ASTM G162-99(2010)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Conducting and Evaluating Laboratory Corrosions Tests in Soils
Standard Practice for Conducting and Evaluating Laboratory Corrosions Tests in Soils
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice provides a controlled corrosive environment that has been utilized to produce relative corrosion information.
The primary application of the data from this practice is to evaluate metallic materials for use in soil environments.
This practice may not duplicate all field conditions and variables such as stray currents, microbiologically influenced corrosion, non-homogeneous conditions, and long cell corrosion. The reproducibility of results in the practice is highly dependent on the type of specimen tested and the evaluation criteria selected as well as the control of the operating variables. In any testing program, sufficient replicates should be included to establish the variability of the results.
Structures and components may be made of several different metals; therefore, the practice may be used to evaluate galvanic corrosion effects in soils (see Guide G71).
Structures and components may be coated with sacrificial or noble metal coatings, which may be scratched or otherwise rendered discontinuous (for example, no coating on the edges of metal strips cut from a wide sheet). This test is useful to evaluate the effect of defective metallic coatings.
Structures and components may be coated or jacketed with organic materials (for example, paints and plastics), and these coatings and jackets may be rendered discontinuous. The test is useful to evaluate the effect of defective or incompletely covering coatings and jackets.
The corrosivity of soils strongly depends on soluble salt content (related parameters are soil resistivity, see Test Method G57, and chemistry), acidity or alkalinity (measured by soil pH, see Test Method G51), and oxygen content (loose, for example, sand, or compact, for example, clay, soils are extreme examples). The manufacturer, supplier, or user, or combination thereof, should establish the nature of the expected soil environment(s) and select the test environment(s) accordingly. Multiple types of soil can be used to ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for conducting laboratory corrosion tests in soils to evaluate the corrosive attack on engineering materials.
1.2 This practice covers specimen selection and preparation, test environments, and evaluation of test results.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: G162 − 99 (Reapproved 2010)
Standard Practice for
Conducting and Evaluating Laboratory Corrosion Tests in
Soils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G162; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope G46 Guide for Examination and Evaluation of Pitting Cor-
rosion
1.1 This practice covers procedures for conducting labora-
G51 Test Method for Measuring pH of Soil for Use in
tory corrosion tests in soils to evaluate the corrosive attack on
Corrosion Testing
engineering materials.
G57 Test Method for Field Measurement of Soil Resistivity
1.2 Thispracticecoversspecimenselectionandpreparation,
Using the Wenner Four-Electrode Method
test environments, and evaluation of test results.
G71 Guide for Conducting and Evaluating Galvanic Corro-
sion Tests in Electrolytes
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this G102 Practice for Calculation of Corrosion Rates and Re-
lated Information from Electrochemical Measurements
standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Significance and Use
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1 This practice provides a controlled corrosive environ-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
ment that has been utilized to produce relative corrosion
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
information.
3.2 The primary application of the data from this practice is
2. Referenced Documents
to evaluate metallic materials for use in soil environments.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.3 This practice may not duplicate all field conditions and
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
variables such as stray currents, microbiologically influenced
D1654 Test Method for Evaluation of Painted or Coated
corrosion, non-homogeneous conditions, and long cell corro-
Specimens Subjected to Corrosive Environments
sion. The reproducibility of results in the practice is highly
D2570 TestMethodforSimulatedServiceCorrosionTesting
dependent on the type of specimen tested and the evaluation
of Engine Coolants
criteria selected as well as the control of the operating
G1 Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Corro-
variables. In any testing program, sufficient replicates should
sion Test Specimens
be included to establish the variability of the results.
G3 Practice for Conventions Applicable to Electrochemical
Measurements in Corrosion Testing
3.4 Structures and components may be made of several
G4 Guide for Conducting Corrosion Tests in Field Applica-
differentmetals;therefore, thepracticemaybeusedtoevaluate
tions
galvanic corrosion effects in soils (see Guide G71).
G16 Guide for Applying Statistics to Analysis of Corrosion
3.5 Structures and components may be coated with sacrifi-
Data
cial or noble metal coatings, which may be scratched or
G31 Guide for Laboratory Immersion Corrosion Testing of
otherwise rendered discontinuous (for example, no coating on
Metals
the edges of metal strips cut from a wide sheet). This test is
useful to evaluate the effect of defective metallic coatings.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G01 on Corrosion
3.6 Structures and components may be coated or jacketed
of Metals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G01.10 on Corrosion in
Soils.
with organic materials (for example, paints and plastics), and
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2010. Published March 2010. Originally
these coatings and jackets may be rendered discontinuous. The
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as G162-99(2004). DOI:
test is useful to evaluate the effect of defective or incompletely
10.1520/G0162-99R10.
covering coatings and jackets.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3.7 The corrosivity of soils strongly depends on soluble salt
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. content (related parameters are soil resistivity, see Test Method
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
G162 − 99 (2010)
G57, and chemistry), acidity or alkalinity (measured by soil 5. Test Specimen
pH, see Test Method G51), and oxygen content (loose, for
5.1 Material—Prepare the test specimens from the same
example,sand,orcompact,forexample,clay,soilsareextreme
material as that used in the structures or components being
examples). The manufacturer, supplier, or user, or combination
studied. Alternatively, use test specimens from the actual
thereof, should establish the nature of the expected soil
products.
environment(s) and select the test environment(s) accordingly.
Multipletypesofsoilcanbeusedtodeterminetheeffectofthis
5.2 Size and Shape:
variable.
5.2.1 The size and shape of test specimens are dependent on
several factors and cannot be rigidly defined. When determin-
4. Test Apparatus and Conditions
ing corrosion behavior of metals in the laboratory, it is
4.1 Container—The container for the soil shall be made
advisable to use the largest specimens permissible within the
from a material that is not affected by the soil environment and
constraints of the test equipment. In general, the ratio of
that does not affect the soil. Container materials, such as glass,
surface area to metal volume should be large in order to obtain
plastic, or corrosion-resistant metal or alloy, can be used;
maximum corrosion loss per specimen weight. However,
however, electrically conductive containers must be electro-
sufficient thickness should be employed to minimize the
chemically isolated from the specimens. The size of the
possibility of perforation of the specimen during the test
container is determined by the volume of soil required for the
exposure unless an evaluation of perforation susceptibility is of
3 2
test. A minimum of 40 cm should be used for each 1 cm of
interest. When modeling large structures or components, the
exposed metal surface area (see Fig. 1).
size of the specimens should be as large as practical. When
4.2 Soil Environment—The container is filled with a soil
modeling small components, the specimen size should be as
sample of choice. A soil sample from a specific outdoor
close as possible to that of the component modeled. When the
location may be retrieved for the test, or a soil sample may be
structure or component is made of two or more metals, the
prepared with a specific property and chemistry. If necessary,
surface area ratio of the test specimen should be similar to the
physical and chemical characteristics of the soil may be
structure or component being modeled.
determined.
5.2.2 When modeling service applications, the shapes of the
4.2.1 A field soil sample may be utilized for purposes of
specimens should approximate the shapes in the application.
conducting a soil corrosion test in a specific environment.
Complex shapes are frequently simplified for testing purposes.
4.2.2 Laboratory soil samples may be prepared by using
For some tests, the specimen may be taken from the manufac-
washed sand, (that is, No. 2 silica sand) clean clay (that is,
turing line or cut from manufactured pieces (for example, short
bentonite) or other uniform known media.
sections of pipes, wires, cables).
4.2.3 Soil Chemistry—The field soil sample and the labora-
tory soil sample are saturated with a known electrolyte chosen 5.3 Specimen Preparation:
for the test. Typically, the electrolyte is added to the soil of
5.3.1 Prepare the edges of the test specimens so as to
choice in the container. A typical electrolyte for use with
eliminate all sheared or cold worked metal, except for cold
washed sand is ASTM corrosive water (see Test Method
working introduced by stamping for identification. Shearing
D2570). With field soil samples, deionized or distilled water
can, in some cases, introduce residual stress that may cause
(see Test Method D2570) is commonly used. Periodically,
considerable attack. Therefore, do not use specimens with
deionized or distilled water (see Specification D1193) is added
sheared edges unless this effect is being evaluated. Finish the
to maintain the soil in a saturated condition. A non-saturated
edges by machining or polishing. The slight amount of cold
condition can be maintained if desired.
work resulting from the machining process should not intro-
4.2.4 Temperature—The test is conducted under laboratory
duce serious error.
ambient temperature unless the effect of temperature is being
5.3.2 The specimen metallurgical and surface condition
evaluated.
shouldbesimilartotheapplicationbeingmodeled.Inallcases,
4.2.5 Test Specimen—The test specimen is buried in the soil
remove surface contamination, such as dirt, grease, oil and
within the container and is prepared as discussed in Section 5.
thick oxides,
...
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