of a fluid
surface which makes it acquire the least surface area possible.
7. Handling and Storing Oil
3.4 simulated distillation (SIM DIS)—measurement of the
7.1 Crude or Raw Oil Sample Storage and Preparation—the
boiling temperatures of fractions of oil using chromatography
bulk oil as received is mechanically mixed for 2 to 4 h prior to
alone.
obtaining a working sample. Working samples are stored in
3.5 stability index—an index describing the stability of an
high-density polyethylene bottles (especially made and coated
emulsion. In this guide, it is calculated using data derived from
for oil samples) with polypropylene screw closures. The
rheological measurements.
working sample is mechanically shaken for 30 min at 15 °C (or
the chosen operating temperature) prior to removing a sub-
3.6 water-in-oil emulsion—an emulsion consisting of a
sample for testing. When not in use, all samples should be
continuous phase of oil containing a dispersed phase of water.
stored in a temperature-controlled room at 5 °C. Prior to use,
4. Summary of Guide
the sample is brought to the temperature of the test for at least
1 to 2 h. The sample is then shaken mechanically prior to use.
4.1 Oil is evaporatively weathered to at least three (3)
The head space of air should be minimized in all containers
stages, with the first stage being fresh oil and the second being
used for shaking.
intermediate and with the final stage being extensive. Exten-
sive weathering is reasonably maximum weathering for
8. Weathering the Oil
example, ten (10) days equivalent or with little change in
8.1 Overview—Evaporative weathering changes the proper-
properties occurring in the final sub-stages of weathering.
ties and behavior of oil to a large degree. The data are taken as
4.2 Sub-samples of the oil are taken at each weathering
weight and reported as weight percent (lost through evapora-
stage and desired properties and behaviors (such as density,
tion). It is recommended that at least three weathered stage
viscosity, emulsion formation, etc.) are measured.
samples of the oil be prepared. The final point
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F3337 − 19 F3337 − 23
Standard Guide for
Taking Property and Behavior Measurements on Weathered
Fractions of Oil
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3337; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide summarizes methods to fractionate oil by evaporative weathering and then measure the properties and behavior of
the weathered oil. The results of this guide can provide oil behavior data for input into oil spill models and response method
selection.
1.2 This guide covers general procedures for oil weathering and behavior and does not cover all possible procedures which may
be applicable to this topic.
1.3 The results obtained using this guide are intended to provide baseline data for the behavior of oil and petroleum products when
spilled and input to oil spill models.
1.4 The results obtained using this guide can be used directly to predict certain facets of oil spill behavior or as input to oil spill
models.
1.5 The accuracy of the guide depends very much on the representative nature of the oil sample used. Certain oils can have
different properties depending on their chemical contents at the moment a sample is takentaken.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F20.16
on Surveillance and Tracking.
Current edition approved March 1, 2019Dec. 1, 2023. Published March 2019December 2023. Originally approved 2019. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as
F3337 – 19. DOI: 10.1520/F3337–19.10.1520/F3337–23.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F3337 − 23
D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
D971 Test Method for Interfacial Tension of Insulating Liquids Against Water by the Ring Method
D1310 Test Method for Flash Point and Fire Point of Liquids by Tag Open-Cup Apparatus
D1824 Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Plastisols and Organosols at Low Shear Rates
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D4377 Test Method for Water in Crude Oils by Potentiometric Karl Fischer Titration (Withdrawn 2020)
D5002 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Crude Oils by Digital Density Analyzer
D5853 Test Method for Pour Point of Crude Oils
D5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method)
D6352 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Distillates in Boiling Range from 174 °C to 700 °C by Gas
Chromatography
D6450 Test Method for Flash Point by Continuously Closed Cup (CCCFP) Tester
D6560 Test Method for Determination of Asphaltenes (Heptane Insolubles) in Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of Kinematic
Viscosity)
D7094 Test Method for Flash Point by Modified Continuously Closed Cup (MCCCFP) Tester
D7169 Test Method for Boiling Point Distribution of Samples with Residues Such as Crude Oils and Atmospheric and Vacuum
Residues by High Temperature Gas Chromatography
F2059 Test Method for Laboratory Oil Spill Dispersant Effectiveness Using the Swirling Flask
F3045 Test Method for Evaluation of the Type and Viscoelastic Stability of Water-in-oil Mixtures Formed from Crude Oil and
Petroleum Products Mixed with Water
F3251 Test Method for Laboratory Oil Spill Dispersant Effectiveness Using the Baffled Flask
F3633 Guide for Measuring the Adhesion of Crude Oils and Fuel Oils
F3634 Guide for Preparing Weathered Samples of Oil Using a Rotary Evaporator
3. Terminology
3.1 adhesion—the tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another. In this case oil to surfaces such as oleophilic
skimmer surfaces.
3.2 emulsion—a type of colloid, specifically, a dispersion of small droplets of one liquid in another.
3.3 interfacial tension—the elastic tendency of a fluid surface which makes it acquire the least surface area possible.
3.4 simulated distillation (SIM DIS)—measurement of the boiling temperatures of fractions of oil using chromatography alone.
3.5 stability index—an index describing the stability of an emulsion. In this guide, it is calculated using data derived from
rheological measurements.
3.6 water-in-oil emulsion—an emulsion consisting of a continuous phase of oil containing a dispersed phase of water.
4. Summary of Guide
4.1 Oil is evaporatively weathered to at least three (3) stages, with the first stage being fresh oil and the second being intermediate
and with the final stage being extensive. Extensive weathering is reasonably maximum weathering for example, ten (10) days
equivalent or with little change in properties occurring in the final sub-stages of weathering.
4.2 Sub-samples of the oil are taken at each weathering stage and desired properties and behaviors (such as density, viscosity,
emulsion formation, etc.) are measured.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 A standard procedure is necessary to establish property changes for spilled oils or petroleum products at different oil
weathering stages.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
F3337 − 23
5.2 This procedure employs standardized equipment, and test procedures.
5.3 This procedure should be performed at the stages of weathering corresponding to the spill conditions of interest.
6. Interferences and Sources of Error
6.1 Interferences can be caused by contaminants, particularly residual oil or surfactants on labware, and other sample handling
supplies and apparatus that lead to irregular results. All glassware must be thoroughly cleaned. The cleaning process includes
rinsing with dichloromethane to remove the oil, followed by rinsing three times once each with tap water, purified water, and
acetone. Once cleaned, precautions must be taken to minimize contact of the labware with contaminants to prevent interferences.
6.2 The specified fill volumes of the test vessels must be carefully observed as the accuracy varies with the amount of fill.
6.3 Temperature is a factor in all measurements, so it is important that all components (test water, instruments, and
temperature-controlled chamber) are stable at 15 °C or the selected test temperature, before starting.
6.4 The handling of the samples is important. Care must be taken to take a representative sample. Water should be avoided when
sampling.
6.5 Oils sources, especially crude oil sources, vary much with production time and conditions. Oil samples must be treated as
unique and are not necessarily representative of the source. Depending on the actual conditions under which this oil was sampled,
different values for properties are measured.
7. Handling and Storing Oil
7.1 Crude or Raw Oil Sample Storage and Preparation—the bulk oil as received is mechanically mixed for 2 to 4 h prior to
obtaining a working sample. Working samples are stored in high-density polyethylene bottles (especially made and coated for oil
samples) with polypropylene screw closures. The working sample is mechanically shaken for 30 min at 15 °C (or the chosen
operating temperature) prior to removing a sub-sample for testing. When not in use, all samples should be stored in a
te
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