ASTM D5293-10
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils Between -5 and -35°C Using the Cold-Cranking Simulator
Standard Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils Between -5 and -35°C Using the Cold-Cranking Simulator
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The CCS apparent viscosity of automotive engine oils correlates with low temperature engine cranking. CCS apparent viscosity is not suitable for predicting low temperature flow to the engine oil pump and oil distribution system. Engine cranking data were measured by the Coordinating Research Council (CRC) L-49 test with reference oils that had viscosities between 600 and 8400 mPa·s (cP) at –17.8°C and between 2000 and 20 000 mPa·s (cP) at –28.9°C. The detailed relationship between this engine cranking data and CCS apparent viscosities is in Appendixes X1 and X2 of the 1967 T edition of Test Method and CRC Report 409. Because the CRC L-49 test is much less precise and standardized than the CCS procedures, CCS apparent viscosity need not accurately predict the engine cranking behavior of an oil in a specific engine. However, the correlation of CCS apparent viscosity with average CRC L-49 engine cranking results is satisfactory.
The correlation between CCS and apparent viscosity and engine cranking was confirmed at temperatures between –1 and –40°C by work on 17 commercial engine oils (SAE grades 5W, 10W, 15W, and 20W). Both synthetic and mineral oil based products were evaluated. See ASTM STP 621.
A correlation was established in a low temperature engine performance study between light duty engine startability and CCS measured apparent viscosity. This study used ten 1990s engines at temperatures ranging from –5 down to –40°C with six commercial engine oils (SAE 0W, 5W, 10W, 15W, 20W, and 25W).
The measurement of the cranking viscosity of base stocks is typically done to determine their suitability for use in engine oil formulations. A significant number of the calibration oils for this method are base stocks that could be used in engine oil formulations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of apparent viscosity of engine oils and base stocks by cold cranking simulator (CCS) at temperatures between –5 and –35°C at shear stresses of approximately 50 000 to 100 000 Pa and shear rates of approximately 105 to 104 s–1 for viscosities of approximately 900 to 25 000 mPa·s. The range of an instrument is dependent on the instrument model and software version installed. Apparent Cranking Viscosity results by this method are related to engine-cranking characteristics of engine oils.
1.2 A special procedure is provided for measurement of highly viscoelastic oils in manual instruments. See Appendix X2.
1.3 Procedures are provided for both manual and automated determination of the apparent viscosity of engine oils using the cold-cranking simulator.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in Section 8.
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Designation: D5293 – 10
Standard Test Method for
Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils and Base Stocks
1
Between –5 and –35°C Using Cold-Cranking Simulator
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5293; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* D2602 Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils
3
at Low Temperature Using the Cold-Cranking Simulator
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
apparent viscosity of engine oils and base stocks by cold
Petroleum Products
cranking simulator (CCS) at temperatures between –5 and
2.2 ISO Standard:
–35°C at shear stresses of approximately 50 000 to 100 000 Pa
5 4 –1
ISO 17025 General Requirements for the Competence of
and shear rates of approximately 10 to 10 s for viscosities
4
Testing and Calibration Laboratories
of approximately 900 to 25 000 mPa·s. The range of an
instrument is dependent on the instrument model and software
3. Terminology
version installed. Apparent Cranking Viscosity results by this
3.1 Definitions:
method are related to engine-cranking characteristics of engine
3.1.1 Newtonian oil or fluid, n—one that exhibits a constant
oils.
viscosity at all shear rates.
1.2 A special procedure is provided for measurement of
3.1.2 non-Newtonian oil or fluid, n—one that exhibits a
highly viscoelastic oils in manual instruments. See Appendix
viscosity that varies with changing shear stress or shear rate.
X2.
3.1.3 viscosity, h, n—the property of a fluid that determines
1.3 Procedures are provided for both manual and automated
its internal resistance to flow under stress, expressed by:
determination of the apparent viscosity of engine oils using the
t
cold-cranking simulator.
h5 (1)
g
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
where:
standard.
t = the stress per unit area, and
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
g = the rate of shear.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.3.1 Discussion—It is sometimes called the coefficient of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
dynamic viscosity. This coefficient is thus a measure of the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
resistance to flow of the liquid. In the SI, the unit of viscosity
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning
is the pascal-second; for practical use, a submultiple
statements are given in Section 8.
(millipascal-second) is more convenient and is customarily
used. The millipascal second is 1 cP (centipoise).
2. Referenced Documents
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2.1 apparent viscosity, n—theviscosityobtainedbyuseof
D2162 PracticeforBasicCalibrationofMasterViscometers
this test method.
and Viscosity Oil Standards
3.2.1.1 Discussion—Since many engine oils are non-
Newtonian at low temperature, apparent viscosity can vary
1
with shear rate.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
3.2.2 calibration oils, n—oils with known viscosity and
D02.07 on Flow Properties.
viscosity/temperature functionality that are used to define the
Current edition approved May 1, 2010. Published August 2010. Originally
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D5293–09. DOI:
10.1520/D5293-10.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM on www.astm.org.
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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D5293 – 10
calibration relationship between viscosity and cold-cranking 5.4 The measurement of the cranking viscosity of base
simulator rotor speed. stocks is typically done to determine their suitability for use in
3.2.3 check oil, n—a batch of test oil used to monitor engine oil formulations.Asignificant number of the calibration
measurement performance. oilsforthismethodarebasestocks
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D5293–09 Designation: D5293 – 10
Standard Test Method for
Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils and Base Stocks
1
Between –5 and –35°C Using Cold-Cranking Simulator
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5293; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of apparent viscosity of engine oils and base stocks by cold cranking
simulator (CCS) at temperatures between –5 and –35°C at shear stresses of approximately 50 000 to 100 000 Pa and shear rates
5 4 –1
of approximately 10 to 10 s for viscosities of approximately 900 to 25 000 mPa·s. The range of an instrument is dependent on
the instrument model and software version installed. Apparent Cranking Viscosity results by this method are related to
engine-cranking characteristics of engine oils.
1.2 A special procedure is provided for measurement of highly viscoelastic oils in manual instruments. See Appendix X2.
1.3 Procedures are provided for both manual and automated determination of the apparent viscosity of engine oils using the
cold-cranking simulator.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in Section 8.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2162 Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometers and Viscosity Oil Standards
3
D2602 Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils at Low Temperature Using the Cold-Cranking Simulator
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
2.2 ISO Standard:
4
ISO 17025 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Newtonian oil or fluid, n—one that exhibits a constant viscosity at all shear rates.
3.1.2 non-Newtonian oil or fluid, n—one that exhibits a viscosity that varies with changing shear stress or shear rate.
3.1.3 viscosity, h, n—the property of a fluid that determines its internal resistance to flow under stress, expressed by:
t
h5 (1)
g
where:
t = the stress per unit area, and
g = the rate of shear.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—It is sometimes called the coefficient of dynamic viscosity. This coefficient is thus a measure of the
resistance to flow of the liquid. In the SI, the unit of viscosity is the pascal-second; for practical use, a submultiple
(millipascal-second) is more convenient and is customarily used. The millipascal second is 1 cP (centipoise).
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.07 on
Flow Properties.
´1
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published November 2009. Originally approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D5293–08 . DOI:
10.1520/D5293-09.
Current edition approved May 1, 2010. Published August 2010. Originally approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D5293–09. DOI:
10.1520/D5293-10.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
4
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5293 – 10
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 apparent viscosity, n—the viscosity obtained by use of this test method.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—Sincemanyengineoilsarenon-Newtonianatlowtemperature,apparentviscositycanvarywithshearrate.
3.2.2 calibration oils, n—oils with k
...
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