ASTM G162-99
(Practice)Standard Practice for Conducting and Evaluating Laboratory Corrosions Tests in Soils
Standard Practice for Conducting and Evaluating Laboratory Corrosions Tests in Soils
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for conducting laboratory corrosion tests in soils to evaluate the corrosive attack on engineering materials.
1.2 This practice covers specimen selection and preparation, test environments, and evaluation of test results.
1.3 This practice does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: G 162 – 99
Standard Practice for
Conducting and Evaluating Laboratory Corrosions Tests in
Soils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G 162; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope G 57 Test Method for Field Measurement of Soil Resistivity
Using the Wenner Four-Electrode Method
1.1 This practice covers procedures for conducting labora-
G 71 Guide for Conducting and Evaluating Galvanic Cor-
tory corrosion tests in soils to evaluate the corrosive attack on
rosion Tests in Electrolytes
engineering materials.
G 102 Practice for Calculation of Corrosion Rates and
1.2 This practice covers specimen selection and preparation,
Related Information from Electrochemical Measurements
test environments, and evaluation of test results.
1.3 This practice does not purport to address all of the
3. Significance and Use
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1 This practice provides a controlled corrosive environ-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
ment that has been utilized to produce relative corrosion
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
information.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2 The primary application of the data from this practice is
2. Referenced Documents to evaluate metallic materials for use in soil environments.
3.3 This practice may not duplicate all field conditions and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
variables such as stray currents, microbiologically influenced
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
corrosion, non-homogeneous conditions, and long cell corro-
D 1654 Test Method for Evaluation of Painted or Coated
sion. The reproducibility of results in the practice is highly
Specimens Subjected to Corrosive Environments
dependent on the type of specimen tested and the evaluation
D 2570 Test Method for Simulated Service Corrosion Test-
criteria selected as well as the control of the operating
ing of Engine Coolants
variables. In any testing program, sufficient replicates should
G 1 Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Cor-
be included to establish the variability of the results.
rosion Test Specimens
3.4 Structures and components may be made of several
G 3 Practice for Conventions Applicable to Electrochemical
different metals; therefore, the practice may be used to evaluate
Measurements in Corrosion Testing
galvanic corrosion effects in soils (see Guide G 71).
G 4 Guide for Conducting Corrosion Coupon Tests in Field
3.5 Structures and components may be coated with sacrifi-
Applications
cial or noble metal coatings, which may be scratched or
G 16 Practice For Applying Statistics to Analysis of Corro-
otherwise rendered discontinuous (for example, no coating on
sion Data
the edges of metal strips cut from a wide sheet). This test is
G 31 Practice for Laboratory Immersion Corrosion Testing
useful to evaluate the effect of defective metallic coatings.
of Metals
3.6 Structures and components may be coated or jacketed
G 46 Guide for Examination and Evaluation of Pitting
with organic materials (for example, paints and plastics), and
Corrosion
these coatings and jackets may be rendered discontinuous. The
G 51 Test Method for pH of Soil for Use in Corrosion
test is useful to evaluate the effect of defective or incompletely
Testing
covering coatings and jackets.
3.7 The corrosivity of soils strongly depends on soluble salt
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G-1 on Corrosion of
content (related parameters are soil resistivity, see Test Method
Metals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G01.10 on Corrosion in
G 57, and chemistry), acidity or alkalinity (measured by soil
Soils.
pH, see Test Method G 51), and oxygen content (loose, for
Current edition approved Jan. 10, 1999. Published March 1999.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
example, sand, or compact, for example, clay, soils are extreme
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
examples). The manufacturer, supplier, or user, or combination
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.05.
5 thereof, should establish the nature of the expected soil
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
G 162
environment(s) and select the test environment(s) accordingly. 5.2 Size and Shape:
Multiple types of soil can be used to determine the effect of this
5.2.1 The size and shape of test specimens are dependent on
variable.
several factors and cannot be rigidly defined. When determin-
ing corrosion behavior of metals in the laboratory, it is
4. Test Apparatus and Conditions
advisable to use the largest specimens permissible within the
4.1 Container—The container for the soil shall be made
constraints of the test equipment. In general, the ratio of
from a material that is not affected by the soil environment and
surface area to metal volume should be large in order to obtain
that does not affect the soil. Container materials, such as glass,
maximum corrosion loss per specimen weight. However,
plastic, or corrosion-resistant metal or alloy, can be used;
sufficient thickness should be employed to minimize the
however, electrically conductive containers must be electro-
possibility of perforation of the specimen during the test
chemically isolated from the specimens. The size of the
exposure unless an evaluation of perforation susceptibility is of
container is determined by the volume of soil required for the
interest. When modeling large structures or components, the
3 2
test. A minimum of 40 cm should be used for each 1 cm of
size of the specimens should be as large as practical. When
exposed metal surface area (see Fig. 1).
modeling small components, the specimen size should be as
4.2 Soil Environment—The container is filled with a soil
close as possible to that of the component modeled. When the
sample of choice. A soil sample from a specific outdoor
structure or component is made of two or more metals, the
location may be retrieved for the test, or a soil sample may be
surface area ratio of the test specimen should be similar to the
prepared with a specific property and chemistry. If necessary,
structure or component being modeled.
physical and chemical characteristics of the soil may be
5.2.2 When modeling service applications, the shapes of the
determined.
specimens should approximate the shapes in the application.
4.2.1 A field soil sample may be utilized for purposes of
Complex shapes are frequently simplified for testing purposes.
conducting a soil corrosion test in a specific environment.
For some tests, the specimen may be taken from the manufac-
4.2.2 Laboratory soil samples may be prepared by using
turing line or cut from manufactured pieces (for example, short
washed sand, (that is, No. 2 silica sand) clean clay (that is,
sections of pipes, wires, cables).
bentonite) or other uniform known media.
5.3 Specimen Preparation:
4.2.3 Soil Chemistry—The field soil sample and the labora-
5.3.1 Prepare the edges of the test specimens so as to
tory soil sample are saturated with a known electrolyte chosen
eliminate all sheared or cold worked metal, except for cold
for the test. Typically, the electrolyte is added to the soil of
working introduced by stamping for identification. Shearing
choice in the container. A typical electrolyte for use with
can, in some cases, introduce residual stress that may cause
washed sand is ASTM corrosive water (see Test Method
considerable attack. Therefore, do not use specimens with
D 2570). With field soil samples, deionized or distilled water
sheared edges unless this effect is being evaluated. Finish the
(see Test Method D2570) is commonly used. Periodically,
edges by machining or polishing. The slight amount of cold
deionized or distilled water (see Specification D 1193) is added
work resulting from the machining process should not intro-
to maintain the soil in a saturated condition. A non-saturated
duce serious error.
condition can be maintained if desired.
5.3.2 The specimen metallurgical and surface condition
4.2.4 Temperature—The test is conducted under laboratory
should be similar to the application being modeled. In all cases,
ambient temperature unless the effect of temperature is being
remove surface contamination, such as dirt, grease, oil and
evaluated.
thick oxides, prior to weighing and exposure to the test
4.2.5 Test Specimen—The test specimen is buried in the soil
environment (see Practice G 1).
within the container and is prepared as discussed in Section 5.
5.3
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