ASTM E2280-21
(Guide)Standard Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of the Effect of Upholstered Seating Furniture Within Patient Rooms of Health Care Facilities
Standard Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of the Effect of Upholstered Seating Furniture Within Patient Rooms of Health Care Facilities
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended for use by those undertaking the development of fire hazard assessments for upholstered seating furniture in health care occupancies.
4.2 As a guide this document provides information on an approach to development of a fire hazard assessment, but fixed procedures are not established. Section 1.7 describes some cautions to be taken into account.
4.3 A fire hazard assessment developed following this guide should specify all steps required to determine fire hazard measures for which safety thresholds or pass/fail criteria can be meaningfully set by responsible officials using the standard.
4.4 A fire hazard assessment developed as a result of using this guide should be able to assess a new item of upholstered seating furniture being considered for use in a certain health care facility, and reach one of the conclusions in 4.4.1 – 4.4.4.
4.4.1 The new upholstered seating furniture item is safer, in terms of predicted fire performance, than the one in established use. Then, the new product would be desirable, from the point of view of fire safety.
4.4.2 There is no difference between the predicted fire safety of the new item and the one in established use. Then, there would be neither advantage nor disadvantage in using the new product, from the point of view of fire safety.
4.4.3 The new upholstered seating furniture item is predicted to be less safe, in terms of fire performance, than the one in established use. Then, the new item would be less desirable, from the point of view of fire safety than the one in established use.
4.4.3.1 If the new upholstered furniture item is predicted to be less safe, in terms of fire performance, than the one in established use, a direct substitution of the products would provide a lower level of safety and the new product should not be used, without other compensatory changes being made. A new upholstered furniture product can, however, be made acceptable if, and only if, it is part of a co...
SCOPE
1.1 This is a guide to developing fire hazard assessments for upholstered seating furniture, within patient rooms of health care occupancies. As such, it provides methods and contemporary fire safety engineering techniques to develop a fire hazard assessment for use in specifications for upholstered seating furniture in such occupancies.
1.2 Hazard assessment is an estimation of the potential severity of the fires that can develop with certain products in defined scenarios, once the incidents have occurred. Hazard assessment does not address the likelihood of a fire occurring, but is based on the premise that an ignition has occurred.
1.3 Because it is a guide, this document cannot be used for regulation, nor does it give definitive instructions on how to conduct a fire hazard assessment.
1.4 This guide is intended to provide assistance to those interested in mitigating the potential damage from fires associated with upholstered furniture in patient rooms in health care occupancies.
1.5 Thus, this guide can be used to help assess the fire hazard of materials, assemblies, or systems intended for use in upholstered furniture, by providing a standard basis for studying the level of fire safety associated with certain design choices. It can also aid those interested in designing features appropriate to health care occupancies. Finally, it may be useful to safety personnel in health care occupancies.
1.6 This guide is a focused application of Guide E1546, which offers help in reference to fire scenarios that are specific to upholstered furniture in health care occupancies, and includes an extensive bibliography. It differs from Guide E1546 in that it offers guidance that is specific to the issue of upholstered furniture in patient rooms of health care facilities, rather than general guidance. Appendix X11 includes some statistics on the magnitude of the potential problem in the U.S.
1.7 A fire hazard assessm...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2280 − 21 An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
Fire Hazard Assessment of the Effect of Upholstered
Seating Furniture Within Patient Rooms of Health Care
1
Facilities
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2280; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The traditional approach to codes and standards is the specification of individual fire-test-response
requirements for each material, component or product placed in a certain environment and deemed
important to ensure fire safety. This practice has been in place for so long that it gives a significant
level of comfort: a manufacturers knows what is required to comply with the specifications and
specifiers apply the requirements. Implicit assumptions, not stated, are that the use of the prescribed
requirements ensures an adequate level of safety. There is no need to impose any change on those
manufacturers who supply safe systems meeting existing prescriptive requirements. However, as new
materials and products are developed, manufacturers, designers, and specifiers often desire the
flexibility to choose how the overall safety requirements are to be met. Thus, it is the responsibility
of the developer of an alternative approach to state explicitly the assumptions being made to produce
the output. The way to generate explicit and valid assumptions is to provide a performance-based
approach, based on test methods providing data in engineering units, suitable for use in fire safety
engineering calculations, as this guide provides. The resulting fire hazard assessment focuses on
upholstered seating furniture items within patient rooms in health care occupancies. This requires
developing the fire scenarios to be considered and the effect of all contents and design considerations
within the patient room which are potentially able to affect the resulting fire hazard. This offers
opportunities for innovation, and ingenuity, without compromising safety.
1. Scope* 1.3 Because it is a guide, this document cannot be used for
regulation, nor does it give definitive instructions on how to
1.1 Thisisaguidetodevelopingfirehazardassessmentsfor
conduct a fire hazard assessment.
upholstered seating furniture, within patient rooms of health
care occupancies. As such, it provides methods and contem- 1.4 This guide is intended to provide assistance to those
porary fire safety engineering techniques to develop a fire interested in mitigating the potential damage from fires asso-
hazard assessment for use in specifications for upholstered ciatedwithupholsteredfurnitureinpatientroomsinhealthcare
seating furniture in such occupancies. occupancies.
1.2 Hazard assessment is an estimation of the potential 1.5 Thus, this guide can be used to help assess the fire
hazard of materials, assemblies, or systems intended for use in
severity of the fires that can develop with certain products in
defined scenarios, once the incidents have occurred. Hazard upholstered furniture, by providing a standard basis for study-
ing the level of fire safety associated with certain design
assessment does not address the likelihood of a fire occurring,
but is based on the premise that an ignition has occurred. choices. It can also aid those interested in designing features
appropriate to health care occupancies. Finally, it may be
useful to safety personnel in health care occupancies.
1
1.6 This guide is a focused application of Guide E1546,
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE05onFireStandards
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.15 on Furnishings and
which offers help in reference to fire scenarios that are specific
Contents.
to upholstered furniture in health care occupancies, and in-
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2021. Published January 2022. Originally
cludes an extensive bibliography. It differs from Guide E1546
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as E2280-17. DOI:
10.1520/E2280-21. in that it offers guidance that is specific to the issue of
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2280 − 21
upholstered furniture in patient rooms of health care facilities, Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source
rather than general guidance. Appendix X11 includes some E
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2280 − 17 E2280 − 21 An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
Fire Hazard Assessment of the Effect of Upholstered
Seating Furniture Within Patient Rooms of Health Care
1
Facilities
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2280; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The traditional approach to codes and standards is the specification of individual fire-test-response
requirements for each material, component or product placed in a certain environment and deemed
important to ensure fire safety. This practice has been in place for so long that it gives a significant
level of comfort: a manufacturers knows what is required to comply with the specifications and
specifiers apply the requirements. Implicit assumptions, not stated, are that the use of the prescribed
requirements ensures an adequate level of safety. There is no need to impose any change on those
manufacturers who supply safe systems meeting existing prescriptive requirements. However, as new
materials and products are developed, manufacturers, designers, and specifiers often desire the
flexibility to choose how the overall safety requirements are to be met. Thus, it is the responsibility
of the developer of an alternative approach to state explicitly the assumptions being made to produce
the output. The way to generate explicit and valid assumptions is to provide a performance-based
approach, based on test methods providing data in engineering units, suitable for use in fire safety
engineering calculations, as this guide provides. The resulting fire hazard assessment focuses on
upholstered seating furniture items within patient rooms in health care occupancies. This requires
developing the fire scenarios to be considered and the effect of all contents and design considerations
within the patient room which are potentially able to affect the resulting fire hazard. This offers
opportunities for innovation, and ingenuity, without compromising safety.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This is a guide to developing fire hazard assessments for upholstered seating furniture, within patient rooms of health care
occupancies. As such, it provides methods and contemporary fire safety engineering techniques to develop a fire hazard assessment
for use in specifications for upholstered seating furniture in such occupancies.
1.2 Hazard assessment is an estimation of the potential severity of the fires that can develop with certain products in defined
scenarios, once the incidents have occurred. Hazard assessment does not address the likelihood of a fire occurring, but is based
on the premise that an ignition has occurred.
1.3 Because it is a guide, this document cannot be used for regulation, nor does it give definitive instructions on how to conduct
a fire hazard assessment.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.15 on Furnishings and Contents.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2017Dec. 15, 2021. Published January 2018January 2022. Originally approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 20132017
as E2280-13-17. DOI: 10.1520/E2280-17.10.1520/E2280-21.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2280 − 21
1.4 This guide is intended to provide assistance to those interested in mitigating the potential damage from fires associated with
upholstered furniture in patient rooms in health care occupancies.
1.5 Thus, this guide can be used to help assess the fire hazard of materials, assemblies, or systems intended for use in upholstered
furniture, by providing a standard basis for studying the level of fire safety associated with certain design choices. It can also aid
those interested in designing features appropriate to health care occupancies. Finally, it may be useful to safety personnel in health
care occupancies.
1.6 This guide is a focused application of Guide E1546, which offers help in reference to fire scenarios that are specific to
upholstered furniture in health care occupancies, and includes an extensive bibliography. It differs from Guide E1546 in that it
offers guid
...
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