ASTM F2282-23

Standard Specification for Quality Assurance Requirements for Carbon and Alloy Steel Wire, Rods, and Bars for Mechanical Fasteners

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes quality assurance requirements for carbon and alloy steel wire, rods, and bars for mechanical fasteners. Manufacturing of materials shall conform to the melting, casting, deoxidation, grain size, hardenability, and thermal treatment practices of this specification. Chemical requirements shall conform to the specified limits of chemical composition for carbon steel. Requirements of metallurgical structure shall include course austenitic grain size, fine autenitic grain size, and speheroidized annealed material. The material shall be tested for decarburization, maximum tensile strength, reduction area, hardenability, grain size, calibration, dimensions, and tolerances. Surface condition, coating, workmanship, finish, appearance, and packaging shall also conform to the requirements of this specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes quality assurance requirements for the physical, mechanical, and metallurgical requirements for carbon and alloy steel wire, rods, and bars in coils intended for the manufacture of mechanical fasteners which includes: bolts, nuts, rivets, screws, washers, and special parts manufactured cold.
Note 1: The Steel Industry uses the term “quality” to designate characteristics of a material which make it particularly well suited to a specific fabrication and/or application and does not imply “quality” in the usual sense.  
1.2 Wire size range includes 0.062 to 1.375 in.  
1.3 Rod size range usually includes 7/32 in. (0.219) to 47/64 in. (0.734) and generally offered in 1/64 increments (0.0156).  
1.4 Bar size range includes 3/8 in. (0.375) to 11/2 in. (1.500).  
1.5 Sizes for wire, rod and bar outside the ranges of paragraphs 1.2 – 1.4 may be ordered by agreement between purchaser and supplier.  
1.6 Material is furnished in many application variations. The purchaser should advise the supplier regarding the manufacturing process and finished product application as appropriate. Five application variations are:    
Cold Heading  
Recessed Head  
Socket Head  
Scrapless Nut  
Tubular Rivet  
1.6.1 Wire is furnished for all five application variations.  
1.6.2 Rod and bar are furnished to the single application variation; Cold Heading.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Oct-2023
• ICS: 21.060.01 - Fasteners in general
• Technical Committee: F16 - Fasteners
• Drafting Committee: F16.93 - Quality Assurance Provisions for Fasteners

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM F2282-18 - Standard Specification for Quality Assurance Requirements for Carbon and Alloy Steel Wire, Rods, and Bars for Mechanical Fasteners
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM A370-24 - Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2024
• Refers: ASTM F1470-24 - Standard Practice for Fastener Sampling for Specified Mechanical Properties and Performance Inspection
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Refers: ASTM E407-23 - Standard Practice for Microetching Metals and Alloys
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM F1789-23 - Standard Terminology for F16 Mechanical Fasteners
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM A370-23 - Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
• Effective Date: 15-Sep-2023
• Refers: ASTM F1789-22 - Standard Terminology for F16 Mechanical Fasteners
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2022
• Refers: ASTM F1470-19 - Standard Practice for Fastener Sampling for Specified Mechanical Properties and Performance Inspection
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2019
• Refers: ASTM E407-07(2015)e1 - Standard Practice for Microetching Metals and Alloys
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2015
• Referred By: ASTM A574-21 - Standard Specification for Alloy Steel Socket-Head Cap Screws
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023
• Referred By: ASTM F2882/F2882M-17 - Standard Specification for Screws, Alloy Steel, Heat Treated, 170 ksi and 1170 MPa Minimum Tensile Strength (Inch and Metric)
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023

Overview

ASTM F2282-23, Standard Specification for Quality Assurance Requirements for Carbon and Alloy Steel Wire, Rods, and Bars for Mechanical Fasteners, is an internationally recognized standard issued by ASTM. Focusing on material quality for mechanical fasteners, this specification outlines comprehensive requirements for carbon and alloy steel materials supplied in wire, rod, and bar forms-primarily in coils-for use in the cold manufacturing of fasteners such as bolts, nuts, screws, rivets, washers, and custom cold-formed parts.

The standard covers quality assurance relating to physical, mechanical, and metallurgical properties. It ensures manufacturers and purchasers have common expectations for chemical composition, microstructure, performance, and product integrity, supporting efficient and consistent production of fastening components in various industries.

Key Topics

1. Quality Assurance Requirements

• Details criteria for melting, casting, deoxidation, thermal treatments, and grain size control.
• Stipulates thorough testing for decarburization, tensile strength, reduction of area, hardenability, grain size, dimensions, surface condition, and tolerances.

2. Chemical and Mechanical Requirements

• Defines limits for Carbon, Manganese, Phosphorus, Sulfur, and other elements per specific IFI steel grades.
• Requires regular analysis (heat, cast, and product analysis) to ensure compliance.

3. Metallurgical Structure Control

• Specifies requirements for coarse or fine austenitic grain size and spheroidized annealed conditions.
• Provides guidelines for achieving optimal formability and mechanical performance.

4. Dimensional and Surface Standards

• Sets exact size ranges and tolerances for wire (0.062 in. to 1.375 in.), rod (0.219 in. to 0.734 in.), and bar (0.375 in. to 1.500 in.) with custom sizes available by agreement.
• Mandates surface quality, coating options (e.g., phosphate, lime, zinc), and freedom from harmful imperfections.

5. Packaging and Documentation

• Outlines clear protocols for packaging, tagging, certification, and traceability to ensure correct handling and delivery.

Applications

ASTM F2282-23 supports a wide range of industries where mechanical fasteners are essential:

• Automotive Manufacturing: Ensures reliability and durability of bolts, screws, and rivets in vehicle assembly.
• Aerospace Industry: Used for safety-critical applications requiring high performance of fastening components.
• Construction and Infrastructure: Helps maintain material integrity for large-scale steel structures and engineered connections.
• Industrial Machinery: Provides consistency for fasteners used in equipment and machinery manufacture.
• OEM Custom Fastening Solutions: Facilitates specialized cold-formed fastener production meeting unique customer requirements.

The specification covers five application variations for wire (Cold Heading, Recessed Head, Socket Head, Scrapless Nut, Tubular Rivet), while rod and bar are suited particularly to Cold Heading, enabling robust flexibility for manufacturers.

Related Standards

ASTM F2282-23 references several key industry standards to reinforce its requirements:

• ASTM A29/A29M: General requirements for hot-wrought carbon and alloy steel bars.
• ASTM A370: Methods for mechanical testing of steel products.
• ASTM A700: Packaging, marking, and loading methods for steel products in shipment.
• ASTM A751: Test methods and practices for chemical analysis of steel.
• ASTM E4: Calibration of testing machines.
• ASTM E10: Brinell hardness of metallic materials.
• ASTM E112: Average grain size determination.
• ASTM E1077: Decarburization depth in steel specimens.
• ASTM F1470: Fastener sampling and mechanical property inspection.

Additionally, relevant industry standards like IFI-140 and SAE J403, J404, and J406 are cross-referenced, ensuring that ASTM F2282-23 remains harmonized with accepted practices worldwide.

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Keywords: ASTM F2282-23, carbon steel wire, alloy steel rods, mechanical fasteners, quality assurance, cold heading, metallurgical requirements, steel bars, dimensional tolerances, surface finish, mechanical properties, packaging, standard specification, steel testing, industry standards.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F2282 − 23
Standard Specification for
Quality Assurance Requirements for Carbon and Alloy Steel
Wire, Rods, and Bars for Mechanical Fasteners
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2282; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This specification establishes quality assurance require- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
ments for the physical, mechanical, and metallurgical require- A29/A29M Specification for General Requirements for Steel
ments for carbon and alloy steel wire, rods, and bars in coils Bars, Carbon and Alloy, Hot-Wrought
intended for the manufacture of mechanical fasteners which A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
includes: bolts, nuts, rivets, screws, washers, and special parts of Steel Products
manufactured cold. A700 Guide for Packaging, Marking, and Loading Methods
NOTE 1—The Steel Industry uses the term “quality” to designate
for Steel Products for Shipment
characteristics of a material which make it particularly well suited to a
A751 Test Methods and Practices for Chemical Analysis of
specific fabrication and/or application and does not imply “quality” in the
Steel Products
usual sense.
E4 Practices for Force Calibration and Verification of Test-
1.2 Wire size range includes 0.062 to 1.375 in.
ing Machines
7 47
1.3 Rod size range usually includes ⁄32 in. (0.219) to ⁄64 in. E10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
(0.734) and generally offered in ⁄64 increments (0.0156). E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
Determine Conformance with Specifications
3 1
1.4 Bar size range includes ⁄8 in. (0.375) to 1 ⁄2 in. (1.500).
E112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
1.5 Sizes for wire, rod and bar outside the ranges of
E381 Method of Macroetch Testing Steel Bars, Billets,
paragraphs 1.2 – 1.4 may be ordered by agreement between
Blooms, and Forgings
purchaser and supplier.
E407 Practice for Microetching Metals and Alloys
E1077 Test Methods for Estimating the Depth of Decarbur-
1.6 Material is furnished in many application variations.
ization of Steel Specimens
The purchaser should advise the supplier regarding the manu-
facturing process and finished product application as appropri- F1470 Practice for Fastener Sampling for Specified Me-
chanical Properties and Performance Inspection
ate. Five application variations are:
F1789 Terminology for F16 Mechanical Fasteners
Cold Heading
Recessed Head
2.2 AIAG Standard:
Socket Head
B-5 Primary Metals Tag Application Standard
Scrapless Nut
2.3 IFI Standard:
Tubular Rivet
IFI-140 Carbon and Alloy Steel Wire, Rods, and Bars for
1.6.1 Wire is furnished for all five application variations.
Mechanical Fasteners
1.6.2 Rod and bar are furnished to the single application
2.4 SAE Standards:
variation; Cold Heading.
J403 Chemical Compositions of SAE Carbon Steels
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor- 5
J404 Chemical Compositions of SAE Alloy Steels
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
J406 Methods of Determining Hardenability of Steels
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
1 3
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 on Available from Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG), 26200 Lahser Rd.,
Fasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.93 on Quality Suite 200, Southfield, MI 48033, http://www.aiag.org.
Assurance Provisions for Fasteners. Available from Industrial Fasteners Institute (IFI), 6363 Oak Tree Blvd,
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2023. Published November 2023. Originally Independence, OH 44131, http://www.indfast.org.
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as F2282 – 18. DOI: Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale,
10.1520/F2282-23. PA 15096, http://www.sae.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2282 − 23
TABLE 2 Rod Size Tolerances
J415 Definitions of Heat Treating Terms
Diameter, Diameter ± Out of Round
3. Terminology in. Tolerance, in. max, in.
7 47
⁄32 to ⁄64 0.012 0.018
3.1 Definitions:
(0.219 to 0.734)
3.1.1 annealing—a process of heating to and holding steel at
a given temperature for a given time and then cooling at a
given rate, used to soften or produce changes, or both, in the
annealed in process, and finally lightly drawn to size (AIP);
microstructure of the steel to enhance formability and reduce
and drawn, spheroidize annealed in process, and finally lightly
tensile strength.
drawn to size (SAIP). Wire size tolerances are shown in Table
3.1.2 bars—produced from hot rolled or cast billets or
3. Sizes include those specified in 1.2.
blooms rolled single strand into coils. Bars have a greater
3.1.10.1 Discussion—Spheroidize annealed-at-finish size
precision in cross section than rods. Size tolerances are in
wire (SAFS) is wire that has been spheroidize annealed after
Table 1. Bars are finished as-rolled, annealed or spheroidize
final cold reduction. One or more annealing treatments may
annealed, and in sizes included in 1.4.
precede the final cold reduction.
3.1.3 exogenous inclusions—particles contained in steel re-
3.1.10.2 Discussion—Annealed-in-Process (AIP) or
sulting from incidental reoxidation, slag entrainment, refrac-
Spheroidize Annealed-in-Process (SAIP) wire is produced as
tory erosion, or other sources, that can occur during the
drawn carbon or alloy steel wire. In producing AIP and SAIP
processes of steel making, refining, and casting.
wire, rods or bars are drawn to wire and thermal treatment
(followed by a separate cleaning and coating operation) is done
3.1.4 lap—a longitudinal surface discontinuity extending
prior to final drawing to produce a softer and more ductile wire
into rod, bar, or wire caused by doubling over of metal during
for applications in which direct drawn wire would be too hard.
hot rolling.
Thermal treatment may also be employed when controlled
3.1.5 lot—a quantity of raw material of one size and heat
mechanical properties are required for a specific application.
number submitted for testing at one time.
3.2 Heat treating terms not defined in this standard are
3.1.6 rods—produced from hot rolled or cast billets, usually
included in Terminology F1789 or SAE J415.
rolled in a multiple strand mill to a round cross section then
coiled into one continuous length to size tolerances shown in
4. Ordering Information
Table 2. Rods are furnished as-rolled, annealed, or spheroidize
4.1 Wire orders shall state the following:
annealed in sizes found in 1.3.
4.1.1 Quantity,
3.1.7 seam—a longitudinal discontinuity extending radially
4.1.2 Specification number and issue date,
into wire, rod, or bar. Seams in raw material used for the
4.1.3 Diameter,
manufacture of fasteners or formed parts may lead to the
4.1.4 Steel grade,
formation of bursts.
4.1.5 Deoxidation practice and grain size or refinement
3.1.8 spheroidizing—a form of annealing, involves pro-
practice (coarse or fine); see 5.3.1 – 5.3.5,
longed heating at temperatures near the lower critical
4.1.6 Application variation per 1.6,
temperature, followed by slow cooling, with the object of
4.1.7 Thermal treatment; see 5.5,
forming spheroidal metallic carbides that allow a higher degree
4.1.8 Surface coating,
of formability.
4.1.9 Coil weight and dimensions as required,
3.1.9 void—a shallow pocket or hollow on the surface of the 4.1.10 Packaging,
material. 4.1.11 Tagging,
4.1.12 Mill certification as required,
3.1.10 wire—produced from hot rolled or annealed rods or
4.1.13 Special requirements, for example, steel making
bars by cold drawing for the purpose of obtaining desired size,
method and practice, specific hardenability, special shipping
dimensional accuracy, surface finish, and mechanical proper-
instructions, single heat, etc., and
ties. Wire is furnished in the following conditions: direct drawn
4.1.14 Example—40 000 lb, ASTM F2282, 0.250 in., car-
(DD); drawn from annealed rod or bar (DFAR or DFAB);
bon steel wire, IFI-1022A, silicon killed coarse grain, Recessed
drawn from spheroidized annealed rod or bar (DFSR or
Head, spheroidize annealed-in-process, phosphate and lube,
DFSB); drawn to size and spheroidized (SAFS); drawn,
1500 lb coils, 28 in. coil i.d., on 18 in. tubular carriers, three
bands per carrier, one metal tag per coil, mill certification, do
TABLE 1 Bar Size Tolerances
not ship Fridays.
Fractional Diameter ± Out of Round
Diameter, in. Tolerance, in. max, in.
7 5
⁄16 to ⁄8 0.006 0.009
TABLE 3 Wire Size Tolerances and Out of Round
5 7
> ⁄8 to ⁄8 0.007 0.011
Diameter, Diameter ± Out of Round
> ⁄8 to 1 0.008 0.012
in. Tolerance, in. max, in.
>1 to 1 ⁄8 0.009 0.014
1 1
>1 ⁄8 to 1 ⁄4 0.010 0.015 < 0.076 0.0010 0.0010
1 3
>1 ⁄4 to 1 ⁄8 0.011 0.017 0.076 < 0.500 0.0015 0.0015
3 1
>1 ⁄8 to 1 ⁄2 0.013 0.020 $ 0.500 0.0020 0.0020
F2282 − 23
4.2 Rod orders shall state the following: 5.3.1 Silicon killed fine grain shall be produced with alu-
4.2.1 Quantity, minum for grain refinement. The material purchaser’s approval
4.2.2 Specification number and issue date, shall be obtained for the use of vanadium or columbium for
4.2.3 Diameter, grain refinement.
5.3.2 Silicon killed coarse grain practice.
4.2.4 Steel grade,
4.2.5 Deoxidation practice and grain size or refinement 5.3.3 Silicon killed fine grain practice.
5.3.4 Aluminum killed fine grain practice.
practice (coarse or fine),
4.2.6 Cold Heading, 5.3.5 Rimmed (grain size not specified).
4.2.7 Thermal treatment,
5.4 Hardenability:
4.2.8 Surface coating,
5.4.1 Hardenability for steels with a specified minimum
4.2.9 Coil weight and dimensions as required,
carbon content of 0. 20 % or greater shall be determined for
4.2.10 Packaging,
each heat and the results furnished to the purchaser when
4.2.11 Tagging,
requested on the purchase order. SAE J406, Appendix A shall
4.2.12 Mill certifications as required,
be used for referee purposes in the event of dispute.
4.2.13 Special requirements, for example, descaling
5.5 Thermal Treatments:
practice, steelmaking method and practice, specific
5.5.1 The purchaser shall specify one of the following
hardenability, special shipping instructions, etc., and
options for thermal treatment on the purchase order:
4.2.14 Example—200 000 lb, ASTM F2282, ⁄64 in., carbon
5.5.1.1 No thermal treatment.
steel rod, IFI-1022B, silicon killed fine grain, Cold Heading,
5.5.1.2 Annealed.
spheroidize annealed, pickled and limed, 3000 lb coils, 48 in.
5.5.1.3 Spheroidized.
coil i.d., compacted and unitized in packages of two, banded
5.5.1.4 Drawn from annealed rod or bar.
with three steel straps per coil, two metal tags per coil attached
5.5.1.5 Drawn from spheroidize annealed rod or bar.
to lead end on inside of bundle, put separators between coils.
5.5.1.6 Spheroidized at finished size wire.
4.3 Bar orders shall state the following:
5.5.1.7 Annealed-in-process wire.
4.3.1 Quantity,
5.5.1.8 Spheroidized annealed-in-process wire.
4.3.2 Specification number and issue date,
4.3.3 Diameter,
6. Chemical Requirements
4.3.4 Steel grade,
6.1 The material shall have a chemical composition con-
4.3.5 Deoxidation practice and grain size or refinement
forming to the requirements specified in Tables 4-8 for the
practice (coarse or fine),
applicable IFI grade specified by the material purchaser.
4.3.6 Cold Heading,
NOTE 2—The chemical compositions have been developed in a joint
4.3.7 Thermal treatment,
producer/user effort and are particularly appropriate to the cold forging
4.3.8 Surface coating, industry process. The chemical composition ranges of these IFI grades
may not be identical to those of SAE J403, SAE J404, or AISI.
4.3.9 Coil weight and dimensions as required,
4.3.10 Packaging, 6.2 Compositions other than those designated in this stan-
4.3.11 Tagging, dard may be applicable when specified by the purchaser.
4.3.12 Mill certification as required,
6.3 Cast or Heat Analysis—An analysis of each cast or heat
4.3.13 Special requirements, for example, steelmaking
shall be made by the producer to determine the percentage of
method and practice, specific hardenability, special shipping
the elements specified. The analysis shall be made from a test
instructions, single heat, etc., and
sample(s) taken during the pouring of the cast or heat. The
4.3.14 Example—90 000 lb, ASTM F2282, 0. 610 in., car-
chemical composition shall be reported, if required, to the
bon steel bars, IFI-1038, silicon killed coarse grain,
purchaser or his representative.
spheroidize annealed, Cold Heading, phosphate and lime, 5400
6.4 Product Analysis:
lb coils, 54 in. coil i.d., three bands per coil, one metal tag per
6.4.1 Product analysis may be made on the finished material
coil, lead end of each coil paint red.
from each heat. The composition thus determined shall con-
form to the requirements in Table 4, Table 6, or Table 7 for the
5. Manufacture
specified grade subject to the permissible variations for product
5.1 Melting Practice—The steel shall be melted in a basic
analyses in Table 5 or Table 8, as applicable.
oxygen or electric furnace process.
NOTE 3—A product analysis is optional. The analysis is not used for a
5.2 Casting Practice—Steel shall be ingot cast, or continu-
duplicate analysis to confirm a previous result. The purpose of the product
ous cast with controlled procedures to meet the requirements of analysis is to verify that the chemical composition is within specified
limits for each element, including applicable permissible variations in
this specification.
product analysis. The results of analyses taken from different pieces of a
5.3 Deoxidation Practice and Grain Size—The material
heat may differ within permissible limits from each other and from the
heat or cast analysis. The results of the product analysis obtained shall not
shall be furnished in one of the deoxidation and grain size
vary both above and below the specified range.
practices included in 5.3.1 – 5.3.5, as specified by the pur-
chaser. When not specified, the practice shall be at the option 6.4.2 Rimmed or capped steels are characterized by a lack
of the manufacturer. of uniformity in their chemical composition, especially for the
F2282 − 23
TABLE 4 Carbon Steels, Chemical Ranges and Limits, %
Carbon Manganese
Conditions IFI Steel Grade Phosphorous Sulfur
Silicon
Furnished Designation Max Max
Min Max Min Max
R, AlK IFI-1006 . . . 0.08 0.25 0.40 0.020 0.020 See Table 6
R, AlK, SiFg, SiCg IFI-1008 . . . 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.020 0.020 See Table 6
R, AlK, SiFg, SiCg IFI-1010 0.08 0.13 0.30 0.60 0.020 0.020 See Table 6
AlK, SiFg, SiCg IFI-1018 0.15 0.19 0.65 0.85 0.020 0.020 See Table 6
AlK, SiFg IFI-10B21 0.19 0.23 0.80 1.10 0.020 0.020 See Table 6
AlK, SiFg, SiCg IFI-1022/A 0.18 0.21 0.80 1.00 0.020 0.020 See Table 6
AlK, SiFg, SiCg IFI-1022/B 0.20 0.23 0.90 1.10 0.020 0.020 See Table 6
AlK IFI-1033 0.31 0.36 0.70 0.90 0.020 0.020 See Table 6
AlK, SiFg, SiCg IFI-1035 0.33 0.38 0.70 0.90 0.020 0.020 See Table 6
AlK, SiFg, SiCg IFI-1038 0.35 0.42 0.70 0.90 0.020 0.020 See Table 6
SiFg IFI-10B38 0.35 0.42 0.70 1.00 0.020 0.020 See Table 6
SiFg IFI-1541/A 0.36 0.41 1.35 1.60 0.020 0.020 See Table 6
SiFg, SiCg, CgP IFI-1541/B 0.38 0.43 1.35 1.60 0.020 0.020 See Table 6
NOTE 1—Carbon steels which have added boron use a B designation between the first and last two digits of the grade designation. A boron steel has
a minimum boron content of 0.0008 % and a maximum of 0.003 % together with a minimum titanium content of 0.01 %.
AlK = Aluminum killed
R = Rimmed
SiFg = Silicon killed fine grain
SiCg = Silicon killed coarse grain
CgP = Coarse grain practice
TABLE 5 Permissible Variations from Specified Chemical TABLE 6 Silicon Limits for Four Deoxidation Practices, %
Ranges, and Limits for Carbon Steel, %
Deoxidation Practice
Limit or Max of Variation % Over Max Limit
Silicon Silicon Aluminum
Element
Specified Range, % or Under Min Limit
Killed Killed Killed
Carbon To 0.25 incl 0.02 Rimmed
Course Grain
Fine Fine
Over 0.25 to 0.55 incl 0.03
and Course
Grain Grain
Manganese To 0.90 incl 0.03
Grain Practice
Over 0.90 to 1.65 incl 0.06
Min Max Min Max Max Max
Phosphorus Over max only 0.008
Sulfur Over max only 0.008 IFI-1006 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.10 0.02
IFI-1008 0.10 0.20 0.10 0.25 0.10 0.02
Silicon To 0.30 incl 0.02
IFI-1010 0.10 0.20 0.10 0.25 0.10 0.02
Copper Over max only 0.03
Boron Grades 0.10 0.30 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Tin Over max only 0.01
All Other Grades 0.15 0.30 0.15 0.30 0.10 N/A
Nickel Over max only 0.03
Chromium Over max only 0.03
Molybdenum Over max only 0.01
NOTE 1—Fine Grain—Normally Si/Al killed or aluminum killed.
Vanadium Over max only 0.01
Vanadium or Columbium (niobium) can be used upon agreement between
A
Boron N/A
raw material supplier and user (purchaser). See Supplementary Require-
A
Unless misapplication is indicated. ment S.2.
NOTE 2—The values listed in this table are designed to provide
optimum headability and tool life in the cold forming process. Modifica-
tions to these limits require agreement between producer and purchaser.
elements carbon, phosphorus, and sulfur, and for this reason
product analysis is not technologically appropriate unless
misapplication is clearly indicated.
7.2.3 When aluminum is used as the grain refining element,
6.4.3 Test Methods A751 shall be used.
the fine austenitic grain size requirement shall be deemed to be
6.5 Residual Element Limits—Material grades defined in
fulfilled if, on heat analysis, the total aluminum content is not
this standard shall conform to the residual element limits in less than 0.020 % total aluminum or, alternately, 0.015 % acid
Table 9.
soluble aluminum. The aluminum content shall be reported.
The grain size test specified in 7.2.1 shall be the referee test.
7. Metallurgical Structure
7.2.4 If columbium or vanadium or both are to be used,
7.1 Coarse Austenitic Grain Size: Supplementary Requirement S.2 shall be specified.
7.1.1 When a coarse grain size is specified, the steel shall 7.2.5 If specified on the order, one grain size test per heat
have a grain size number of 1 to 5 inclusive. shall be made and the austenitic grain size of the steel, as
7.1.2 Conformance to this grain size of 70 % of the grains in represented by the test, shall be number 6 or higher.
the area examined shall constitute the basis of acceptance.
7.3 Spheroidized Annealed Materials:
7.2 Fine Austenitic Grain Size: 7.3.1 Spheroidize annealed material shall meet a minimum
7.2.1 When a fine grain size is specified, the steel shall have test rating of G2 or L2 in the IFI spheroidization rating—Plate
a grain size number greater than five, as determined in 1 (see Fig. 1).
accordance with Test Methods E112. 7.3.2 Optimum spheroidization is equal to or greater than
7.2.2 Conformance to this grain size of 70 % of the grains in 90 %. The spheroidization rating shall be performed on a
the area examined shall constitute the basis of acceptance. polished transverse sample etched with a 2 % Nital, or 4 %
F2282 − 23
TABLE 7 Chemical Ranges and Limits for Alloy Steels, %
Carbon Manganese Nickel Chromium Molybdenum Phosphorous Sulfur
IFI Steel Grade
Designation
Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Max Max
IFI-1335 0.33 0.38 1.60 1.90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.020 0.020
A
IFI-4037 0.35 0.40 0.70 0.90 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20 0.30 0.020 0.020
IFI-4042 0.40 0.45 0.70 0.90 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20 0.30 0.020 0.020
IFI-4118 0.18 0.23 0.70 0.90 . . . . . . 0.40 0.60 0.08 0.15 0.020 0.020
IFI-4140 0.38 0.43 0.75 1.00 . . . . . . 0.80 1.10 0.15 0.25 0.020 0.020
IFI-5140 0.38 0.43 0.70 0.90 . . . . . . 0.70 0.90 . . . . . . 0.020 0.020
IFI-8637 0.35 0.40 0.75 1.00 0.40 0.70 0.40 0.60 0.15 0.25 0.020 0.020
A
Furnished in AlK or SiFg or SiCg or CgP. All other grades in SiFg-Fg only.
TABLE 8 Permissible Variation from Specified Chemical Ranges
Spheroidization Rating Descriptions for Plate 1
and Limits for Alloy Steels, %
%
Description
A
Spheroidization
Variation, %, Over
Limit or Max of
>95 Spheroidal carbides are homogeneously distributed in a
Element Max Limit or
Specified Range, %
matrix of ferrite.
Under Min Limit
90 G1/L1 All carbides are spheroidal with a good distribution. Grain
Carbon To 0.30 incl 0.01
boundaries are not so obvious.
Over 0.30 to 0.75 incl 0.02
80 G2/L2 Most of the carbides are spheroidal with an average
Manganese To 0.90 incl 0.03
distribution. Some lamellar carbides and grain
Over 0.90 0.04
boundaries are present.
Phosphorus Over Max only 0.005
50 G3/L3 Approximately ⁄2 of the carbides have been
Sulfur Over Max only 0.005
spheroidized. All carbides are in prior pearlitic colonies;
Silicon To 0.40 incl 0.02
grain boundaries are prevalent.
Nickel To 1.00 incl 0.03
20 G4/L4 A very slight breakup of the lamellar carbides; mainly
Chromium To 0.90 incl 0.03
pearlite and ferrite.
Over 0.90 0.05
0 G5/L5 The entire microstructure consists of pearlite and ferrite.
Molybdenum To 0.20 incl 0.01
Over 0.20 to 0.40 incl 0.02
A
All percentages are approximations based on visual observations.
Vanadium Over Max only 0.01
Copper Over Max only 0.03
8. Decarburization
8.1 The entire periphery of a sample prepared of the rod,
A
TABLE 9 Residual Element Limits
wire, or bar for killed steels having carbon content exceeding
B
Residual Limit
Element
max, %
0.15 % shall be examined for decarburization at a magnifica-
Copper 0.20 tion of 100 diameters. Free ferrite shall not exceed the
Nickel 0.10
maximum depth as specified in Table 10. The worst location
C
Chromium 0.10
C shall be used to draw perpendicular bisectors, and the depth of
Molybdenum 0.04
Tin 0.02
decarb at the points where the bisectors intersect the
Nitrogen 0.009
circumference, shall be measured and the four (4) readings
D
Boron 0.0007
averaged as defined in the example identified as Fig. 2.
A
Residual limits for a given element do not apply to alloy steel if that element has
a specified range.
8.2 That average shall not exceed the limits for total average
B
Controlling residual limits provides optimum formability and tool life during cold
affected depth (TAAD) as specified in Table 10. The depth (D)
forming operations.
C
See Supplementary Requirements. of the worst location shall not exceed the maximum allowed in
D
Not applicable to boron steels (see Table 4). Titanium shall not exceed 0.01 % for
Table 10.
steels which do not have an intentional addition of boron and titanium.
9. Mechanical Properties
9.1 Bars, rod, and wire furnished in the conditions below
Picral solution in accordance with Practice E407. The exami-
shall conform to the tensile strength and reduction in area
nation area for spheroidization shall be at or near the center of
requirements specified in Table 11.
the material. The resulting structure shall be compared at
9.1.1 Annealed or spheroidize annealed rod and bar.
1000× magnification to Plate 1. The following descriptions
may be used to better compare to Plate 1. 9.1.2 Spheroidize annealed at finish size wire.
F2282 − 23
FIG. 1 Plate 1—IFI Spheroidization Rating
F2282 − 23
FIG. 1 Plate 1—IFI Spheroidization Rating (continued)
F2282 − 23
TABLE 10 Decarburization Limits for Killed Steels With Carbon control of size as bar mills. Reducing diameter variability increases
Content Exceeding 0.15 %
control of both the physical and mechanical properties during the forming
process. Less variability permits engineering for reduced tool wear and
Total Average Worst
Free Ferrite
consistent product quality.
Diameter, Affected Depth Location
Depth
in. (TAAD) Depth,
max, in. 10.3 Bar tolerances are shown in Table 1.
max, in. max, in.
through ⁄64 0.001 0.005 0.008
11. Mill Scale/Surface Condition
over ⁄64 0.001 0.006 0.009
through ⁄8
11.1 Mill scale (surface oxides) on hot rolled material shall
over ⁄8 0.001 0.007 0.011
through ⁄64
be readily removable by an acid pickling or mechanical
over ⁄64 0.001 0.008 0.012
descaling process.
through 1
over 1 0.001 0.010 0.015
11.2 The surface shall be free from excessive dirt contami-
through 1 ⁄2
nants or rust which would impede pickling or descaling, or
contaminate an acid pickle bath.
NOTE 1—Test conducted in accordance with Section 8 of this standard.
12. Coatings
12.1 The supplied coatings shall be specified for all mate-
rials by the purchaser based upon the individual requirements
of the purchaser. Adequate care should be taken during
handling and transit to maintain the integrity of the coating.
Extreme variations in temperature and humidity may adversely
affect the applied coatings.
12.2 Coatings for hot rolled bars, wire rods, and wire which
are thermally treated at finished size include the following:
12.2.1 Pickle and lime dip,
12.2.2 Zinc phosphate and lime dip,
12.2.3 Zinc phosphate and reactive or nonreactive lube dip,
and
12.2.4 Alternate coatings, including polymer, may be used
upon agreement between purchaser and producer.
12.3 In addition, if cold drawing is the final operation, a
drawing compound will also be applied through the die
drawing process. There are, however, no batch coatings applied
FIG. 2 Cross-Sectional Decarburization Evaluation after drawing when cold drawing is the final operation.
13. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
9.1.3 Annealed-in-process or spheroidize annealed-in-
process wire.
13.1 Bar, rod, and wire shall be free from detrimental
surface imperfections including seams, voids, pits, scratches,
9.2 Percent reduction in area is determined by the test
and laps. Material, suitably thermally treated when appropriate,
methods of Test Methods A370. Values for minimum percent-
which bursts or splits when upset or formed, and having
ages which shall apply are included in Table 11.
imperfections deeper than the greater of 0.003 in. or 0.5 % of
9.3 No individual test value shall be out of specification, and
D (where D is finished diameter in inches of material) shall be
for steels with a maximum specified carbon content over
subject to rejection. Samples requiring assessment of such
0.30 %, the maximum range shall not exceed the minimum by
surface imperfections shall be prepared by metallographic
more than 10 % in any lot; for example:
technique, suitably etched and the depth of imperfection
80 KSI 2 74 KSI
~ !
measured radially from the surface at a magnification of 100×.
5 8. 1 % accept
74 KSI
NOTE 5—Bar, rod, and wire including abnormally large exogenous
9.4 Tensile/reduction in area equipment shall be calibrated
inclusions could contribute to failures on fasteners that have been
otherwise appropriately fabricated, heat treated, and/or coated.
and verified in accordance with Practices E4, and operated by
personnel with documented qualifications.
13.2 Wire shall not be kinked or tangled, and for wire drawn
last, shall be properly cast. No welds are permitted, unless
9.5 Conformance of all test data shall be determined in
otherwise specified.
accordance with Practice E29.
10. Dimensional Size Tolerances
14. Number of Tests and Retests
10.1 Wire tolerances are shown in Table 3.
14.1 Metallurgical:
14.1.1 Austenitic grain size shall be based on one test per
10.2 Rod tolerances are shown in Table 2.
NOTE 4—Inherent mill design of rod mills does not permit the same heat in accordance with 7.2.4.
F2282 − 23
TABLE 11 Mechanical Properties Carbon and Alloy Steels
Annealed in Process and
Spheroidize Annealed at
Rod/Bar Properties Spheroidized Annealed in Process
Finished Size Wire Properties
Finished Wire Properties
Steel
Annealed Spheroidize Annealed SAFS AIP SAIP
Grade
Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min
A A A A A
Tensile R/A Tensile R/A Tensile R/A Tensile R/A Tensile R/A
KSI % KSI % KSI % KSI % KSI %
Carbon
IFI-1006 55 62 53 65 51 70 62 60 60 62
IFI-1008 56 62 54 65 52 70 63 60 61 62
IFI-1010 58 62 55 65 54 70 65 60 62 62
IFI-1018 68 62 65 65 63 68 76 60 68 62
IFI-1022/A 72 62 67 65 65 68 81 60 72 62
IFI-1022/B 73 62 69 65 67 68 82 60 73 62
IFI-1033 80 58 74 60 72 64 89 56 82 58
IFI-1035 81 58 75 60 73 64 90 56 83 58
IFI-1038 82 58 76 60 74 64 91 56 84 58
IFI-1541A 92 53 85 57 82 61 98 51 92 55
IFI-1541B 93 53 86 57 83 61 99 51 93 55
Boron
IFI-10B21 75 62 71 64 69 68 84 60 75 62
IFI-10B38 88 56 82 58 80 62 97 52 90 56
Alloy
IFI-1335 93 53 85 55 82 59 100 51 92 53
IFI-4037 86 55 80 57 78 60 95 53 85 55
IFI-4042 88 55 82 57 80 60 97 53 87 55
IFI-4118 76 60 71 61 68 64 84 58 76 59
IFI-4140 92 55 85 57 82 59 102 53 90 55
IFI-5140 92 55 85 57 82 59 102 53 90 55
IFI-8637 92 53 85 55 82 57 102 51 92 53
A
For aluminum killed steel, subtract 3 KSI and add 1 % R/A.
For rimmed steel, subtract 5 KSI and add 2 % R/A.
For AIP and SAIP wire under 0.200 in., add 50 psi for every 0.001 in. under 0.200 in.
NOTE 1—The values in this table have been designed to provide optimum headability and tool life in the cold forming process. The reduction of area
test is not applicable to wire sizes less than 0.092 in.
14.1.2 Each spheroidize annealed lot shall be tested once 15.4 Hardenability:
and shall meet minimum rating requirements of G2 or L2 (see 15.4.1 Hardenability shall be determined in accordance with
7.3.1). SAE J406, Appendix A or B.
14.1.3 For each lot of wire, rod, or bar, a single sample shall
15.5 Grain Size:
be tested for decarburization in accordance with Section 8 of
15.5.1 Grain Size shall be determined in accordance with
this standard.
Test Method E112.
14.2 Mechanical:
15.6 Decarburization:
14.2.1 Rods, bars, and wire shall be tested one sample per
15.6.1 Decarburization shall be determined using the test
coil/bundle on at least 20 % of randomly selected coils/bundles
method Test Methods E1077.
in the lot with at least two tests for maximum tensile strength.
15.7 Control of Measuring and Testing Equipment:
14.2.2 Rods, bars, and wire shall be tested one sample per
15.7.1 Unless otherwise specified, control shall conform to
coil/bundle on at least 20 % of randomly selected coils/bundles
Guide F1470.
in the lot with at least two tests for percent reduction in area.
14.2.3 Yield strength, percent elongation, and hardness tests
16. Disposition of Nonconforming Lots
are included in supplementary requirements of this standard.
16.1 A recommended procedure for disposition of noncon-
forming lots may be found in Guide F1470.
15. Test Methods
15.1 Maximum Tensile Strength: 17. Identification/Tagging
15.1.1 Maximum tensile strength shall be determined in
17.1 A tag(s) shall be attached to each coil or banding as
accordance with the test methods of Test Methods A370.
specified by the purchaser and shall include as a minimum the
15.2 Reduction of Area: following information:
15.2.1 Reduction of area is determined by test methods 17.1.1 Supplier’s name or trademark,
included within Test Methods A370. 17.1.2 Grade of steel,
17.1.3 Heat number or traceable code, and
15.3 Calibration:
17.1.4 Diameter.
15.3.1 Tensile/reduction in area equipment shall be cali-
brated in accordance with Practices E4. 17.2 When specified, the following may be added:
F2282 − 23
17.2.1 Purchaser’s name, 19. Certification and Test Reports
17.2.2 Purchase order number,
19.1 When specified in the purchase order, a producer’s
17.2.3 Mill order number,
certification shall be furnished to the purchaser that the
17.2.4 Secondary process description and source if
material was manufactured, sampled, tested, and inspected in
applicable, and
accordance with this specification and has been found to meet
17.2.5 Bar coding (optional). It is suggested that bar coding
the requirements as specified. Test results shall be retained by
in accordance with AIAG B-5 be used.
the producer in accordance with his quality assurance proce-
dures. If requested by the purchaser, a test report shall be
18. Packaging and Loading
furnished which will meet the consumer’s requirements for
18.1 Unless otherwise specified, rod coils shall be wound chemical analysis of the mill heat including the identification
and the results of the chemical analysis of the primary steel
counterclockwise which provides a right hand pitch to facilitate
handling and uncoiling. Winding of bar coils varies and the melter and austenitic grain size, if required.
direction of winding should be specified. The nature of
19.2 Traceability shall i
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F2282 − 18 F2282 − 23
Standard Specification for
Quality Assurance Requirements for Carbon and Alloy Steel
Wire, Rods, and Bars for Mechanical Fasteners
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2282; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification establishes quality assurance requirements for the physical, mechanical, and metallurgical requirements for
carbon and alloy steel wire, rods, and bars in coils intended for the manufacture of mechanical fasteners which includes: bolts, nuts,
rivets, screws, washers, and special parts manufactured cold.
NOTE 1—The Steel Industry uses the term “quality” to designate characteristics of a material which make it particularly well suited to a specific fabrication
and/or application and does not imply “quality” in the usual sense.
1.2 Wire size range includes 0.062 to 1.375 in.
7 47 1
1.3 Rod size range usually includes ⁄32 in. (0.219) to ⁄64 in. (0.734) and generally offered in ⁄64 increments (0.0156).
3 1
1.4 Bar size range includes ⁄8 in. (0.375) to 1 ⁄2 in. (1.500).
1.5 Sizes for wire, rod and bar outside the ranges of paragraphs 1.2 – 1.4 may be ordered by agreement between purchaser and
supplier.
1.6 Material is furnished in many application variations. The purchaser should advise the supplier regarding the manufacturing
process and finished product application as appropriate. Five application variations are:
Cold Heading
Recessed Head
Socket Head
Scrapless Nut
Tubular Rivet
1.6.1 Wire is furnished for all five application variations.
1.6.2 Rod and bar are furnished to the single application variation; Cold Heading.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 on Fasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.93 on Quality Assurance
Provisions for Fasteners.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2018Nov. 1, 2023. Published May 2019November 2023. Originally approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 20152018 as
F2282 – 15. DOI: 10.1520/F2282-18.18. DOI: 10.1520/F2282-23.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2282 − 23
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A29/A29M Specification for General Requirements for Steel Bars, Carbon and Alloy, Hot-Wrought
A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
A700 Guide for Packaging, Marking, and Loading Methods for Steel Products for Shipment
A751 Test Methods and Practices for Chemical Analysis of Steel Products
E4 Practices for Force Calibration and Verification of Testing Machines
E10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
E112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
E381 Method of Macroetch Testing Steel Bars, Billets, Blooms, and Forgings
E407 Practice for Microetching Metals and Alloys
E1077 Test Methods for Estimating the Depth of Decarburization of Steel Specimens
F1470 Practice for Fastener Sampling for Specified Mechanical Properties and Performance Inspection
F1789 Terminology for F16 Mechanical Fasteners
2.2 AIAG Standard:
B-5 Primary Metals Tag Application Standard
2.3 IFI Standard:
IFI-140 Carbon and Alloy Steel Wire, Rods, and Bars for Mechanical Fasteners
2.4 SAE Standards:
J403 Chemical Compositions of SAE Carbon Steels
J404 Chemical Compositions of SAE Alloy Steels
J406 Methods of Determining Hardenability of Steels
J415 Definitions of Heat Treating Terms
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 annealing—a process of heating to and holding steel at a given temperature for a given time and then cooling at a given rate,
used to soften or produce changes, or both, in the microstructure of the steel to enhance formability and reduce tensile strength.
3.1.2 bars—produced from hot rolled or cast billets or blooms rolled single strand into coils. Bars have a greater precision in cross
section than rods. Size tolerances are in Table 1. Bars are finished as-rolled, annealed or spheroidize annealed, and in sizes included
in 1.4.
3.1.3 exogenous inclusions—particles contained in steel resulting from incidental reoxidation, slag entrainment, refractory erosion,
or other sources, that can occur during the processes of steel making, refining, and casting.
3.1.4 lap—a longitudinal surface discontinuity extending into rod, bar, or wire caused by doubling over of metal during hot rolling.
TABLE 1 Bar Size Tolerances
Fractional Diameter ± Out of Round
Diameter, in. Tolerance, in. max, in.
7 5
⁄16 to ⁄8 0.006 0.009
5 7
> ⁄8 to ⁄8 0.007 0.011
> ⁄8 to 1 0.008 0.012
>1 to 1 ⁄8 0.009 0.014
1 1
>1 ⁄8 to 1 ⁄4 0.010 0.015
1 3
>1 ⁄4 to 1 ⁄8 0.011 0.017
3 1
>1 ⁄8 to 1 ⁄2 0.013 0.020
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG), 26200 Lahser Rd., Suite 200, Southfield, MI 48033, http://www.aiag.org.
Available from Industrial Fasteners Institute (IFI), 6363 Oak Tree Blvd, Independence, OH 44131, http://www.indfast.org.
Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096, http://www.sae.org.
F2282 − 23
3.1.5 lot—a quantity of raw material of one size and heat number submitted for testing at one time.
3.1.6 rods—produced from hot rolled or cast billets, usually rolled in a multiple strand mill to a round cross section then coiled
into one continuous length to size tolerances shown in Table 2. Rods are furnished as-rolled, annealed, or spheroidize annealed
in sizes found in 1.3.
3.1.7 seam—a longitudinal discontinuity extending radially into wire, rod, or bar. Seams in raw material used for the manufacture
of fasteners or formed parts may lead to the formation of bursts.
3.1.8 spheroidizing—a form of annealing, involves prolonged heating at temperatures near the lower critical temperature, followed
by slow cooling, with the object of forming spheroidal metallic carbides that allow a higher degree of formability.
3.1.9 void—a shallow pocket or hollow on the surface of the material.
3.1.10 wire—produced from hot rolled or annealed rods or bars by cold drawing for the purpose of obtaining desired size,
dimensional accuracy, surface finish, and mechanical properties. Wire is furnished in the following conditions: direct drawn (DD);
drawn from annealed rod or bar (DFAR or DFAB); drawn from spheroidized annealed rod or bar (DFSR or DFSB); drawn to size
and spheroidized (SAFS); drawn, annealed in process, and finally lightly drawn to size (AIP); and drawn, spheroidize annealed
in process, and finally lightly drawn to size (SAIP). Wire size tolerances are shown in Table 3. Sizes include those specified in 1.2.
3.1.10.1 Discussion—
Spheroidize annealed-at-finish size wire (SAFS) is wire that has been spheroidize annealed after final cold reduction. One or more
annealing treatments may precede the final cold reduction.
3.1.10.2 Discussion—
Annealed-in-Process (AIP) or Spheroidize Annealed-in-Process (SAIP) wire is produced as drawn carbon or alloy steel wire. In
producing AIP and SAIP wire, rods or bars are drawn to wire and thermal treatment (followed by a separate cleaning and coating
operation) is done prior to final drawing to produce a softer and more ductile wire for applications in which direct drawn wire
would be too hard. Thermal treatment may also be employed when controlled mechanical properties are required for a specific
application.
3.2 Heat treating terms not defined in this standard are included in Terminology F1789 or SAE J415.
4. Ordering Information
4.1 Wire orders shall state the following:
4.1.1 Quantity,
4.1.2 Specification number and issue date,
4.1.3 Diameter,
4.1.4 Steel grade,
4.1.5 Deoxidation practice and grain size or refinement practice (coarse or fine); see 5.3.1 – 5.3.5,
4.1.6 Application variation per 1.6,
4.1.7 Thermal treatment; see 5.5,
TABLE 2 Rod Size Tolerances
Diameter, Diameter ± Out of Round
in. Tolerance, in. max, in.
7 47
⁄32 to ⁄64 0.012 0.018
(0.219 to 0.734)
F2282 − 23
TABLE 3 Wire Size Tolerances and Out of Round
Diameter, Diameter ± Out of Round
in. Tolerance, in. max, in.
< 0.076 0.0010 0.0010
0.076 < 0.500 0.0015 0.0015
$ 0.500 0.0020 0.0020
4.1.8 Surface coating,
4.1.9 Coil weight and dimensions as required,
4.1.10 Packaging,
4.1.11 Tagging,
4.1.12 Mill certification as required,
4.1.13 Special requirements, for example, steel making method and practice, specific hardenability, special shipping instructions,
single heat, etc., and
4.1.14 Example—40 000 lb, ASTM F2282, 0.250 in., carbon steel wire, IFI-1022A, silicon killed coarse grain, Recessed Head,
spheroidize annealed-in-process, phosphate and lube, 1500 lb coils, 28 in. coil i.d., on 18 in. tubular carriers, three bands per
carrier, one metal tag per coil, mill certification, do not ship Fridays.
4.2 Rod orders shall state the following:
4.2.1 Quantity,
4.2.2 Specification number and issue date,
4.2.3 Diameter,
4.2.4 Steel grade,
4.2.5 Deoxidation practice and grain size or refinement practice (coarse or fine),
4.2.6 Cold Heading,
4.2.7 Thermal treatment,
4.2.8 Surface coating,
4.2.9 Coil weight and dimensions as required,
4.2.10 Packaging,
4.2.11 Tagging,
4.2.12 Mill certifications as required,
4.2.13 Special requirements, for example, descaling practice, steelmaking method and practice, specific hardenability, special
shipping instructions, etc., and
4.2.14 Example—200 000 lb, ASTM F2282, ⁄64 in., carbon steel rod, IFI-1022B, silicon killed fine grain, Cold Heading,
spheroidize annealed, pickled and limed, 3000 lb coils, 48 in. coil i.d., compacted and unitized in packages of two, banded with
three steel straps per coil, two metal tags per coil attached to lead end on inside of bundle, put separators between coils.
F2282 − 23
4.3 Bar orders shall state the following:
4.3.1 Quantity,
4.3.2 Specification number and issue date,
4.3.3 Diameter,
4.3.4 Steel grade,
4.3.5 Deoxidation practice and grain size or refinement practice (coarse or fine),
4.3.6 Cold Heading,
4.3.7 Thermal treatment,
4.3.8 Surface coating,
4.3.9 Coil weight and dimensions as required,
4.3.10 Packaging,
4.3.11 Tagging,
4.3.12 Mill certification as required,
4.3.13 Special requirements, for example, steelmaking method and practice, specific hardenability, special shipping instructions,
single heat, etc., and
4.3.14 Example—90 000 lb, ASTM F2282, 0. 610 in., carbon steel bars, IFI-1038, silicon killed coarse grain, spheroidize
annealed, Cold Heading, phosphate and lime, 5400 lb coils, 54 in. coil i.d., three bands per coil, one metal tag per coil, lead end
of each coil paint red.
5. Manufacture
5.1 Melting Practice—The steel shall be melted in a basic oxygen or electric furnace process.
5.2 Casting Practice—Steel shall be ingot cast, or continuous cast with controlled procedures to meet the requirements of this
specification.
5.3 Deoxidation Practice and Grain Size—The material shall be furnished in one of the deoxidation and grain size practices
included in 5.3.1 – 5.3.5, as specified by the purchaser. When not specified, the practice shall be at the option of the manufacturer.
5.3.1 Silicon killed fine grain shall be produced with aluminum for grain refinement. The material purchaser’s approval shall be
obtained for the use of vanadium or columbium for grain refinement.
5.3.2 Silicon killed coarse grain practice.
5.3.3 Silicon killed fine grain practice.
5.3.4 Aluminum killed fine grain practice.
5.3.5 Rimmed (grain size not specified).
5.4 Hardenability:
F2282 − 23
5.4.1 Hardenability for steels with a specified minimum carbon content of 0. 20 % or greater shall be determined for each heat
and the results furnished to the purchaser when requested on the purchase order. SAE J406, Appendix A shall be used for referee
purposes in the event of dispute.
5.5 Thermal Treatments:
5.5.1 The purchaser shall specify one of the following options for thermal treatment on the purchase order:
5.5.1.1 No thermal treatment.
5.5.1.2 Annealed.
5.5.1.3 Spheroidized.
5.5.1.4 Drawn from annealed rod or bar.
5.5.1.5 Drawn from spheroidize annealed rod or bar.
5.5.1.6 Spheroidized at finished size wire.
5.5.1.7 Annealed-in-process wire.
5.5.1.8 Spheroidized annealed-in-process wire.
6. Chemical Requirements
6.1 The material shall have a chemical composition conforming to the requirements specified in Tables 4-8 for the applicable IFI
grade specified by the material purchaser.
NOTE 2—The chemical compositions have been developed in a joint producer/user effort and are particularly appropriate to the cold forging industry
process. The chemical composition ranges of these IFI grades may not be identical to those of SAE J403, SAE J404, or AISI.
6.2 Compositions other than those designated in this standard may be applicable when specified by the purchaser.
TABLE 4 Carbon Steels, Chemical Ranges and Limits, %
Carbon Manganese
Conditions IFI Steel Grade Phosphorous Sulfur
Silicon
Furnished Designation Max Max
Min Max Min Max
R, AlK IFI-1006 . . . 0.08 0.25 0.40 0.020 0.020 See Table 6
R, AlK, SiFg, SiCg IFI-1008 . . . 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.020 0.020 See Table 6
R, AlK, SiFg, SiCg IFI-1010 0.08 0.13 0.30 0.60 0.020 0.020 See Table 6
AlK, SiFg, SiCg IFI-1018 0.15 0.19 0.65 0.85 0.020 0.020 See Table 6
AlK, SiFg IFI-10B21 0.19 0.23 0.80 1.10 0.020 0.020 See Table 6
AlK, SiFg, SiCg IFI-1022/A 0.18 0.21 0.80 1.00 0.020 0.020 See Table 6
AlK, SiFg, SiCg IFI-1022/B 0.20 0.23 0.90 1.10 0.020 0.020 See Table 6
AlK IFI-1033 0.31 0.36 0.70 0.90 0.020 0.020 See Table 6
AlK, SiFg, SiCg IFI-1035 0.33 0.38 0.70 0.90 0.020 0.020 See Table 6
AlK, SiFg, SiCg IFI-1038 0.35 0.42 0.70 0.90 0.020 0.020 See Table 6
SiFg IFI-10B38 0.35 0.42 0.70 1.00 0.020 0.020 See Table 6
SiFg IFI-1541/A 0.36 0.41 1.35 1.60 0.020 0.020 See Table 6
SiFg, SiCg, CgP IFI-1541/B 0.38 0.43 1.35 1.60 0.020 0.020 See Table 6
NOTE 1—Carbon steels which have added boron use a B designation between the first and last two digits of the grade designation. A boron steel has a
minimum boron content of 0.0008 % and a maximum of 0.003 % together with a minimum titanium content of 0.01 %.
AlK = Aluminum killed
R = Rimmed
SiFg = Silicon killed fine grain
SiCg = Silicon killed coarse grain
CgP = Coarse grain practice
F2282 − 23
TABLE 5 Permissible Variations from Specified Chemical
Ranges, and Limits for Carbon Steel, %
Limit or Max of Variation % Over Max Limit
Element
Specified Range, % or Under Min Limit
Carbon To 0.25 incl 0.02
Over 0.25 to 0.55 incl 0.03
Manganese To 0.90 incl 0.03
Over 0.90 to 1.65 incl 0.06
Phosphorus Over max only 0.008
Sulfur Over max only 0.008
Silicon To 0.30 incl 0.02
Copper Over max only 0.03
Tin Over max only 0.01
Nickel Over max only 0.03
Chromium Over max only 0.03
Molybdenum Over max only 0.01
Vanadium Over max only 0.01
A
Boron N/A
A
Unless misapplication is indicated.
TABLE 6 Silicon Limits for Four Deoxidation Practices, %
Deoxidation Practice
Silicon Silicon Aluminum
Killed Killed Killed
Rimmed
Course Grain
Fine Fine
and Course
Grain Grain
Grain Practice
Min Max Min Max Max Max
IFI-1006 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.10 0.02
IFI-1008 0.10 0.20 0.10 0.25 0.10 0.02
IFI-1010 0.10 0.20 0.10 0.25 0.10 0.02
Boron Grades 0.10 0.30 N/A N/A N/A N/A
All Other Grades 0.15 0.30 0.15 0.30 0.10 N/A
NOTE 1—Fine Grain—Normally Si/Al killed or aluminum killed. Vana-
dium or Columbium (niobium) can be used upon agreement between raw
material supplier and user (purchaser). See Supplementary Requirement
S.2.
NOTE 2—The values listed in this table are designed to provide optimum
headability and tool life in the cold forming process. Modifications to
these limits require agreement between producer and purchaser.
6.3 Cast or Heat Analysis—An analysis of each cast or heat shall be made by the producer to determine the percentage of the
elements specified. The analysis shall be made from a test sample(s) taken during the pouring of the cast or heat. The chemical
composition shall be reported, if required, to the purchaser or his representative.
6.4 Product Analysis:
6.4.1 Product analysis may be made on the finished material from each heat. The composition thus determined shall conform to
the requirements in Table 4, Table 6, or Table 7 for the specified grade subject to the permissible variations for product analyses
in Table 5 or Table 8, as applicable.
NOTE 3—A product analysis is optional. The analysis is not used for a duplicate analysis to confirm a previous result. The purpose of the product analysis
is to verify that the chemical composition is within specified limits for each element, including applicable permissible variations in product analysis. The
results of analyses taken from different pieces of a heat may differ within permissible limits from each other and from the heat or cast analysis. The results
of the product analysis obtained shall not vary both above and below the specified range.
F2282 − 23
TABLE 7 Chemical Ranges and Limits for Alloy Steels, %
Carbon Manganese Nickel Chromium Molybdenum Phosphorous Sulfur
IFI Steel Grade
Designation
Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Max Max
IFI-1335 0.33 0.38 1.60 1.90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.020 0.020
A
IFI-4037 0.35 0.40 0.70 0.90 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20 0.30 0.020 0.020
IFI-4042 0.40 0.45 0.70 0.90 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20 0.30 0.020 0.020
IFI-4118 0.18 0.23 0.70 0.90 . . . . . . 0.40 0.60 0.08 0.15 0.020 0.020
IFI-4140 0.38 0.43 0.75 1.00 . . . . . . 0.80 1.10 0.15 0.25 0.020 0.020
IFI-5140 0.38 0.43 0.70 0.90 . . . . . . 0.70 0.90 . . . . . . 0.020 0.020
IFI-8637 0.35 0.40 0.75 1.00 0.40 0.70 0.40 0.60 0.15 0.25 0.020 0.020
A
Furnished in AlK or SiFg or SiCg or CgP. All other grades in SiFg-Fg only.
TABLE 8 Permissible Variation from Specified Chemical Ranges
and Limits for Alloy Steels, %
Variation, %, Over
Limit or Max of
Element Max Limit or
Specified Range, %
Under Min Limit
Carbon To 0.30 incl 0.01
Over 0.30 to 0.75 incl 0.02
Manganese To 0.90 incl 0.03
Over 0.90 0.04
Phosphorus Over Max only 0.005
Sulfur Over Max only 0.005
Silicon To 0.40 incl 0.02
Nickel To 1.00 incl 0.03
Chromium To 0.90 incl 0.03
Over 0.90 0.05
Molybdenum To 0.20 incl 0.01
Over 0.20 to 0.40 incl 0.02
Vanadium Over Max only 0.01
Copper Over Max only 0.03
6.4.2 Rimmed or capped steels are characterized by a lack of uniformity in their chemical composition, especially for the elements
carbon, phosphorus, and sulfur, and for this reason product analysis is not technologically appropriate unless misapplication is
clearly indicated.
6.4.3 Test Methods A751 shall be used.
6.5 Residual Element Limits—Material grades defined in this standard shall conform to the residual element limits in Table 9.
7. Metallurgical Structure
7.1 Coarse Austenitic Grain Size:
7.1.1 When a coarse grain size is specified, the steel shall have a grain size number of 1 to 5 inclusive.
A
TABLE 9 Residual Element Limits
B
Residual Limit
Element
max, %
Copper 0.20
Nickel 0.10
C
Chromium 0.10
C
Molybdenum 0.04
Tin 0.02
Nitrogen 0.009
D
Boron 0.0007
A
Residual limits for a given element do not apply to alloy steel if that element has
a specified range.
B
Controlling residual limits provides optimum formability and tool life during cold
forming operations.
C
See Supplementary Requirements.
D
Not applicable to boron steels (see Table 4). Titanium shall not exceed 0.01 % for
steels which do not have an intentional addition of boron and titanium.
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7.1.2 Conformance to this grain size of 70 % of the grains in the area examined shall constitute the basis of acceptance.
7.2 Fine Austenitic Grain Size:
7.2.1 When a fine grain size is specified, the steel shall have a grain size number greater than five, as determined in accordance
with Test Methods E112.
7.2.2 Conformance to this grain size of 70 % of the grains in the area examined shall constitute the basis of acceptance.
7.2.3 When aluminum is used as the grain refining element, the fine austenitic grain size requirement shall be deemed to be
fulfilled if, on heat analysis, the total aluminum content is not less than 0.020 % total aluminum or, alternately, 0.015 % acid
soluble aluminum. The aluminum content shall be reported. The grain size test specified in 7.2.1 shall be the referee test.
7.2.4 If columbium or vanadium or both are to be used, Supplementary Requirement S.2 shall be specified.
7.2.5 If specified on the order, one grain size test per heat shall be made and the austenitic grain size of the steel, as represented
by the test, shall be number 6 or higher.
7.3 Spheroidized Annealed Materials:
7.3.1 Spheroidize annealed material shall meet a minimum test rating of G2 or L2 in the IFI spheroidization rating—Plate 1 (see
Fig. 1).
7.3.2 Optimum spheroidization is equal to or greater than 90 %. The spheroidization rating shall be performed on a polished
transverse sample etched with a 2 % Nital, or 4 % Picral solution in accordance with Practice E407. The examination area for
spheroidization shall be at or near the center of the material. The resulting structure shall be compared at 1000× magnification to
Plate 1. The following descriptions may be used to better compare to Plate 1.
Spheroidization Rating Descriptions for Plate 1
%
Description
A
Spheroidization
>95 Spheroidal carbides are homogeneously distributed in a
matrix of ferrite.
90 G1/L1 All carbides are spheroidal with a good distribution. Grain
boundaries are not so obvious.
80 G2/L2 Most of the carbides are spheroidal with an average
distribution. Some lamellar carbides and grain
boundaries are present.
50 G3/L3 Approximately ⁄2 of the carbides have been
spheroidized. All carbides are in prior pearlitic colonies;
grain boundaries are prevalent.
20 G4/L4 A very slight breakup of the lamellar carbides; mainly
pearlite and ferrite.
0 G5/L5 The entire microstructure consists of pearlite and ferrite.
A
All percentages are approximations based on visual observations.
8. Decarburization
8.1 The entire periphery of a sample prepared of the rod, wire, or bar for killed steels having carbon content exceeding 0.15 %
shall be examined for decarburization at a magnification of 100 diameters. Free ferrite shall not exceed the maximum depth as
specified in Table 10. The worst location shall be used to draw perpendicular bisectors, and the depth of decarb at the points where
the bisectors intersect the circumference, shall be measured and the four (4) readings averaged as defined in the example identified
as Fig. 2.
8.2 That average shall not exceed the limits for total average affected depth (TAAD) as specified in Table 10. The depth (D) of
the worst location shall not exceed the maximum allowed in Table 10.
F2282 − 23
FIG. 1 Plate 1—IFI Spheroidization Rating
F2282 − 23
FIG. 1 Plate 1—IFI Spheroidization Rating (continued)
F2282 − 23
TABLE 10 Decarburization Limits for Killed Steels With Carbon
Content Exceeding 0.15 %
Total Average Worst
Free Ferrite
Diameter, Affected Depth Location
Depth
in. (TAAD) Depth,
max, in.
max, in. max, in.
through ⁄64 0.001 0.005 0.008
over ⁄64 0.001 0.006 0.009
through ⁄8
over ⁄8 0.001 0.007 0.011
through ⁄64
over ⁄64 0.001 0.008 0.012
through 1
over 1 0.001 0.010 0.015
through 1 ⁄2
NOTE 1—Test conducted in accordance with Section 8 of this standard.
FIG. 2 Cross-Sectional Decarburization Evaluation
9. Mechanical Properties
9.1 Bars, rod, and wire furnished in the conditions below shall conform to the tensile strength and reduction in area requirements
specified in Table 11.
9.1.1 Annealed or spheroidize annealed rod and bar.
9.1.2 Spheroidize annealed at finish size wire.
9.1.3 Annealed-in-process or spheroidize annealed-in-process wire.
9.2 Percent reduction in area is determined by the test methods of Test Methods A370. Values for minimum percentages which
shall apply are included in Table 11.
9.3 No individual test value shall be out of specification, and for steels with a maximum specified carbon content over 0.30 %,
the maximum range shall not exceed the minimum by more than 10 % in any lot; for example:
~80 KSI 2 74 KSI!
5 8. 1% accept
74 KSI
F2282 − 23
TABLE 11 Mechanical Properties Carbon and Alloy Steels
Annealed in Process and
Spheroidize Annealed at
Rod/Bar Properties Spheroidized Annealed in Process
Finished Size Wire Properties
Finished Wire Properties
Steel
Annealed Spheroidize Annealed SAFS AIP SAIP
Grade
Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min
A A A A A
Tensile R/A Tensile R/A Tensile R/A Tensile R/A Tensile R/A
KSI % KSI % KSI % KSI % KSI %
Carbon
IFI-1006 55 62 53 65 51 70 62 60 60 62
IFI-1008 56 62 54 65 52 70 63 60 61 62
IFI-1010 58 62 55 65 54 70 65 60 62 62
IFI-1018 68 62 65 65 63 68 76 60 68 62
IFI-1022/A 72 62 67 65 65 68 81 60 72 62
IFI-1022/B 73 62 69 65 67 68 82 60 73 62
IFI-1033 80 58 74 60 72 64 89 56 82 58
IFI-1035 81 58 75 60 73 64 90 56 83 58
IFI-1038 82 58 76 60 74 64 91 56 84 58
IFI-1541A 92 53 85 57 82 61 98 51 92 55
IFI-1541B 93 53 86 57 83 61 99 51 93 55
Boron
IFI-10B21 75 62 71 64 69 68 84 60 75 62
IFI-10B38 88 56 82 58 80 62 97 52 90 56
Alloy
IFI-1335 93 53 85 55 82 59 100 51 92 53
IFI-4037 86 55 80 57 78 60 95 53 85 55
IFI-4042 88 55 82 57 80 60 97 53 87 55
IFI-4118 76 60 71 61 68 64 84 58 76 59
IFI-4140 92 55 85 57 82 59 102 53 90 55
IFI-5140 92 55 85 57 82 59 102 53 90 55
IFI-8637 92 53 85 55 82 57 102 51 92 53
A
For aluminum killed steel, subtract 3 KSI and add 1 % R/A.
For rimmed steel, subtract 5 KSI and add 2 % R/A.
For AIP and SAIP wire under 0.200 in., add 50 psi for every 0.001 in. under 0.200 in.
NOTE 1—The values in this table have been designed to provide optimum headability and tool life in the cold forming process. The reduction of area test
is not applicable to wire sizes less than 0.092 in.
9.4 Tensile/reduction in area equipment shall be calibrated and verified in accordance with Practices E4, and operated by personnel
with documented qualifications.
9.5 Conformance of all test data shall be determined in accordance with Practice E29.
10. Dimensional Size Tolerances
10.1 Wire tolerances are shown in Table 3.
10.2 Rod tolerances are shown in Table 2.
NOTE 4—Inherent mill design of rod mills does not permit the same control of size as bar mills. Reducing diameter variability increases control of both
the physical and mechanical properties during the forming process. Less variability permits engineering for reduced tool wear and consistent product
quality.
10.3 Bar tolerances are shown in Table 1.
11. Mill Scale/Surface Condition
11.1 Mill scale (surface oxides) on hot rolled material shall be readily removable by an acid pickling or mechanical descaling
process.
11.2 The surface shall be free from excessive dirt contaminants or rust which would impede pickling or descaling, or contaminate
an acid pickle bath.
F2282 − 23
12. Coatings
12.1 The supplied coatings shall be specified for all materials by the purchaser based upon the individual requirements of the
purchaser. Adequate care should be taken during handling and transit to maintain the integrity of the coating. Extreme variations
in temperature and humidity may adversely affect the applied coatings.
12.2 Coatings for hot rolled bars, wire rods, and wire which are thermally treated at finished size include the following:
12.2.1 Pickle and lime dip,
12.2.2 Zinc phosphate and lime dip,
12.2.3 Zinc phosphate and reactive or nonreactive lube dip, and
12.2.4 Alternate coatings, including polymer, may be used upon agreement between purchaser and producer.
12.3 In addition, if cold drawing is the final operation, a drawing compound will also be applied through the die drawing process.
There are, however, no batch coatings applied after drawing when cold drawing is the final operation.
13. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
13.1 Bar, rod, and wire shall be free from detrimental surface imperfections including seams, voids, pits, scratches, and laps.
Material, suitably thermally treated when appropriate, which bursts or splits when upset or formed, and having imperfections
deeper than the greater of 0.003 in. or 0.5 % of D (where D is finished diameter in inches of material) shall be subject to rejection.
Samples requiring assessment of such surface imperfections shall be prepared by metallographic technique, suitably etched and
the depth of imperfection measured radially from the surface at a magnification of 100×.
NOTE 5—Bar, rod, and wire including abnormally large exogenous inclusions could contribute to failures on fasteners that have been otherwise
appropriately fabricated, heat treated, and/or coated.
13.2 Wire shall not be kinked or tangled, and for wire drawn last, shall be properly cast. No welds are permitted, unless otherwise
specified.
14. Number of Tests and Retests
14.1 Metallurgical:
14.1.1 Austenitic grain size shall be based on one test per heat in accordance with 7.2.4.
14.1.2 Each spheroidize annealed lot shall be tested once and shall meet minimum rating requirements of G2 or L2 (see 7.3.1).
14.1.3 For each lot of wire, rod, or bar, a single sample shall be tested for decarburization in accordance with Section 8 of this
standard.
14.2 Mechanical:
14.2.1 Rods, bars, and wire shall be tested one sample per coil/bundle on at least 20 % of randomly selected coils/bundles in the
lot with at least two tests for maximum tensile strength.
14.2.2 Rods, bars, and wire shall be tested one sample per coil/bundle on at least 20 % of randomly selected coils/bundles in the
lot with at least two tests for percent reduction in area.
14.2.3 Yield strength, percent elongation, and hardness tests are included in supplementary requirements of this standard.
15. Test Methods
15.1 Maximum Tensile Strength:
F2282 − 23
15.1.1 Maximum tensile strength shall be determined in accordance with the test methods of Test Methods A370.
15.2 Reduction of Area:
15.2.1 Reduction of area is determined by test methods included within Test Methods A370.
15.3 Calibration:
15.3.1 Tensile/reduction in area equipment shall be calibrated in accordance with Practices E4.
15.4 Hardenability:
15.4.1 Hardenability shall be determined in accordance with SAE J406, Appendix A or B.
15.5 Grain Size:
15.5.1 Grain Size shall be determined in accordance with Test Method E112.
15.6 Decarburization:
15.6.1 Decarburization shall be determined using the test method Test Methods E1077.
15.7 Control of Measuring and Testing Equipment:
15.7.1 Unless otherwise specified, control shall conform to Guide F1470.
16. Disposition of Nonconforming Lots
16.1 A recommended procedure for disposition of nonconforming lots may be found in Guide F1470.
17. Identification/Tagging
17.1 A tag(s) shall be attached to each coil or banding as specified by the purchaser and shall include as a minimum the following
information:
17.1.1 Supplier’s name or trademark,
17.1.2 Grade of steel,
17.1.3 Heat number or traceable code, and
17.1.4 Diameter.
17.2 When specified, the following may be added:
17.2.1 Purchaser’s name,
17.2.2 Purchase order number,
17.2.3 Mill order number,
17.2.4 Secondary process description and source if applicable, and
17.2.5 Bar coding (optional). It is suggested that bar coding in accordance with AIAG B-5 be used.
F2282 − 23
18. Packaging and Loading
18.1 Unless otherwise specified, rod coils shall be wound counterclockwise which provides a right hand pitch to facilitate handling
and uncoiling. Winding of bar coils varies and the direction of winding should be specified. The nature of compacting, banding,
and protection, shall be specified by purchaser.
18.2 The purchaser shall specify the method of packaging and loading for shipment. A recommended procedure for packaging and
loading for shipment is found in Practices A700.
19. Certification and Test Reports
19.1 When specified in the purchase order, a producer’s certification shall be furnished to the purchaser that the material was
manufactured, sampled, tested, and inspected in accordance with this specification and has been found to meet the requirements
as specified. Test results shall be retained by the producer in accordance with his quality assurance procedures. If requested by the
purchaser, a test report shall be furnished which will meet the consumer’s requirements for chemical analysis of the mill heat
including the identification and the results of the chemical analysis of the primary steel melter and austenitic grain size, if required.
19.2 Traceability shall include the mill order and steel heat number with all specified mechanical data on mill test certification.
20. Keywords
20.1 carbon and alloy steel; mechanical fasteners; quality assurance; wire, rods, and bars
SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS
The following supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified by the purchaser in the
contract or order.
S1. Residual Element Limits
S1.1 The residual limit for Cr shall be to 0.20 max if specified by the purchaser. The residual element limit for Mo may be to
0.06 max if so specified by the purchaser. Reduced residual element limits below those specified in Table 9 shall be based upon
agreement between supplier and purchaser.
S2. Grain Refiners
S2.1 Use of columbium (Cb) or vanadium (v), or both, instead of or with aluminum shall be based on the requirements of
Specification A29/A29M, paragraphs 5.1.2.2 and 5.1.2.3. For the convenience of the users of this standard, they are reprinted as
follows:
“ASTM A29/A29M-15”
5.1.2.2 By agreement between purchaser and suppler, columbium or vanadium or both may be used for grain refining instead
of or with aluminum. When columbium or vanadium is used as a grain refining element, the fine austenitic grain size requirement
shall be deemed to be fulfilled if, on heat analysis, the columbium or vanadium content is as follows (the content of the elements
shall be reported with the heat analysis):
Steels having 0.25 % carbon or less:
Cb 0.025 min
V 0.05 min
F2282 − 23
Steels having over 0.25 % carbon:
Cb 0.015 min
V 0.02 min
The maximum contents shall be:
Cb 0.05 max
V 0.08 max
Cb + V 0.06 max
5.1.2.3 When provisions of 5.1.2.1 or 5.1.2.2 are exercised, a grain size test is not required unless specified by the purchaser.
Unless otherwise specified, fine austenitic grain size shall be certified using the analysis of grain refining element(s).
S3. Yield Strength/Percent Elongation
S3.1 Yield strength/percent elongation may be used for special applications when agreed upon between purchaser and
manufacturer. Method of determination shall be in accordance with Test Methods A370.
S4. Hardness
S4.1 Hardness may be used as an option when agreed to between producer and purchaser in lieu of tensile/reduction of area
testing of wire or bar over 1 in. in diameter. Test method shall be in accordance with Test Method E10.
S5. Mac-etch Test
S5.1 Mac-etch test may be used for bars when specified by the purchaser at the time of order. The test method shall be in
accordance with Practice E407 or Method E381.
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. HISTORY
X1.1 This ASTM standard is based on IFI-140, which was developed by the IFI Raw Materials Study Committee which is a joint
effort of cooperation between the fastener manufacturer, the raw material manufacturer, and other important fastener industry
suppliers.
X1.2 Following IFI approvals and subsequent publication, and in its traditional role of issuing IFI standards, it was intended that
IFI-140 be introduced into the National Consensus Standards process of ASTM.
F2282 − 23
X2. MATERIALS AND PROCESSING
X2.1 Forming is the primary manufacturing operation in the fastener industry and the term includes heading, upsetting, extruding,
and forging. These formed parts are produced at very high speeds by metal flow due to machine-applied pressure. The primary
forming operation self-inspects the quality of the raw material and imperfections such as seams, laps, and internal pipe which may
not be visible are revealed when the material is upset. The absence of bursts, forging cracks, and open seams is strong evidence
that the quality of material selected was that intended for the severe upsets of today’s fastener manufacturing.
X2.2 Rods and Bars:
X2.2.1 While standard steel grades for rods and bars have been in existence for many years, and have, with modifications or
restrictions of one or more elements, long been used for cold forming, this ASTM standard presents a distinct selected series of
twenty steel grades for cold forming. These have been jointly developed by steel producers and cold heading and forging users
under the aegis of the Industrial Fasteners Institute. These twenty grades are designated IFI steel grades and the ranges and limits
for the thirteen carbon steel grades for carbon, manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur are shown in Table 4. Maximum residual limits
for copper, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and tin are specified in 6.5. Silicon ranges and limits are shown in Table 6. The
chemical limits for the seven alloy steel grades are shown in Table 7.
X2.2.2 A significant area of improvement is in the decarburization control and measurement for cold heading rods and bars. A
method to measure based upon the location of the worst decarburization position is described in Section 8 and shown in Fig. 2.
The average total affected depth which may not be exceeded is found in Table 10. Free ferrite should not exceed the maximum
depth of free ferrite at the worst location.
X2.2.3 To prepare a material for cold forming it is often spheroidized, which is an annealing treatment that transforms the
microstructure of steel to its softest condition with maximum formability. In the hot rolled or normalized condition, steels
containing less than 0.80 % carbon consist of the microconstituents pearlite and ferrite. Pearlite, the harder of the two constituents,
causes the steels to resist deformation. The harder pearlite is comprised of alternating thin layers or shells of ferrite and cementite
(iron carbide), a very hard substance. In spheroidize annealing, the cementite layers are caused by time and temperature to collapse
into spheroids or globules of cementite. This globular form of cementite tends to facilitate cold deformation in such processes as
cold heading, cold rolling, forming, and bending.
X2.2.4 Plate 1, Fig. 1 displays variations in the transformation of pearlite to spheroidized cementite. Temperature variations within
a charge or inadvertent heating either slightly below or slightly above the optimum temperature may produce a departure from the
ideally spheroidized structure. Plate 1 displays material treated at a lower than ideal temperature exhibiting a granular structure
and is shown as G1 through G5. Material treated at a higher than ideal temperature will exhibit a lamellar structure and is shown
as L1 through L5. Latent energy from cold work will allow drawn wire to transform more readily to a higher degree of
spheroidization than will hot rolled rod or bar. The degree of spheroidization is normally evaluated at 1000× magnification.
X2.2.5 When spheroidize annealed, Cold Heading Rods or Cold Heading Bars shall meet a maximum rating of G-2 or L-2 in Plate
1.
X2.2.6 While a fully spheroidized microstructure is desired for forming, material is rarely used in the “as spheroidized annealed”
condition. Such material can cause processing difficulties because of its poor coil configuration, the formation of a “shear lip”
during shearing, or result in undesirable bending of the fastener shank during cold heading. For these reasons almost all material
is given a light wire drawing reduction after the thermal treatment either by the wire producer or in front of the fastener heading
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operation. Spheroidized structures are also known to retard austenization during short cycle heating, such as induction heating, in
a subsequent hardening operation. Additional time may be required to dissolve the spheroidized cementite into the austenite at the
heating temperature.
X2.2.7 The tolerances for rod and bar are reduced for IFI grades, reflecting the committee consensus that this feature would
significantly improve control of cold working. Out-of-round material may cause localized die wear showing up as wear rings in
the drawing die. The elliptical material cross section produces nonuniform cold work stresses around the circumference of the
drawn cross section which contributes to distortion of the product and causes hardness variation across the section. Thus, serious
efforts are anticipated now and in the future to bring about reasonable economic tolerance improvement.
X2.2.8 Rods and bars are subject to mill testing and inspection to provide material soundness and freedom from detrimental
surface imperfections. These features are required to assure satisfactory performance of the wire produced from rods and bars.
Thermal treatment as a part of wire mill processing is very important in the higher carbon grades of steel. Wire “direct drawn”
from low carbon and medium low carbon steel wire rods is sometimes successfully used for simple two-blow upsets or for standard
trimmed hexagon head cap screws.
X2.2.9 As upsetting becomes progressively more demanding, wire drawn from annealed or spheroidize annealed rods is more
appropriate. For demanding applications, annealed-in-process or spheroidize annealed-in-process wire is required. For thermally
treated in-process wire, the final drawing operation may be performed by the wire supplier or incorporated into the cold heading
operation by drawing in tandem with that operation.
X2.2.10 Cold Heading Rods and Bars will not necessarily result in successful production of recess head and socket head quality
wire. Wire mills desiring to produce recess head and socket head wire should consult steel manufacturers to secure material with
additional restrictive requirements.
X2.2.11 In the production of rods for heading, forging or cold extrusion in killed steels over 0.13 % carbon, both austenitic grain
size and decarburization are important features. Such steels can be produced either “fine” or “coarse” austenitic grain as required
depending upon the type of heat treatment and application. Table 10 shows decarburization limits for the maximum permissible
depth of free ferrite and the average total affected depth of decarburization. The examination is conducted as outlined in Section
8 of this standard. If decarburization limits closer than those shown in Table 10 are required in a given manufactured product, it
is sometimes appropriate for the purchaser to incorporate means for carbon restoration in his manufacturing process.
X2.2.12 In cases of disagreement in the testing for decarburization, it is customary to make heat treatment tests of the finished
product to determine suitability for the particular application.
X2.2.13
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