ASTM D1481-93(1997)

Standard Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnometer

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density of oils more viscous than 15 cSt at 20°C (mm /s), and of viscous oils and melted waxes at elevated temperatures, but not at temperatures at which the sample would have a vapor pressure of 100 mm Hg (13 kPa) or above.  Note 1-To determine the densities of less viscous liquids at 20 or 25°C use Test Method D941, or Test Method D1217.
1.2 This test method provides a calculation procedure for converting density to relative density (specific gravity).  
1.3 The values stated in acceptable SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Nov-1997
• ICS: 17.060 - Measurement of volume, mass, density, viscosity
• Technical Committee: D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
• Drafting Committee: D02.04.0D - Physical and Chemical Methods

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM D1481-02 - Standard Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnometer
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-2002
• Referred By: ASTM D6448-16(2022) - Standard Specification for Industrial Burner Fuels from Used Lubricating Oils
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-1997
• Referred By: ASTM D445-21e2 - Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-1997
• Referred By: ASTM D117-22 - Standard Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for Electrical Insulating Liquids
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-1997
• Referred By: ASTM D4652-20 - Standard Specification for Silicone Liquid Used for Electrical Insulation
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-1997
• Referred By: ASTM D2225-20 - Standard Test Methods for Silicone Liquids Used for Electrical Insulation
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-1997
• Referred By: ASTM D2140-08(2017) - Standard Practice for Calculating Carbon-Type Composition of Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-1997
• Referred By: ASTM E3282-22 - Standard Guide for NAPL Mobility and Migration in Sediments – Evaluation Metrics
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-1997
• Referred By: ASTM D3238-22a - Standard Test Method for Calculation of Carbon Distribution and Structural Group Analysis of Petroleum Oils by the n-d-M Method
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-1997
• Referred By: ASTM D4868-17 - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net and Gross Heat of Combustion of Hydrocarbon Burner and Diesel Fuels
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-1997

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the lastest information
Designation:D1481–93 (Reapproved 1997) An American National Standard
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Method for
Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous
1
Materials by Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1481; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
3
1. Scope 4. Summary of Test Method
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationofthedensity 4.1 The liquid is drawn into the bicapillary pycnometer
2
of oils more viscous than 15 cSt at 20°C (mm /s), and of through the removable siphon arm and adjusted to volume at
viscousoilsandmeltedwaxesatelevatedtemperatures,butnot the temperature of test, in such a manner that there is
at temperatures at which the sample would have a vapor practically no drainage in the unfilled tubing. After equilibra-
pressure of 100 mm Hg (13 kPa) or above. tion at the test temperature, liquid levels are read, and the
pycnometer is removed from the thermostated bath, cooled to
NOTE 1—To determine the densities of less viscous liquids at 20 or
room temperature, and weighed.
25°C use Test Method D941 or Test Method D1217.
4.2 Density or relative density (specific gravity), as desired,
1.2 This test method provides a calculation procedure for
is then calculated from the volume at the test temperature and
converting density to relative density (specific gravity).
theweightofthesample.Theeffectofairbuoyancyisincluded
1.3 The values stated in acceptable SI units are to be
in the calculations.
regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5. Significance and Use
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5.1 Density is a fundamental physical property that can be
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
used in conjunction with other properties to characterize both
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
the light and heavy fractions of petroleum and to access the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
quality of crude oils.
5.2 Determination of the density or relative density of
2. Referenced Documents
petroleum and its products is necessary for the conversion of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperatures of
D941 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
15°C.
cific Gravity) of Liquids by Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnom-
5.3 The determination of densities at the elevated tempera-
2
eter
tures of 40 and 100°C is particularly useful in providing the
D1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density
data needed for the conversion of kinematic viscosities in
2
(Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer 2
centistokes (mm /s) to the corresponding dynamic viscosities
2
D1250 Guide for Petroleum Measurement Tables
in centipoises (mPa·s).
3. Terminology
6. Apparatus
3.1 Definitions:
4
6.1 Pycnometer —Aside-armtypeofpycnometerconform-
3.1.1 density—the weight in a vacuum (that is, the mass) of
ing to the dimensions given in Fig. 1 and made of borosilicate
a unit volume of the material at any given temperature.
glass. The weight shall not exceed 35 g without the side arm.
3.1.2 relative density (specific gravity)—the ratio of the
6.2 Rack—Arack to use in filling the pycnometer (see Fig.
mass (weight in a vacuum) of a given volume of material at a
2 ).
temperature, t , to the mass of an equal volume of water at a
1
6.3 Constant-Temperature Oven—An oven for use in filling
reference temperature, t ; or the ratio of the density of the
2
the pycnometer. Any oven capable of holding the filling rack,
material at t to the density of water at t .
1 2
and of maintaining a temperature of approximately 100°C, can
be used.
6.4 Constant-Temperature Bath—A mixture of water and
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-2 on
3
Petroleum Products and Lubricantsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
For a more complete discussion of this procedure see Lipkin, M. R., Mills, I.
D02.04on Hydrocarbon Analysis.
W., Martin, C. C., and Harvey,W.T., Analytical Chemistry,ANCHA,Vol 21, 1949,
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 1993. Published June 1993. Originally
p. 504.
4
published as D1481–57T. Last previous edition D1481–91.
Pycnometers available from Reliance Glass Co., 220 Gateway Rd., Bensen-
2
Annual book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
ville, IL 60106-0825 have been found satisfactory.
1

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