ASTM D1695-96
(Terminology)Standard Terminology of Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives
Standard Terminology of Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard contains terms, definition of terms, descriptions of terms, nomenclature, and explanations of acronyms and symbols specifically associated with standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications; Subcommittee D01.36 on Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives.
1.2 This terminology is divided into three classes as follows: SectionCellulosic Materials and Constituents3Chemical Modifications and Derivatives of Cellulose4Properties of Cellulose and Associated Concepts that are applicable to both Sections 3 and 4 5
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Designation: D 1695 – 96
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Terminology of
Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1695; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope arabinomethylglucuronoxylan—a hemicellulose containing
arabinose, 4-O-methylglucuronic acid, and xylose groups in
1.1 This terminology standard contains terms, definition of
its structure.
terms, descriptions of terms, nomenclature, and explanations of
beta-cellulose—(1) Historically, a term used to indicate impu-
acronyms and symbols specifically associated with standards
rities of moderate chain lengths found in pulps, predomi-
under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-1 on Paint and
nately degraded cellulose. (2) Beta-cellulose content, as
Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications; Subcommittee
measured by TAPPI Method T 203 om-93, is the pulp
D01.36 on Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives.
fraction soluble in caustic, which precipitates upon acidifi-
1.2 This terminology is divided into three classes as fol-
cation.
lows:
carbohydrates not cellulose—the noncellulosic carbohy-
Section
drates of a cellulosic material.
Cellulosic Materials and Constituents 3
Chemical Modifications and Derivatives of Cellulose 4
cellophane pulps—pulps used in the manufacture of cello-
Properties of Cellulose and Associated Concepts that are
phane, and subject to various specifications by the manufac-
applicable to both Sections 3 and 4 5
turers, including those of purity, moisture content, sheet
2. Referenced Documents
properties, and viscosity.
cellulose—(1) the main solid constituent of woody plants; it
2.1 The numerous ASTM Standards to which this standard
occurs widely elsewhere in the vegetable kingdom, and to a
applies are found in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol
small extent in the animal kingdom. (2) chemically, cellulose
06.03.
is b-1-4 glucan of high degree of polymerization. It is
2.2 TAPPI Method T 203 om-93
desirable to apply “cellulose” to this material only and to
3. Cellulosic Materials and Constituents
designate the predominantly cellulosic residue obtained by
subjecting woody tissues to various pulping processes as
acetylation pulps—pulps used in the manufacture of cellulose
“cellulosic residues,” “cellulosic pulps,” or the like.
acetate or other esters, and subject to various specifications
cellulose I—the crystalline modification of cellulose that
by the manufacturers, including those of purity, moisture
normally occurs in nature.
content, sheet properties, and viscosity.
cellulose II—the crystalline modification of cellulose that is
alpha-cellulose—(1) Historically, a term used to indicate the
found in mercerized cellulose, in regenerated cellulose, and
pure, relative undegraded cellulose found in pulps. (2)
in cellulose produced by the hydrolysis of various cellulose
Alpha-cellulose content is often measured by TAPPI Method
derivatives.
T 203 om-93 where alpha-cellulose is that portion of the
cellulose III—a crystalline modification of cellulose produced
pulp which does not dissolve under the test conditions.
by treatment, under certain conditions, with ammonia or
alpha pulps—see chemical cellulose.
sometimes by amines. The method of removing the reagent
araban—a pentosan yielding essentially only arabinose on
determines the modification produced.
hydrolysis.
cellulose IV—a crystalline modification of cellulose produced
arabinogalactan—a polysaccharide consisting of arabinose
by heat treatment of cellulose II.
and galactose units, like the water-soluble polysaccharide of
cellulose X—a crystalline modification of cellulose produced
larch.
by treatment of cellulose with strong hydrochloric acid or
arabinose—a pentose that occurs as one of the sugar units in
phosphoric acid.
some hemicelluloses.
cellulose, purified cotton—see cotton cellulose, purified.
cellulose, purified wood—see wood cellulose, purified.
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-1 on Paint
chemical cellulose—a chemically purified cellulosic material
and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
that is intended for chemical treatment to produce deriva-
Subcommittee D01.36 on Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives.
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 1996. Published Janury 1997. Originally
tives.
e1
published as D 1695 – 59 T. Last previous edition D 1695 – 77 (1989) .
chemical cotton—chemical cellulose prepared from cotton;
Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry, Technology Park/Atlanta
generally, but not necessarily, cotton linters.
P.O. Box 105113, Atlanta, GA 30348.
D 1695
chemical pulps—in the paper industry, pulps produced by to a limited extent as a fibrous raw material for special
chemical processes, as contrasted to those produced by papers. The principal use, however, is for chemical cellulose,
mechanical processes. (see also chemical wood pulp). that is, as the raw material for the manufacture of cellulose
chemical wood pulp—a term used in the paper industry for derivatives.
pulps obtained by digestion of wood with solutions of mannan—strictly, a polysaccharide composed entirely of
various chemicals. mannose units, but used conventionally to distinguish the
hexosan wood hemicelluloses from the pentosans (xylan).
DISCUSSION—This term, which refers to pulp produced and purified
(see also galactoglucomannan and glucomannan)
by chemical processes, should not be confused with chemical cellulose
mannogalactan—see galactomannan.
which refers to pulp that is to be used in chemical processes.
methylglucuronoxylan—the main hemicellulose of hardwood
cotton cellulose, purified—chemical cellulose from cotton
pulps; a polysaccharide containing xylose and 4-O-
fiber or linters. (see also chemical cotton)
methylglucuronic acid groups. In the wood it is partially
cotton linters—see linters.
acetylated.
dissolving pulps—see pulps, dissolving.
nitrating pulps—pulps used for the manufacture of cellulose
extractives—compounds occurring in plant materials, but not
nitrate and subject to various specifications by the manufac-
forming part of the structural elements, that are removed
turers, including those of alpha-cellulose content and viscos-
with neutral solvents such as ether, alcohol, and water.
ity.
galactan—a polysaccharide composed essentially of galactose
oligosaccharides—polymeric carbohydrates containing rela-
units. (see also arabinogalactan)
tively few (compared to the polysaccharides) sugar units
galactoglucomannan—one of the hemicelluloses of soft-
connected by glycosidal linkages. Two to nine units has been
woods, containing three types of sugar units—galactose,
suggested as a suitable range. For longer chains the polymers
glucose, and mannose.
cannot be readily separated into individual molecular spe-
galactomannan—a polysaccharide containing galactose and
cies.
mannose units. Galactomannans usually have a long chain of
pectic substrates—complex polysaccharides containing a
mannose units with galactose side chains and are found in
large proportion of galacturonic acid units.
seed gums (guar, locust bean).
pectins—colorless, amorphous, water-soluble polysaccharides
gamma-cellulose—(1) Historically, a term used to indicate
occurring in plant tissues that yield pectic acid and methanol
impurities of short chain lengths found in pulps, predomi-
on hydrolysis.
nately hemicelluloses. (2) Gama-cellulose content, as mea-
pentosans—one of the groups of amorphous carbohydrates
sured by TAPPI Method T 203 om-93, is the pulp fraction
included under the general term “hemicellulose.” Pentosans
soluble in caustic, which remains in solution upon acidifi-
yield principally pentoses on acid hydrolysis. The principal
cation.
pentosan in wood is xylan.
glucan—a macromolecular substance that can be hydrolyzed
polyuronides—polysaccharides containing uronic acid
to give almost exclusively glucose.
groups.
glucomannan—a hemicellulose consisting essentially of glu-
pulps, dissolving—chemical cellulose from wood pulp.
cose and mannose.
pulps for chemical conversion—chemical cellulose from
glucuronoxylan—a common designation for the xylose-
wood pulp.
containing hardwood hemicelluloses. (see also methylglu-
pulps for manufacture of cellulose derivatives—chemical
curonoxylan)
cellulose from wood pulp.
hemicellulose—any of a number of cell-wall polysaccharides
purified cotton cellulose—see cotton cellulose, purified.
that are removable by extraction with aqueous alkali and that
purified wood cellulose—see wood cellulose, purified.
may be hydrolyzed by boiling with dilute acids to give
R —the portion of a cellulose pulp that is insoluble in 10 %
constituent monosaccharide units; any of the noncellulosic
sodium hydroxide using Test Method D 1696 or its equiva-
cell-wall polysaccharides.
lent.
hexosan—frequently used in contradistinction to pentosan, for
DISCUSSION—R indicates the pure, relatively undegraded cellulose
a polysaccharide consisting mainly of hexose units.
content of pulps, and as such may be compared to alpha-cellulose,
holocellulose—the total polysaccharide fraction of extractive-
although they are determined by different test procedures.
free wood. The method of isolation or of determination
should always be given. rayon pulps—pulps used in the manufacture of rayon, and
kraft pulp—pulp cooked by the alkaline liquor consisting subject to various specifications by the manufacturers, in-
essentially of a mixture of caustic soda and sodium sulfide. cluding those of purity, moisture content, sheet properties,
The make-up chemical is traditionally sodium sulfate, which and viscosity.
is reduced to the sulfide in the chemical recovery process; S —the portion of a cellulose pulp that is soluble in 10 %
hence the alternative designation, sulfate pulp. sodium hydroxide using Test Method D 1696, or its equiva-
lignin—that part of plant material which is not saccharified by lent.
the action of 72 % sulfuric acid or 42 % hydrochloric acid,
DISCUSSION—S is considered to contain both hemicellulose and
after the resins, waxes, and tannins have been removed.
linters—the short fibrous material adhering to cotton seed after
the ginning operation. After removal from the seed it is used
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.03.
D 1695
degraded, short chain length cellulose (see R ).
cellulose xanthates—the salts of cellulose xanthic acid. Com-
monly, cellulose xanthate refers to sodium cellulose xan-
S —the portion of a cellulose pulp that is soluble in 18 %
thate, the essential constituent of the viscose solution, from
sodium hydroxide using Test Method D 1696, or its equiva-
which viscose rayon is spun.
lent.
dope—a composition, usually a cellulose lacquer, for applica-
DISCUSSION—S is considered to be mainly hemicelluloses, and may
18 tion on textiles and leathers. Also a very viscous crude
be compared to gamma-cellulose, although they are determined by
reaction product, as acetylation dope.
different test procedures.
ethylcellulose—any of several ethyl ethers of cellulose. The
S –S —an estimate of the portion of degraded cellulose in a one most generally used in industry has sufficient substitu-
10 18
pulp obtained by subtracting S from S .
tion to be soluble in organic solvents.
18 10
hydrocelluloses—water-insoluble products of the hydrolysis
DISCUSSION—Some workers use S to S as an estimate of the
10 18
of cellulose with acids. They are molecularly heterogeneous
hemicellulose content of pulps, and may be compared to gamma-
in the sense that they are composed of molecules varying in
cellulose, although they are determined by different test procedures.
degree of polymerization. The average degree of polymer-
sulfate pulp—see kraft pulp.
ization (DP) and the DP distribution depend on the nature of
sulfite pulp—wood pulp produced by cooking with a sulfite
the acid treatment and of the original cellulose. The term
liquor made by dissolving sulfur dioxide in an aqueous base.
may also be applied to any insoluble polysaccharide so
wood cellulose, purified—chemical cellulose from wood.
formed and separated as a more or less homogeneous
xylan—a pentosan giving almost exclusively xylose on hy-
fraction from the mixture of products, but the singular form“
drolysis.
hydrocellulose” should not be used without an article, to
4. Chemical Modifications and Derivatives of Cellulose
avoid the implication of a molecularly homogeneous spe-
cies.
carboxymethylcellulose, CMC—the common name for a
(2-hydroxyethyl)cellulose—any of several cellulose ethers in
cellulose ether of glycolic acid. It is usually marketed as a
which some of the hydroxyl groups have been substituted
water-soluble sodium salt, more properly called sodium
with hydroxyethyl groups. Hydroxyethyl cellulose, except at
carboxymethylcellulose. In the early literature, it is some-
very low degrees of substitution, is water-soluble.
times called cellulose glycolate or cellulose glycolic acid.
cellulose acetate—in the broad sense, any of several esters of (2-hydroxyethyl)ethylcellulose—a mixed ether of cellulose
containing both hydroxyethyl and ethyl groups.
cellulose and acetic acid. (see also cellulose triacetate)
cellulose acetate butyrate—a mixed ester of cellulose con- (2-hydroxyethyl)methylcellulose—a mixed ether of cellulose
taining both acetate and butyrate groups. containing both hydroxyethyl and methyl groups.
cellulose acetate phthalate—a mixed ester of cellulose con-
(2-hydroxypropyl)methylcellulose—a mixed ether of cellu-
taining both acetate and phthalate groups. lose containing both hydroxypropyl and methyl groups.
cellulose acetate propionate—a mixed ester of cellulose
ionic cellulose ethers—those water-soluble cellulose ethers
containing both acetate and propionate groups.
which contain ionizable groups, in more than trace amounts.
cellulose derivative—a substance derived from cellulose by
Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose is an example.
substitution of one or more of the hydroxyl groups with
lacquer—see cellulose lacquer.
some other radical. Most derivatives are ethers or esters.
methylcellulose—any of several methyl ethers of cellulose.
cellulose esters—derivatives of cellulose in which one or more
Commercially, the water-soluble ether (degree of substitu-
of the hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced acyl groups.
tion approximately 1.5 to 2.0).
cellulose ether
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