ASTM E9-09
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at Room Temperature
Standard Test Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at Room Temperature
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Significance—The data obtained from a compression test may include the yield strength, the yield point, Young's modulus, the stress-strain curve, and the compressive strength (see Terminology E6). In the case of a material that does not fail in compression by a shattering fracture, compressive strength is a value that is dependent on total strain and specimen geometry.
Use—Compressive properties are of interest in the analyses of structures subject to compressive or bending loads or both and in the analyses of metal working and fabrication processes that involve large compressive deformation such as forging and rolling. For brittle or nonductile metals that fracture in tension at stresses below the yield strength, compression tests offer the possibility of extending the strain range of the stress-strain data. While the compression test is not complicated by necking as is the tension test for certain metallic materials, buckling and barreling (see Section 3) can complicate results and should be minimized.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the apparatus, specimens, and procedure for axial-load compression testing of metallic materials at room temperature (Note 1). For additional requirements pertaining to cemented carbides, see Annex A1.
Note 1—For compression tests at elevated temperatures, see Practice E209.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E9 − 09
Standard Test Methods of
Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at Room
1
Temperature
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E9; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope E177Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
ASTM Test Methods
1.1 These test methods cover the apparatus, specimens, and
E209PracticeforCompressionTestsofMetallicMaterialsat
procedure for axial-load compression testing of metallic mate-
Elevated Temperatures with Conventional or Rapid Heat-
rialsatroomtemperature(Note1).Foradditionalrequirements
ing Rates and Strain Rates
pertaining to cemented carbides, see Annex A1.
E251Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Me-
NOTE 1—For compression tests at elevated temperatures, see Practice
tallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
E209.
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
3. Terminology
and are not considered standard.
3.1 Definitions: The definitions of terms relating to com-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
pression testing and room temperature in Terminology E6 and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Specification E171, respectively, shall apply to these test
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
methods.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 buckling—Inadditiontocompressivefailurebycrush-
2. Referenced Documents
ing of the material, compressive failure may occur by (1)
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: elastic instability over the length of a column specimen due to
B557Test Methods for Tension Testing Wrought and Cast
nonaxiality of loading, (2) inelastic instability over the length
Aluminum- and Magnesium-Alloy Products
of a column specimen, (3) a local instability, either elastic or
E4Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
inelastic, over a small portion of the gage length, or (4)a
E6Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
twisting or torsional failure in which cross sections rotate over
E83Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
eachotheraboutthelongitudinalspecimenaxis.Thesetypesof
someter Systems
failures are all termed buckling.
E111Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Tangent Modulus,
3.2.2 column—a compression member that is axially loaded
and Chord Modulus
and that may fail by buckling.
E171Practice for Conditioning and Testing Flexible Barrier
Packaging
3.2.3 radius of gyration—the square root of the ratio of the
momentofinertiaofthecrosssectionaboutthecentroidalaxis
to the cross-sectional area:
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on 1/2
ρ 5 I/A (1)
~ !
Mechanical Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.04 on
Uniaxial Testing.
where:
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009. Published December 2009. Originally
ρ = radius of gyration,
published in 1924. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E9 -89a(2000) which
I = moment of inertia of the cross section about centroidal
was withdrawn March 2009 and reinstated in November 2009. DOI: 10.1520/
E0009-09.
axis (for specimens without lateral support, the smaller
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
value of I is the critical value), and
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
A = cross-sectional area.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E9−09
3.2.4 critical stress—the axial uniform stress that causes a 4. Summary of Test Methods
column to be on the verge of buckling. The critical load is
4.1 The specimen is subjected to an increasing axial com-
calculatedbymultiplyingthecriticalstressbythecross-section
pressive load; both load and strain may be monitored either
area.
continuously or in finite increments, and the mechanical
3.2.5 buckling equations—If the buckling stress is less than
properties in compression determined.
or equal to the proportional limit of the material its value may
b
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.