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ASTM F2108-01

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Inspection of Transparent Parts by Prism

Standard Practice for Inspection of Transparent Parts by Prism

SCOPE
1.1 Aerospace transparencies undergo high stresses induced by flight, environmental, or other factors. The transparency attachment points are especially subject to fatigue. These areas of fatigue are often obstructed or hidden from normal inspection. An inspector, following the techniques described in this practice, shall use a prism to view damage located near transparency bolt holes, voids, and delamination that are hidden by edge strips or frames.
1.2 The purpose of this practice is to provide acceptable methods for performing prism inspections of transparent materials with specific emphasis on aircraft windscreens and canopies. Caveats and lessons learned from experience are included to assist authors in writing tailored inspection instructions for specific applications.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-May-2001
ICS
19.100 - Non-destructive testing
Technical Committee
F07 - Aerospace and Aircraft
Drafting Committee
F07.08 - Transparent Enclosures and Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM F2108-06 - Standard Practice for Inspection of Transparent Parts by Prism
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM F790-23 - Standard Guide for Testing Materials for Aerospace Plastic Transparent Enclosures
Effective Date
10-May-2001

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ASTM F2108-01 - Standard Practice for Inspection of Transparent Parts by PrismASTM F2108-01 - Standard Practice for Inspection of Transparent Parts by Prism
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ASTM F2108-01 - Standard Practice for Inspection of Transparent Parts by Prism
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:F2108–01
Standard Practice for
Inspection of Transparent Parts by Prism
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2108; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Summary of Practice
1.1 Aerospace transparencies undergo high stresses induced 3.1 Prism inspections shall be performed with the aid of a
by flight, environmental, or other factors. The transparency prism and a wetting agent. The wetting agent is between the
attachment points are especially subject to fatigue. These areas prism and transparency to ensure good visibility.The examiner
of fatigue are often obstructed or hidden from normal inspec- looks through the prism to see the area of the transparency
tion. An inspector, following the techniques described in this below the prism. The exam is best done without bright
practice, shall use a prism to view damage located near sunlight, which causes glare. The examiner changes his angle
transparency bolt holes, voids, and delamination that are of view and inspects the area seen in the prism. A trained eye
hidden by edge strips or frames. can detect anomalies such as cracks, delamination, and voids.
1.2 The purpose of this practice is to provide acceptable
4. Significance and Use
methods for performing prism inspections of transparent ma-
terials with specific emphasis on aircraft windscreens and 4.1 Prisms are useful tools for viewing areas otherwise
obstructed or hidden from normal viewing. For example,
canopies. Caveats and lessons learned from experience are
included to assist authors in writing tailored inspection instruc- transparency bolt holes, voids, and delamination that are
covered by edge strips or frames can be seen through a prism.
tions for specific applications.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the The prism, once put against the transparency, with a coupling
agent to wet the surfaces, allows viewing of the area below
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- where the prism is placed.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5. Apparatus
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.1 Prism—Material shall be of the same hardness or softer
2. Terminology
than the transparency to avoid scratches. The angles should be
developed to maximize the viewing area. In the case of a
2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
2.1.1 coupler, n—a liquid refractive index matching agent complex shape, the position of the inspector’s head and
potential interference problems shall be considered to ensure
or wetting agent (for example, glycerol) used to create optical
contact (coupling) between the prism and transparency. the inspector can look through the prism at the proper angles.
Aprism,thoughtypicallya30º–60º–90ºtriangle,doesnotneed
2.1.2 delamination, n—the separation of a laminate into its
constituent parts. An edge delamination is open to the lami- to be triangular.
5.2 Flashlight—A high output, halogen bulb works best.
nate’s free edge. An internal delamination is contained within
the laminate. 5.3 Cover—To allow the inspector to shade the inspection
area if the inspection is done in bright sunlight.
2.1.3 edge attachment, n—the means of fastening the side
edges of a transparency to the aircraft structure. Edge attach-
6. Reagents
ments also include expansion joints and any other connection
6.1 Use glycerol (USPGrade) as a coupler or wetting agent.
between the transparency and the aircraft structure.
6.1.1 The wetting agent shall not harm the transparency (for
2.1.4 prism, n—a transparent optical element with polished
example, cause crazing), shall be clear, and shall have a high
plane faces for the entrance and exit sides. Prisms use
enough viscosity to stay in place reasonably well.
refraction or internal reflection or both to change the direction
6.2 Use distilled water.
of the propagation of light.
7. Procedure
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F07 on Aerospace
7.1 Use methods shall be approved by the procuring agency
andAircraft and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F07.08 on Transparent
or parts manufacturer. One example is to use a water rinse to
Enclosures and Materials.
clean the area of the transparency thoroughly where the prism
Current edition approved May 10, 2001. Published July 2001.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F2108
will be placed. Assure the prism is also clean. Any debris will
cause scratches to the delicate optical surfaces.
7.1.1 Clean the prism with standard optical cleaning solu-
tions appropriate for the material from which it is made. See
Note 1.
7.2 If using glycerol, store it in a cool dry place, such as a
refrigerator designated for chemicals, so it will be thicker.
Apply several drops of coupler to the side of the prism that
goes against the transparency. Ensure there is enough coupling
between the prism and transparency to allow a good viewing
area. (Warning—Do not allow the prism to slide along the
transparency with no wetting agent between them or scratches
will occur.)
7.3 The prism is placed on the transparency and the viewing
area location as shown in Fig. 1.When moving the prism along
the transparency use light pressure. Do not allow the glycerol
to get on the viewing surface of the prism, as it will smear the
viewing area.
7.4 Acoupler is required to provide an optical path between
FIG. 2 Standard Nomenclature
theprismandcanopy.Placingsmallamounts(severaldrops)of
coupler on both the canopy and the prism tends to work best.
Glycerol is a good coupler. The coupler material shall be
bright sunlight. Bright sunlight causes glare that clouds the
compatible with the transparency material, clear, and the more
viewing area. The inspection works best at night while using a
viscous the better. Gentle pressure between the prism and
flashlight.
canopy keeps air out of the coupler and allows the coupler to
NOTE 1—Any debris will cause scratches to the delicate optical
spread farther. See Note 2.
surfaces.
7.5 Gently press the prism (of appropriate size and shape, as
NOTE 2—Using too much coupler will make cleanup more difficult and
described below) to the transparency.Alter the pressure on the
make it difficult to keep the prism viewing area clean.
prism corners to remove any trapped air. To keep the prism
7.7 Look through the top of the prism to view the area of
clean, the least amount of glycerol shall be used. Hold only the
interest. The prism shall be moved up or down to get the
edges of the prism and use gentle pressure. (Warning—If the
viewing area to the proper depth. When looking through the
coupler gets onto the viewing face of the prism, the area of
prism, change the angle of view (left to right). Begin to move
interest will be blurred. Keep the prism’s viewing face clean.)
the prism along the area of interest. Continue looking through
7.6 A light source, such as a flashlight aids in optical
the prism, altering angle of view. If an air bubble gets trapped
clarification. This inspection technique does not work well i
...

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Standard Practice for Inspection of Transparent Parts by Prism

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Prisms are useful tools for viewing areas otherwise obstructed or hidden from normal viewing. For example, transparency bolt holes, voids, and delaminations that are covered by edge strips or frames can be seen through a prism. The prism, once put against the transparency, with a coupling agent to wet the surfaces, allows viewing of the area below where the prism is placed.
SCOPE
1.1 Aerospace transparencies undergo high stresses induced by flight, environmental, or other factors. The transparency attachment points are especially subject to fatigue. These areas of fatigue are often obstructed or hidden from normal inspection. An inspector, following the techniques described in this practice, shall use a prism to view damage located near transparency bolt holes, voids, and delamination that are hidden by edge strips or frames.  
1.2 The purpose of this practice is to provide acceptable methods for performing prism inspections of transparent materials with specific emphasis on aircraft windscreens and canopies. Caveats and lessons learned from experience are included to assist authors in writing tailored inspection instructions for specific applications.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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3.1 The terms found in this standard are intended to be used uniformly and consistently in all nondestructive testing standards. The purpose of this standard is to promote a clear understanding and interpretation of the NDT standards in which they are used.
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1.1 This standard covers the terminology used in the standards prepared by the E07 Committee on Nondestructive Testing. These nondestructive testing (NDT) methods include: acoustic emission, electromagnetic testing, gamma- and X-radiology, leak testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, neutron radiology and gauging, ultrasonic testing, and other technical methods.  
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Note 1: The following sentences clarify this policy and illustrate its use:
(a) Nondestructive testing methods are used extensively for the examination or inspection of materials and components.
(b) The E07 Committee on Nondestructive Testing has prepared many documents to promote uniform usage of the nondestructive testing methods that are applied to examine or inspect materials and components.  
(c) Radiologic Testing (RT) is often used to inspect material to detect internal discontinuities.
(d) Magnetic Particle Testing (MT), Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT), and Visual Testing (VT) are often used to examine the surface of a component.
(e) The Bubble Leak Testing (BLT) method is sometimes used to leak test a pressure containing component to detect leaks.
(f) A guide for Nondestructive Testing of additively manufactured materials will describe several methods but a practice will focus on a single inspection method.  
1.3 Section A defines terms that are common to multiple NDT methods, whereas the subsequent sections define terms pertaining to specific NDT methods.  
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4.1 This practice establishes the basic parameters for the application and control of the radiographic method. This practice is written so it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to procedure to be used by the NDT facility and, therefore, must be supplemented by a detailed procedure (see 6.1). Practices E1030/E1030M, E1032, and E1416 contain information to help develop detailed technique/procedure requirements.
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1.3 Basis of Application—There are areas in this practice that may require agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. These items should be addressed in the purchase order or the contract.  
1.3.1 DoD contracts.  
1.3.2 Personnel qualification, 5.1.1.  
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1.3.5 Alternate image quality indicator (IQI) types, 5.5.3.  
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5.1 Turbidity is undesirable in drinking water, plant effluent waters, water for food and beverage processing, and for a large number of other water-dependent manufacturing processes. Removal is often accomplished by coagulation, settling, and filtration. Measurement of turbidity provides a rapid means of process control for when, how, and to what extent the water must be treated to meet specifications.  
5.2 This test method is suitable to turbidity such as that found in drinking water, process water, and high purity industrial water.  
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5.3.1 Table 1 describes technologies and reporting results (see also Refs (1-3)).6 Those technologies listed are appropriate for the range of measurement prescribed in this test method. Others may come available in the future. Fig. X5.1 provides a flow chart to aid in selection of the appropriate technology for low-level static turbidity applications.  
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SCOPE
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5.1 IIT Instruments are used to quantitatively measure various mechanical properties of thin coatings and other volumes of material when other traditional methods of determining material properties cannot be used due to the size or condition of the sample. This practice will establish the basic requirements for those instruments. It is intended that IIT based test methods will be able to refer to this practice for the basic requirements for force and displacement accuracy, reproducibility, verification, reporting, etc., that are necessary for obtaining meaningful test results.  
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Standard Practice for Matrix Array Ultrasonic Testing of Composites, Sandwich Core Constructions, and Metals

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedures described in this practice have proven utility in the inspecting (1) monolithic polymer matrix composites (laminates) for bulk defects, (2) metals for corrosion during the service life of the part of interest, (3) thickness checks, (4) adhesive bonding of metals, composites, and sandwich core constructions, (5) coatings, and (6) composite filament windings. Both unpressurized, and with suitable precautions, pressurized materials and components are inspected.  
5.2 This practice provides guidelines for the application of longitudinal wave examination to the detection and quantitative evaluation of damage, discontinuities, and thickness variations in materials.  
5.3 This practice is intended primarily for the testing of parts to acceptance criteria most typically specified in a purchase order or other contractual document, and for testing of parts in-service to detect and evaluate damage.  
5.4 MAUT search units provide near-surface resolution and detection of small discontinuities comparable to phased array transducers. They may or may not be capable of beam steering. The advantage of MAUT for straight-beam longitudinal wave inspections is the ability to provide real-time C-scan data, which facilitates data interpretation and shortens inspection time. Depending on inspection needs, data can be displayed as A-, B- or C-scans, or three-dimensional renderings. Toggling between pulse-echo and through transmission ultrasonic (TTU) modes without having to use another system or changing transducers is also possible.  
5.5 The MAUT technique has proven utility in the inspection of multi-ply carbon-fiber reinforced laminates used in primary aircraft structures.11  
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SCOPE
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1.4.1 Test Procedure A, Pulse Echo (non-contacting and contacting) is at a minimum a single matrix array transducer transmitting and receiving longitudinal waves in the range of 0.5 MHz to 20 MHz (see Fig. 1). Th...

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Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing for General Industry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Liquid penetrant testing methods indicate the presence, location, and to a limited extent, the nature and magnitude of the detected discontinuities. Each of the various penetrant methods has been designed for specific uses such as critical service items, volume of parts, portability, or localized areas of examination. The method selected will depend accordingly on the design and service requirements of the parts or materials being tested.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers procedures for penetrant examination of materials. Penetrant testing is a nondestructive testing method for detecting discontinuities that are open to the surface such as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, shrinkage, laminations, through leaks, or lack of fusion and is applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance examinations. It can be effectively used in the examination of nonporous, metallic materials, ferrous and nonferrous metals, and of nonmetallic materials such as nonporous glazed or fully densified ceramics, as well as certain nonporous plastics, and glass.  
1.2 This practice also provides a reference:  
1.2.1 By which a liquid penetrant examination process recommended or required by individual organizations can be reviewed to ascertain its applicability and completeness.  
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specifications and procedures dealing with the liquid penetrant testing of parts and materials. Agreement by the customer requesting penetrant testing is strongly recommended. All areas of this practice may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization.  
1.2.3 For use in the organization of facilities and personnel concerned with liquid penetrant testing.  
1.3 This practice does not indicate or suggest criteria for evaluation of the indications obtained by penetrant testing. It should be pointed out, however, that after indications have been found, they must be interpreted or classified and then evaluated. For this purpose there must be a separate code, standard, or a specific agreement to define the type, size, location, and direction of indications considered acceptable, and those considered unacceptable.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2862-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Probability of Detection Analysis for Hit/Miss Data

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The POD analysis method described herein is based on a well-known and well established statistical regression method. It shall be used to quantify the demonstrated POD for a specific set of examination parameters and known range of discontinuity sizes under the following conditions.  
5.1.1 The initial response from a nondestructive evaluation inspection system is ultimately binary in nature (that is, hit or miss).  
5.1.2 Discontinuity size is the predictor variable and can be accurately quantified.  
5.1.3 A relationship between discontinuity size and POD exists and is best described by a generalized linear model with the appropriate link function for binary outcomes.  
5.2 This practice does not limit the use of a generalized linear model with more than one predictor variable or other types of statistical models if justified as more appropriate for the hit/miss data.  
5.3 If the initial response from a nondestructive evaluation inspection system is measurable and can be classified as a continuous variable (for example, data collected from an Eddy Current inspection system), then Practice E3023 may be more appropriate.  
5.4 Prior to performing the analysis it is assumed that the discontinuity of interest is clearly defined; the number and distribution of induced discontinuity sizes in the POD specimen set is known and well-documented; discontinuities in the POD specimen set are unobstructed; and the POD examination administration procedure (including data collection method) is well-designed, well-defined, under control, and unbiased. The analysis results are only valid if convergence is achieved and the model adequately represents the data.  
5.5 The POD analysis method described herein is consistent with the analysis method for binary data described in MIL-HDBK-1823A, and is included in several widely utilized POD software packages to perform a POD analysis on hit/miss data. It is also found in statistical software packages that have generalized line...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for performing a statistical analysis on nondestructive testing hit/miss data to determine the demonstrated probability of detection (POD) for a specific set of examination parameters. Topics covered include the standard hit/miss POD curve formulation, validation techniques, and correct interpretation of results.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1901-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Detection and Evaluation of Discontinuities by Contact Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 This guide provides procedures for the application of contact straight-beam examination for the detection and quantitative evaluation of discontinuities in materials.  
6.2 Although not all requirements of this guide can be applied universally to all examinations, situations, and materials, it does provide basis for establishing contractual criteria between the users, and may be used as a general guide for preparing detailed specifications for a particular application.  
6.3 This guide is directed towards the evaluation of discontinuities detectable with the beam normal to the entry surface. If discontinuities or other orientations are of concern, alternate scanning techniques are required.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for the contact ultrasonic examination of bulk materials or parts by transmitting pulsed ultrasonic waves into the material and observing the indications of reflected waves. This guide covers only examinations in which one search unit is used as both transmitter and receiver (pulse-echo). This guide includes general requirements and procedures that may be used for detecting discontinuities, locating depth and distance from a point of reference and for making a relative or approximate evaluation of the size of discontinuities as compared to a reference standard.  
1.2 This guide complements Practice E114 by providing more detailed procedures for the selection and standardization of the examination system and for evaluation of the indications obtained.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish the appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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