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ASTM D5929-96(2009)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determining Biodegradability of Materials Exposed to Municipal Solid Waste Composting Conditions by Compost Respirometry

Standard Test Method for Determining Biodegradability of Materials Exposed to Municipal Solid Waste Composting Conditions by Compost Respirometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
As the crisis in solid waste continues to grow, MSW composting is increasingly being considered as one component in the overall solid waste management strategy. The volume reduction achieved by composting, combined with the production of a usable end product, is resulting in increasing numbers of municipalities analyzing and selecting MSW composting as an alternative to incineration or to reduce reliance on landfill disposal. This test method will help determine the effect of materials on the compost process and establish if the material can be properly disposed through solid waste composting facilities.  
This test method attempts to provide a simulation of the overall compost process while maintaining reproducibility. Exposing the test material with several other types of materials that are typically in MSW provides an environment which provides the key characteristics of composting: material not in a sole carbon source environment which allows co-metabolism, compost system is self heating, and provides a direct measurement of organism respiration.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the biodegradation properties of a material by reproducibly exposing materials to conditions typical of municipal solid waste (MSW) composting. A material is composted under controlled conditions using a synthetic compost matrix and determining the acclimation time, cumulative oxygen uptake, cumulative carbon dioxide production, and percent of theoretical biodegradation over the period of the test. This test method does not establish the suitability of the composted product for any use.
1.2 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Aug-2009
ICS
13.080.30 - Biological properties of soils
Technical Committee
D34 - Waste Management
Drafting Committee
D34.03 - Treatment, Recovery and Reuse
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D5929-96(2004) - Standard Test Method for Determining Biodegradability of Materials Exposed to Municipal Solid Waste Composting Conditions by Compost Respirometry
Effective Date
01-Sep-2009
Replaced By
ASTM D5929-18 - Standard Test Method for Determining Biodegradability of Materials Exposed to Source-Separated Organic Municipal Solid Waste Mesophilic Composting Conditions by Respirometry
Effective Date
01-Feb-2018

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ASTM D5929-96(2009) - Standard Test Method for Determining Biodegradability of Materials Exposed to Municipal Solid Waste Composting Conditions by Compost RespirometryASTM D5929-96(2009) - Standard Test Method for Determining Biodegradability of Materials Exposed to Municipal Solid Waste Composting Conditions by Compost Respirometry
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ASTM D5929-96(2009) - Standard Test Method for Determining Biodegradability of Materials Exposed to Municipal Solid Waste Composting Conditions by Compost Respirometry
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D5929 − 96 (Reapproved 2009)
Standard Test Method for
Determining Biodegradability of Materials Exposed to
Municipal Solid Waste Composting Conditions by Compost
1
Respirometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5929; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.2 APHA-AWWA-WEF Standard Methods:
2540G Total, Fixed, and Volatile Solids in Solid and Semi-
1.1 This test method covers the biodegradation properties of
3
solid Samples
a material by reproducibly exposing materials to conditions
typical of municipal solid waste (MSW) composting. A mate-
3. Terminology
rial is composted under controlled conditions using a synthetic
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms applying to this test
compost matrix and determining the acclimation time, cumu-
method appear in Terminology D1129.
lative oxygen uptake, cumulative carbon dioxide production,
and percent of theoretical biodegradation over the period of the 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
test. This test method does not establish the suitability of the 3.2.1 acclimation time, n—the time required for the oxygen
composted product for any use. uptake to reach 10 % of the total measured cumulative oxygen
4
uptake.
1.2 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to
3.2.2 oxygen uptake, n—the cumulative oxygen consumed
be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in
by the organisms during the test.
parentheses are for information only.
3.2.3 theoretical carbon dioxide production (ThCDP),
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
n—the maximum carbon dioxide that can be produced by a
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
material as calculated by the carbon content of the material.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2.4 theoretical oxygen uptake (ThOU), n— the maximum
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
oxygen consumption required to fully oxidize a material based
on the elemental content of the material.
2. Referenced Documents
3.2.5 virgin newsprint—nonprinted newspaper roll stock.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D513 Test Methods for Total and Dissolved Carbon Dioxide 4. Summary of Test Method
in Water
4.1 This test method consists of the following:
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
4.1.1 The samples are prepared by cutting or forming the
D1293 Test Methods for pH of Water
material into the form it would most likely be seen in the waste
D2908 Practice for Measuring Volatile Organic Matter in
stream.Atheoretical maximum carbon dioxide production and
Water by Aqueous-Injection Gas Chromatography
oxygen uptake are determined from an elemental analysis.
4.1.2 An inoculum is obtained from a municipal MSW or
1
yard waste compost facility. It is procured from a static pile
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03 on Treatment,
that has been composting for at least two months.
Recovery and Reuse.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published November 2009. Originally
3
approvedin1996.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2004asD5929-96(2004).DOI: Available from American Public Health Assoc., 1015 15th Street, NW,
10.1520/D5929-96R09. Washington, DC 20005, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Water, 18th ed., 1992.
4
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Tabak, Henry H. and Lewis, Ronald F., CEC/OECD Ring Test of Respiration
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Method for Determination of Biodegradability, U. S. Environmental Protection
the ASTM website. Agency, pp. 1–3.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5929 − 96 (2009)
4.1.3 ThesyntheticMSWispreparedfromvirginnewsprint, 6.1.7 Temperature Probe, situated in the middle of the
pine bark or wood chips, corn starch, corn oil, bovine casein, compost.
and urea.Abuffer/dilution water is prepared from magnesium, 6.1.8 DataAcquisitionandControlSystem,forthemeasure-
calcium, iron and a phosphate buffer. ment of temperature and the control and measurement of the
4.1.4 The test material, synthetic compost, inoculum, and oxygen addition.
dilution water are combined and placed in a highly insulated
6.2 Miscellaneous:
re
...

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5.1 MSW composting is considered an important component in the overall solid waste management strategy. The volume reduction achieved by composting, combined with the production of a usable end product (for example, compost as a soil amendment), has resulted in municipalities analyzing and selecting source-separated organic MSW composting as an alternative to landfill disposal of biodegradable organic materials. This standard provides a method to analyze and determine the effect of materials on the compost process and the performance, utility, and feasibility of the composting process as a method for managing organic solid waste material.5 Using this method, key parameters of process performance, including theoretical oxygen uptake (ThOU) and theoretical carbon dioxide production (ThCO2P) are determined.  
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1.1 This test method covers the biodegradation properties of a material by reproducibly exposing materials to conditions typical of source-separated organic municipal solid waste (MSW) composting. A material is composted under controlled conditions using a synthetic compost matrix and determining the acclimation time, cumulative oxygen uptake, cumulative carbon dioxide production, and percent of theoretical biodegradation over the period of the test. This test method does not establish the suitability of the composted product for any use.  
1.2 This test is performed at mesophilic temperatures. Some municipal compost operations reach thermophilic temperatures during operation. Thermophilic temperatures can affect the biodegradation of some materials. This test is not intended to replicate conditions within municipal compost operations that reach thermophilic temperatures.  
1.3 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Test Methods for Use of Hyperspectral Sensors for Soil Nutrient Analysis of Ground Based Samples

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5.1 Spectral analysis of soils for agricultural use is being used worldwide to obtain rapid data on soil nutrients. for the purpose of agricultural management including fertilizer application and other amendments such as pH adjustment, organic supplements, etc. Satellite, aerial, and ground-based sampling methods are being used. This test method applies to ground-based, terrestrial field applications where samples are taken from the ground, generally in the root zone. Use of these rapid remote sensing techniques allow for more detailed and economic data acquisition than older cumbersome sampling and wet chemistry testing methods used in the past by soil scientists for soil nutrient evaluations.  
5.2 This test method describes procedures for sampling and testing of field soils using diffuse reflectance spectrometry using handheld portable spectrometers measuring spectra in visible and near infrared (vis-NR) using dried sieved or wet samples. There is a worldwide effort to collect spectral databases of soils. The procedures specified here follow procedures as outlined in the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) primer on Vis-NIR and MIR spectroscopy of soils (1)3. Other organizations such as IEEE are actively working on additional guidance documents that will be incorporated in future revisions of this test method.  
5.2.1 This standard describes the procedures (Section 12) for using hyperspectral sensor data to measure moisture content as a percentage, pH, Organic Matter (OM) as a percentage, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) measured in 10 cmol c /kg could hold 10 cmol of Na + cations (with 1 unit of charge per cation) per kilogram of soil, but only 5 cmol Ca 2+ (2 units of charge per cation), as well as micro and macro nutrients in soils measured in PPM (parts per million)or a percentage, including, but not limited to nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, boron, zinc, iron, sulfur, calcium, magnesium, and manganese.  
5.2.2 Research has shown that t...
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1.2.2 Method B—The analysis is performed in the field on a moist sample after homogenization. After post-processing of multiple reflectance site data using methods A and B, the moisture content can be measured, and the spectral signature is normalized for moisture content.  
1.3 The limitation of this method is that the results of an individual test for elemental analysis would not be the same as exacting reference values from traditional wet chemical lab analysis used by soil scientists. Results of wet chemistry tests or tests from soil science libraries may be used to calibrate a specific site model comprised of many individual tests. Spectral data for organics has shown to be as accurate as conventional methods such as Test Methods D2974.  
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6.1 Contaminated sediments may affect natural populations of aquatic organisms adversely. Sediment-dwelling organisms may be exposed directly to contaminants by the ingestion of sediments and by the uptake of sediment-associated contaminants from interstitial and overlying water. Contaminated sediments may affect water column species directly by serving as a source of contaminants to overlying waters or a sink for contaminants from overlying waters. Organisms may also be affected when contaminated sediments are suspended in the water column by natural or human activities. Water column species and nonaquatic species may also be affected indirectly by contaminated sediments by the transfer of contaminants through ecosystems (7, 8).  
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Referenced Documents  
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Significance and Use  
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Hazards  
7  
Sediment Test Types  
8  
Biological Responses  
9  
Test Organisms  
10  
Experimental Design Considerations  
11  
Data Interpretation  
12  
Keywords  
13  
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5.1 Soil toxicity tests provide information concerning the toxicity and bioavailability of chemicals associated with soils to terrestrial organisms. As important members of the soil fauna, lumbricid earthworms and enchytraeid potworms have a number of characteristics that make them appropriate organisms for use in the assessment of potentially hazardous soils. Earthworms may ingest large quantities of soil, have a close relationship with other soil biomasses (for example, invertebrates, roots, humus, litter, and microorganisms), constitute up to 92 % of the invertebrate biomass of soil, and are important in recycling nutrients (1, 2).4 Enchytraeids contribute up to 5.2 % of soil respiration, constitute the second-highest biomass in many soils (the highest in acid soils in which earthworms are lacking) and effect considerably nutrient cycling and community metabolism (3-5). Earthworms and potworms accumulate and are affected by a variety of organic and inorganic compounds (2-10, 11-14). In addition, earthworms and potworms are important in terrestrial food webs, constituting a food source for a very wide variety of organisms, including birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish, insects, nematodes, and centipedes  (15, 16, 3). A major change in the abundance of soil invertebrates such as lumbricids or enchytraeids, either as a food source or as organisms functioning properly in trophic energy transfer and nutrient cycling, could have serious adverse ecological effects on the entire terrestrial system.  
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5.2 Soil ORP is a time-sensitive measurement. For an accurate indication of soil corrosivity, the measurement should be made in-situ in the field or as soon as practicable after removal of the soil sample from the ground.  
5.3 The user of this test method is responsible for determining the significance of reported ORP measurements. ORP alone should typically not be used in characterizing the corrosivity of a particular soil. ORP measurements are appropriate when evaluating oxygen related reactions.  
5.4 ORP measurements can sometimes be quite variable and non-reproducible. This is related, in part, to the general heterogeneity of a given soil. It is also related to the introduction of increased oxygen into the sample after extraction. The interpretation of soil ORP should be considered in terms of its general range rather than as an absolute measurement.  
5.5 ORP measurements can be used to determine if a particular soil has the propensity to support microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) attack. These measurements can also be used to provide an indication of whether soil conditions will be aerobic or anaerobic. Appendix X1 provides reference guidelines for general interpretation of ORP data.
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1.1 This test method covers a procedure and related test equipment for measuring oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of soil samples in-situ or removed from the ground.  
1.2 The procedure in Section 9 is appropriate for field and laboratory measurements.  
1.3 Accurate measurement of oxidation-reduction potential aids in the analysis of soil corrosivity and its impact on buried metallic structure corrosion rates.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Test Method for Determining Biodegradability of Materials Exposed to Source-Separated Organic Municipal Solid Waste Mesophilic Composting Conditions by Respirometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 MSW composting is considered an important component in the overall solid waste management strategy. The volume reduction achieved by composting, combined with the production of a usable end product (for example, compost as a soil amendment), has resulted in municipalities analyzing and selecting source-separated organic MSW composting as an alternative to landfill disposal of biodegradable organic materials. This standard provides a method to analyze and determine the effect of materials on the compost process and the performance, utility, and feasibility of the composting process as a method for managing organic solid waste material.5 Using this method, key parameters of process performance, including theoretical oxygen uptake (ThOU) and theoretical carbon dioxide production (ThCO2P) are determined.  
5.2 This test method provides a simulation of the overall compost process while maintaining reproducibility. Exposing the test material with several other types of organic materials that are typically in MSW provides an environment which provides the key characteristics of the composting process, including direct measurement of organism respiration.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the biodegradation properties of a material by reproducibly exposing materials to conditions typical of source-separated organic municipal solid waste (MSW) composting. A material is composted under controlled conditions using a synthetic compost matrix and determining the acclimation time, cumulative oxygen uptake, cumulative carbon dioxide production, and percent of theoretical biodegradation over the period of the test. This test method does not establish the suitability of the composted product for any use.  
1.2 This test is performed at mesophilic temperatures. Some municipal compost operations reach thermophilic temperatures during operation. Thermophilic temperatures can affect the biodegradation of some materials. This test is not intended to replicate conditions within municipal compost operations that reach thermophilic temperatures.  
1.3 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM B637-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Precipitation-Hardening and Cold Worked Nickel Alloy Bars, Forgings, and Forging Stock for Moderate or High Temperature Service

ABSTRACT
This specification covers hot- and cold-worked precipitation-hardenable nickel alloy rod, bar, forgings, and forging stock for high-temperature service. Chemical analysis shall be performed on the alloy and shall conform to the chemical composition requirement in carbon, manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, columbium, tantalum, titanium, aluminum, zirconium, boron, iron, copper, and nickel. The material shall follow recommended annealing treatment, solution treatment, stabilizing treatment, and precipitation hardening treatment. Tension testing, hardness testing and stress-rupture testing shall be performed on the material and shall comply to the required tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction in area, and Brinell hardness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers hot- and cold-worked precipitation-hardenable nickel alloy rod, bar, forgings, and forging stock for moderate or high temperature service (Table 1).  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this product/material as provided by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Technical specification
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ASTM
ASTM C596-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Drying Shrinkage of Mortar Containing Hydraulic Cement

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method establishes a selected set of conditions of temperature, relative humidity and rate of evaporation of the environment to which a mortar specimen of stated composition shall be subjected for a specified period of time during which its change in length is determined and designated “drying shrinkage.”  
4.2 The drying shrinkage of mortar as determined by this test method has a linear relation to the drying shrinkage of concrete made with the same cement and exposed to the same drying conditions.4 Hence this test method may be used when it is desired to develop data on the effect of a hydraulic cement on the drying shrinkage of concrete made with that cement.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the change in length on drying of mortar bars containing hydraulic cement and graded standard sand.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. When combined standards are referenced, the selection of measurement system is at the user’s discretion subject to the requirements of the referenced standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure).2  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
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