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ASTM D4595-05

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Strip Method

Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Strip Method

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of tensile properties of geotextiles using a wide-width strip specimen tensile method. This test method is applicable to most geotextiles that include woven fabrics, nonwoven fabrics, layered fabrics, knit fabrics, and felts that are used for geotextile application.
1.2 This test method covers the measurement of tensile strength and elongation of geotextiles and includes directions for the calculation of initial modulus, offset modulus, secant modulus, and breaking toughness.
1.3 Procedures for measuring the tensile properties of both conditioned and wet geotextiles by the wide-width strip method are included.
1.4 The basic distinction between this test method and other methods for measuring strip tensile properties is the width of the specimen. This width, by contrast, is greater than the length of the specimen. Some fabrics used in geotextile applications have a tendency to contract (neck down) under a force in the gage length area. The greater width of the specimen specified in this test method minimizes the contraction effect of those fabrics and provides a closer relationship to expected geotextile behavior in the field and a standard comparison.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Aug-2005
ICS
59.080.70 - Geotextiles
Technical Committee
D35 - Geosynthetics
Drafting Committee
D35.01 - Mechanical Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4595-86(2001) - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Strip Method
Effective Date
15-Aug-2005
Replaced By
ASTM D4595-09 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Strip Method
Effective Date
15-Jan-2009
Referred By
ASTM D8102-17 - Standard Practice for Manufacturing Quality Control of Geotextiles
Effective Date
15-Aug-2005
Referred By
ASTM E2777-20 - Standard Guide for Vegetative (Green) Roof Systems
Effective Date
15-Aug-2005
Referred By
ASTM D8105-18 - Standard Guide for Use and Application of Geosynthetic Reinforcement Reduction Factor Test Results
Effective Date
15-Aug-2005
Referred By
ASTM D4439-23b - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
15-Aug-2005
Referred By
ASTM D6685-01(2015) - Standard Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Fabrics Used for Fabric Formed Concrete (FFC)
Effective Date
15-Aug-2005
Referred By
ASTM D6460-19 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Rolled Erosion Control Product (RECP) Performance in Protecting Earthen Channels from Stormwater-Induced Erosion
Effective Date
15-Aug-2005
Referred By
ASTM D6916-18 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Shear Strength Between Segmental Concrete Units (Modular Concrete Blocks)
Effective Date
15-Aug-2005
Referred By
ASTM D6389-17 - Standard Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geotextiles to Liquids
Effective Date
15-Aug-2005
Referred By
ASTM D4884/D4884M-22 - Standard Test Method for Strength of Sewn or Bonded Seams of Geotextiles
Effective Date
15-Aug-2005
Referred By
ASTM D5262-21 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Unconfined Tension Creep and Creep Rupture Behavior of Planar Geosynthetics Used for Reinforcement Purposes
Effective Date
15-Aug-2005
Referred By
ASTM D6213-17 - Standard Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geogrids to Liquids
Effective Date
15-Aug-2005
Referred By
ASTM D8269-21 - Standard Guide for the Use of Geocells in Geotechnical and Roadway Projects
Effective Date
15-Aug-2005
Referred By
ASTM D6455-11(2018) - Standard Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Prefabricated Bituminous Geomembranes (PBGMs)
Effective Date
15-Aug-2005

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ASTM D4595-05 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Strip MethodASTM D4595-05 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Strip Method
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ASTM D4595-05 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Strip Method
English language
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D4595–05
Standard Test Method for
Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Strip
1
Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4595; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D579 Specification for Greige Woven Glass Fabrics
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of tensile
D1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
properties of geotextiles using a wide-width strip specimen
D2905 Practice for Statements on Number of Specimens
tensile method. This test method is applicable to most geotex-
for Textiles
tiles that include woven fabrics, nonwoven fabrics, layered
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
fabrics, knit fabrics, and felts that are used for geotextile
application.
3. Terminology
1.2 This test method covers the measurement of tensile
3.1 atmosphere for testing geotextiles, n.—airmaintainedat
strength and elongation of geotextiles and includes directions
arelativehumidityof65 65%andatemperatureof21 62°C
for the calculation of initial modulus, offset modulus, secant
(70 6 4°F).
modulus, and breaking toughness.
−1 −2
3.2 breaking toughness, T, (FL ), Jm , n.—for geotextiles,
1.3 Procedures for measuring the tensile properties of both
the actual work-to-break per unit surface area of material.
conditioned and wet geotextiles by the wide-width strip
3.2.1 Discussion—Breaking toughness is proportional to
method are included.
the area under the force−elongation curve from the origin to
1.4 Thebasicdistinctionbetweenthistestmethodandother
the breaking point (see also work-to-break). Breaking tough-
methods for measuring strip tensile properties is the width of
ness is calculated from work-to-break, gage length, and width
thespecimen.Thiswidth,bycontrast,isgreaterthanthelength
of a specimen.
of the specimen. Some fabrics used in geotextile applications
3.3 corresponding force, F ,n.—the force associated with a
c
have a tendency to contract (neck down) under a force in the
specific elongation on the force-per-unit-width strain curve.
gage length area. The greater width of the specimen specified
(Syn. load at specified elongation, LASE.)
in this test method minimizes the contraction effect of those
3.4 geotechnical engineering, n.—the engineering applica-
fabricsandprovidesacloserrelationshiptoexpectedgeotextile
tion of geotechnics.
behavior in the field and a standard comparison.
3.5 geotechnics, n.—the application of scientific methods
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
and engineering principles to the acquisition, interpretation,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
and use of knowledge of materials of the earth’s crust to the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
solution of engineering problems.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.5.1 Discussion—Geotechnics embraces the fields of soil
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
mechanics, rock mechanics, and many of the engineering
2. Referenced Documents aspects of geology, geophysics, hydrology, and related sci-
2
ences.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.6 geotextile, n.—any permeable textile material used with
D76 SpecificationforTensileTestingMachinesforTextiles
foundation, soil, rock, earth, or any other geotechnical engi-
neering related material, as an integral part of a man-made
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
project, structure, or system.
GeosyntheticsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD35.01onMechani-
−1 −1
3.7 initial tensile modulus, J , (FL ), Nm , n.—for geo-
i
cal Properties.
textiles, the ratio of the change in tensile force per unit width
Current edition approvedAug. 15, 2005. Published September 2005. Originally
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D4595–86(2001).
to a change in strain (slope) of the initial portion of a force per
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
unit width strain curve.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4595–05
−1 −1
3.8 offset tensile modulus, J , (FL ), Nm , n.—for geo- 5. Significance and Use
o
textiles, the ratio of the change in force per unit width to a
5.1 The determination of the wide-width strip
change in
...

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1.1 This test method covers a uniform procedure for determining the tear strength of flexible geomembranes internally reinforced with a textile, using the tongue tear method.  
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Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Geomembranes

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5.1 This practice covers test arrangements, measurement techniques, sampling methods, and calculations to be used for nondestructive evaluation of geomembranes using ultrasonic testing.  
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1.1 This practice provides a summary of equipment and procedures for ultrasonic testing of geomembranes using the pulse echo method.  
1.2 Ultrasonic wave propagation in solid materials is correlated to physical and mechanical properties and condition of the materials. In ultrasonic testing, two wave propagation characteristics are commonly determined: velocity (based on wave travel time measurements) and attenuation (based on wave amplitude measurements). Velocity of wave propagation is used to determine thickness, density, and elastic properties of materials. Attenuation of waves in solid materials is used to determine microstructural properties of the materials. In addition, frequency characteristics of waves are analyzed to investigate the properties of a test material. Travel time, amplitude, and frequency distribution measurements are used to assess the condition of materials to identify damage and defects in solid materials. Ultrasonic measurements are used to determine the nature of materials/media in contact with a test specimen as well. Measurements are conducted in the time-domain (time versus amplitude) or frequency-domain (frequency versus amplitude).  
1.3 Measurements of one or more ultrasonic wave transmission characteristics are made based on the requirements of the specific testing program.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development ...

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ASTM
ASTM D6992-16(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Accelerated Tensile Creep and Creep-Rupture of Geosynthetic Materials Based on Time-Temperature Superposition Using the Stepped Isothermal Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Use of the Stepped Isothermal Method decreases the time required for creep to occur and the obtaining of the associated data.  
5.2 The statements set forth in 1.6 are very important in the context of significance and use, as well as scope of the standard.  
5.3 Creep test data are used to calculate the creep modulus of materials as a function of time. These data are then used to predict the long-term creep deformation expected of geosynthetics used in reinforcement applications.
Note 1: Currently, SIM testing has focused mainly on woven and knitted geogrids and woven geotextiles made from polyester, aramid, polyaramid, poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA), and polypropylene yarns and narrow strips. Additional correlation studies on other materials are needed.  
5.4 Creep-rupture test data are used to develop a regression line relating creep stress to rupture time. These results predict the long-term rupture strength expected for geosynthetics in reinforcement applications.  
5.5 Tensile testing is used to establish the ultimate tensile strength (TULT) of a material and to determine elastic stress, strain, and variations thereof for SIM tests.  
5.6 Ramp and Hold (R+H) testing is done to establish the range of creep strains experienced in the brief period of very rapid response following the peak of the load ramp.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers accelerated testing for tensile creep, and tensile creep-rupture properties using the Stepped Isothermal Method (SIM).  
1.2 The test method is focused on geosynthetic reinforcement materials such as yarns, ribs of geogrids, or narrow geotextile specimens.  
1.3 The SIM tests are laterally unconfined tests based on time-temperature superposition procedures.  
1.4 Tensile tests are to be completed before SIM tests and the results are used to determine the stress levels for subsequent SIM tests defined in terms of the percentage of Ultimate Tensile Strength (TULT). Additionally, the tensile test can be designed to provide estimates of the initial elastic strain distributions appropriate for the SIM results.  
1.5 Ramp and Hold (R+H) tests may be completed in conjunction with SIM tests. They are designed to provide additional estimates of the initial elastic and initial rapid creep strain levels appropriate for the SIM results.  
1.6 This method can be used to establish the sustained load creep and creep-rupture characteristics of a geosynthetic. Results of this method are to be used to augment results of Test Method D5262 and may not be used as the sole basis for determination of long-term creep and creep-rupture behavior of geosynthetic material.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5322-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Laboratory Immersion Procedures for Evaluating the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics to Liquids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides a standard immersion procedure for investigating the chemical resistance of a geosynthetic to a liquid waste, leachate, or chemical in a laboratory environment. The conditions specified in this practice are intended both to provide a basis of standardization and to serve as a guide for those wishing to compare or investigate the chemical resistance of a geosynthetic material(s) in a laboratory environment. Practice D5496 can be used should the user need to assess the performance of a geosynthetic in field conditions.  
4.2 This practice is not intended to establish, by itself, the behavior of geosynthetics when exposed to liquids. Such behavior, referred to as chemical resistance, can be defined only in terms of specific chemical solutions and methods of testing and evaluation criteria selected by the user.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers laboratory immersion procedures for the testing of geosynthetics for chemical resistance to liquid wastes, prepared chemical solutions, and leachates derived from solid wastes.  
1.2 This standard is not applicable to some geosynthetics such as geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs), because of their composite nature requiring a confining pressure during immersion. However, individual geosynthetic components of the GCL can be tested.  
1.3 This standard was originally developed to supplement and expand EPA 9090 to include all geosynthetics. EPA 9090 has not been updated since 1992.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see Section 7.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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