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ASTM D1357-95(2000)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient Atmosphere

Standard Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient Atmosphere

SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this practice is to present the broad concepts of sampling the ambient air for the concentrations of contaminants. Detailed procedures are not discussed. General principles in planning a sampling program are given including guidelines for the selection of sites and the location of the air sampling inlet.  
1.2 Investigations of atmospheric contaminants involve the study of a heterogeneous mass under uncontrolled conditions. Interpretation of the data derived from the air sampling program must often be based on the statistical theory of probability. Extreme care must be observed to obtain measurements over a sufficient length of time to obtain results that may be considered representative.  
1.3 The variables that may affect the contaminant concentrations are the atmospheric stability (temperature-height profile), turbulence, wind speed and direction, solar radiation, precipitation, topography, emission rates, chemical reaction rates for their formation and decomposition, and the physical and chemical properties of the contaminant. To obtain concentrations of gaseous contaminants in terms of weight per unit volume, the ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure at the location sampled must be known.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-1999
ICS
13.040.20 - Ambient atmospheres
Technical Committee
D22 - Air Quality
Drafting Committee
D22.03 - Ambient Atmospheres and Source Emissions
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D1357-95(2005) - Standard Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient Atmosphere
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM D6306-17 - Standard Guide for Placement and Use of Diffusive Samplers for Gaseous Pollutants in Indoor Air
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000
Referred By
ASTM D1607-91(2018)e1 - Standard Test Method for Nitrogen Dioxide Content of the Atmosphere (Griess-Saltzman Reaction)
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000
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ASTM D3614-07(2021) - Standard Guide for Laboratories Engaged in Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres and Emissions
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000
Referred By
ASTM D4096-17 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Suspended Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere (High–Volume Sampler Method)
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000
Referred By
ASTM D2914-15(2022) - Standard Test Methods for Sulfur Dioxide Content of the Atmosphere (West-Gaeke Method)
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000
Referred By
ASTM D5932-20 - Standard Test Method for Determination of 2,4-Toluene Di<emph type="bdit">iso</emph >cyanate (2,4-TDI) and 2,6-Toluene Di<emph type="bdit">iso</emph>cyanate (2,6-TDI) in Air (with 9-(N-Methylaminomethyl) Anthracene Method) (MAMA) in the Workplace
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000
Referred By
ASTM D7201-06(2020) - Standard Practice for Sampling and Counting Airborne Fibers, Including Asbestos Fibers, in the Workplace, by Phase Contrast Microscopy (with an Option of Transmission Electron Microscopy)
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000
Referred By
ASTM D5953M-23 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Non-methane Organic Compounds (NMOC) in Ambient Air Using Cryogenic Preconcentration and Direct Flame Ionization Detection
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000
Referred By
ASTM D5111-12(2020) - Standard Guide for Choosing Locations and Sampling Methods to Monitor Atmospheric Deposition at Non-Urban Locations
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000
Referred By
ASTM D5836-20 - Standard Test Method for Determination of 2,4-Toluene Diisocyanate (2,4-TDI) and 2,6-Toluene Diisocyanate (2,6-TDI) in Workplace Atmospheres (1-2 PP Method)
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000
Referred By
ASTM D7614-20 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) Hexavalent Chromium in Ambient Air Analyzed by Ion Chromatography (IC) and Spectrophotometric Measurements
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000
Referred By
ASTM D2913-20 - Standard Test Method for Mercaptan Content of the Atmosphere
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000
Referred By
ASTM D6494-22 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Asphalt Fume Particulate Matter in Workplace Atmospheres as Benzene Soluble Fraction
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000
Referred By
ASTM D6209-21 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Gaseous and Particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ambient Air (Collection on Sorbent-Backed Filters with Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Analysis)
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000

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ASTM D1357-95(2000) - Standard Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient Atmosphere
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D1357–95(Reapproved2000)
Standard Practice for
Planning the Sampling of the Ambient Atmosphere
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1357; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
provide greater details including background information, air quality
1. Scope
modeling techniques, and special purposes air sampling programs (1).
1.1 The purpose of this practice is to present the broad
concepts of sampling the ambient air for the concentrations of
3. Terminology
contaminants. Detailed procedures are not discussed. General
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this prac-
principles in planning a sampling program are given including
tice, refer to Terminology D 1356.
guidelines for the selection of sites and the location of the air
sampling inlet.
4. Summary of Practice
1.2 Investigations of atmospheric contaminants involve the
4.1 This practice describes the general guidelines in plan-
study of a heterogeneous mass under uncontrolled conditions.
ning for sampling the ambient air for the concentrations of
Interpretation of the data derived from the air sampling
contaminants.
program must often be based on the statistical theory of
probability. Extreme care must be observed to obtain measure-
5. Significance and Use
ments over a sufficient length of time to obtain results that may
5.1 Since the analysis of the atmosphere is influenced by
be considered representative.
phenomena in which all factors except the method of sampling
1.3 The variables that may affect the contaminant concen-
and analytical procedure are beyond the control of the inves-
trations are the atmospheric stability (temperature-height pro-
tigator, statistical consideration must be given to determine the
file), turbulence, wind speed and direction, solar radiation,
adequacyofthenumberofsamplesobtained,thelengthoftime
precipitation, topography, emission rates, chemical reaction
that the sampling program is carried out, and the number of
rates for their formation and decomposition, and the physical
sites sampled. The purpose of the sampling and the character-
and chemical properties of the contaminant. To obtain concen-
istics of the contaminant to be measured will have an influence
trations of gaseous contaminants in terms of weight per unit
in determining this adequacy. Regular, or if possible, continu-
volume, the ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure at
ous measurements of the contaminant with simultaneous per-
the location sampled must be known.
tinent meteorological observations should be obtained during
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
all seasons of the year. Statistical techniques may then be
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
applied to determine the influence of the meteorological
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
variables on the concentrations measured (2).
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5.2 Statistical methods may be used for the interpretation of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
all of the data available (2). Trends of patterns and relation-
ships between variables of statistical significance may be
2. Referenced Documents
detected. Much of the validity of the results will depend,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
however, on the comprehensiveness of the analysis and the
D 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
location and contaminant measured. For example, if 24-h
Atmospheres
samples of suspended particulate matter are obtained only
D 3249 Practice for General Ambient Air Analyzer Proce-
periodically (for example, every 6 or 8 days throughout the
dures
year), the geometric mean of the measured concentrations is
D 3614 Guide for Laboratories Engaged in Sampling and
representative of the median value assuming the data are log
Analysis of Atmospheres and Emissions
normallydistributed.Thegeometricmeanlevelmaybeusedto
NOTE 1—A list of references are appended to this practice which compare the air quality at different locations at which such
regular but intermittent observations of suspended particulate
matter are made.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Sampling
and Analysis of Atmospheres and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D22.03 on Ambient Atmospheres and Source Emissions.
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 1995. Published March 1995. Originally
published as D 1357 – 55T. Last previous edition D 1357 – 94. The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.03. this practice.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D1357–95 (2000)
6. Basic Principles and in the interpretation of the data. Pertinent meteorological
and climatological information may be obtained from the local
6.1 The choice of sampling techniques and measurement
weatherdepartment.Inmanylocalities,however,themicrome-
methodology, the characteristics of the sites, the number of
teorology may be unique and meteorological investigations to
sampling stations, and the amount of data collected all depend
provide data specific to the area may be needed.
on the objectives of the monitoring program. These objectives
7.2 The influences of each of the meteorological parameters
may be one or more of the following:
important to air quality are discussed in detail. The methods of
6.1.1 Air quality assessment including determining maxi-
carrying out the related meteorological investigations are also
mum concentration,
discussed (3, 4, 5).
6.1.2 Health and vegetation effects studies,
6.1.3 Trend analysis,
8. Topographical Factors
6.1.4 Evaluation of pollution abatement programs,
6.1.5 Establishment of air quality criteria and standards by 8.1 Topography can influence the contaminant concentra-
tions in the atmosphere. For example, a valley will cause
relating to effects,
6.1.6 Enforcement of control regulations, persistenceinwinddirectionsandintensifylow-levelnocturnal
inversions that will limit the dispersion of pollutants emitted
6.1.7 Development of air pollution control strategies,
6.1.8 Activation of alert or emergency procedures, into it. Mountains or plateaus may act as barriers affecting the
flow of air as well as the contaminant concentrations in their
6.1.9 Land use, transportation, and energy systems plan-
vicinity. Consideration should be given to the influence of
ning,
these features as well as that of large lakes, the sea, and oceans
6.1.10 Background evaluations, and
(2, 3).
6.1.11 Atmospheric chemistry studies.
6.2 In order to cover all the variable meteorological condi-
9. Apparatus
tions that may greatly affect the air quality in an area, air
monitoring for lengthy periods of time may be necessary to
9.1 Details of the apparatus or instruments employed in
meet most of the above objectives.
sampling the air or carrying out associated meteorological
6.3 The topography, demography, and micrometeorology of
investigations are discussed in other ASTM methods and
the area as well as the contaminant measured, must be
recommendations.
considered in determining the number of monitoring stations
required in the area. Photographs and a map of the locations of
10. Sampling Procedure and Siting Concepts
the sampling stations is desirable in describing the sampling
10.1 The choice of procedure for the air sampling is
station.
dependent on the contaminant to be measured. See Practice
6.4 Unless the purpose of the sampling programs is site
D 3249 for recommendations for general ambient air analyzer
specific, the sites monitored should, in general, be selected so
procedures. ASTM recommended methods have been pub-
as to avoid undue influence by any local source that may cause
lished for most of the common contaminants that are sampled.
local elevated concentrations that are not representative of the
Automatic instruments providing a continuous record of the
region to be characterized by the data.
concentrations of the contaminant should be utilized whenever
6.5 Monitoring sites for determining the impact on air
possible to save manpower and increase efficiency. Very often
quality by individual sources should be selected, if possible, so
factors such as temperature, humidity, and vibrations, as well
as to isolate the effect of the source being considered. When
as the power line voltage can influence the output of the air
there are many sources of the contaminant in the area, the sites
monitoring instrument and these should be controlled.
sampled should be strategically located so that with wind
10.2 The monitors must be supplied with sample air that
direction data obtained simultaneously near the sites, the
represents the ambient air under investigation. Careful consid-
monitoringresultswillprovideevidenceofthecontributionsof
erationshouldbegiventothes
...

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5.2 This guide is applicable for use in either occupied or unoccupied dwellings and in other child-occupied facilities.  
5.3 The procedures in this guide, when supplemented by recommendations for controlling lead hazards, provide for the conduct of a lead risk assessment of a dwelling or of other child-occupied facilities.  
5.4 This guide may be used to supplement assessment procedures used to determine the causes of elevated blood lead (EBL) levels in young children.
Note 2: In cases of EBL levels, investigation of the total living environment of the child and a pediatric medical evaluation may also be needed. Reference should be made to documents such as Managing Elevated Blood Lead Levels Among Young Children,6 Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young Children (1991),7 the HUD Guidelines, and Screening Young Children for Lead Poisoning (1997).7  
5.5 Although this guide was developed for dwellings and for other child-occupied facilities, this guide may be suitable for lead hazard assessments in non-residential buildings and other properties following agreement between assessor and client on appropriate lead action levels.  
5.6 This guide is not intended for use in identifying building materials that when abraded or otherwise degraded, such as that which may occur in remodeling or renovation activities, may result in lead hazards.  
5.7 Lead hazard assessment reports describe lead hazards identified at the time the assessment was performed. The locations, types, or severities of lead hazards can change over time as a result of property improvement or deterioration, significant changes in property use, or other factors.
Note 3: The term “lead-free” should never be used to describe the absence of ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers how to conduct, document, and report findings of a lead hazard assessment of dwellings and of other child-occupied facilities.  
1.2 Procedures for assessment of personal items, such as toys, dishes, and hobby materials that may contribute to elevated lead levels in blood are not included in this guide.  
1.3 Procedures for random sampling of units within dwellings having multiple units are not included.  
1.4 This guide contains notes, which are explanatory, and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this guide.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5.1 Exception—The inch-pound and SI units shown for wipe sampling data are to be individually regarded as standard for wipe sampling data.  
1.6 Methods described in this guide may not meet or be allowed by requirements or regulations established by local authorities having jurisdiction. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to comply with all such requirements and regulations.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8406-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Performance Evaluation of Ambient Outdoor Air Quality Sensors and Sensor-based Instruments for Portable and Fixed-point Measurement

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice establishes standardized tests for the performance evaluation of sensor-based continuous instruments for ambient air quality measurements. Public and private air monitoring interests have manifested themselves as a driving force for the deployment of air quality sensors and instruments to quantify air pollutant concentrations in communities, around schools, around industrial facilities, and elsewhere. Users of air quality sensors require information on the performance and limitations of these devices so that informed decisions regarding their suitability for various purposes can be determined. This practice describes both laboratory and field tests that provide information on candidate instrument repeatability, sensitivity, linearity, cross-interferences, drift and comparability with more costly instruments typically used by entities such as government agencies. The air quality sensors are first evaluated in a laboratory chamber by comparing their response to a reference instrument and challenging the gas sensors with interferents. The sensors are then deployed outdoors for field testing at two sites with different climates against reference air quality instruments. This practice is intended to be referenced in standards and codes that establish minimum performance quality for sensor-based ambient outdoor air monitoring.  
5.2 This practice is intended for air quality sensors that measure one or more of the criteria pollutants in ambient air (ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, PM10 and PM2.5) that can be operated in outdoor environments and can log a concentration reading. It is not intended for devices or transducers that require additional enclosures for deployment outdoors or post-processing to convert their output signal into a pollutant concentration reading.  
5.3 It is anticipated that the main users of this practice will be manufacturers, developers, and distributors of outdoor air quality sensors, air quality agenc...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes standardized tests for the performance evaluation of sensor-based continuous instruments for ambient outdoor air quality measurements. It describes both laboratory and field tests that provide information on candidate sensor repeatability, sensitivity, linearity, cross-interferences, drift, and comparability against reference instruments.  
1.2 This practice does not apply to sensors or instruments that remotely measure atmospheric pollutants using open path, lidar, or imaging technology.  
1.3 The evaluation procedures contained in this practice are for sensors that alone or in combination measure outdoor criteria pollutants in ambient air: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), or nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at concentrations that are relevant to public health.  
1.4 Testing is to be performed by a competent entity able to demonstrate that it operates in conformity with internationally accepted test laboratory quality standards such as ISO/IEC 17025.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1914-95(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Conversion Units and Factors Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 ASTM requires the use of SI units in all its publications and their use in reporting atmospheric measurement data. However, there are historic data and even data currently reported that are based on a variety of units of measurement. This practice tabulates factors that are necessary to convert such data to SI and other units of measurement.  
3.2 IEEE/ASTM SI-10 does not list all the conversion factors commonly used in air pollution and meteorological fields. This practice supplements IEEE/ASTM SI-10.  
3.3 The values reported here were obtained from a number of standard publications. They were adjusted to five figures and organized in a rational order. All values reflect the latest information from the 16th General Conference on Weights and Measurements held in 1979.  
3.4 The factors in Table 1 are provided to change units of measurement from one system to related units in other systems, as well as to smaller or larger units in the same system.  
3.5 Values of units in the left column may be converted to values of units in the right column merely by multiplying by the conversion factor provided in the center column.  (A) For specific applications and exceptions, see Terminology D1356.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides units and factors useful for members of the air pollution and meteorological communities.  
1.2 This practice is used together with IEEE/ASTM SI-10, which discusses SI units and contains selected conversion factors for inter-relation of SI units and some commonly used non-metric units.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2914-15(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Sulfur Dioxide Content of the Atmosphere (West-Gaeke Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sulfur dioxide is a major air pollutant, commonly formed by the combustion of sulfur-bearing fuels. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set primary and secondary air quality standards (7) that are designed to protect the public health and welfare.  
5.2 The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has promulgated exposure limits for sulfur dioxide in workplace atmospheres (8).  
5.3 These methods have been found satisfactory for measuring sulfur dioxide in ambient and workplace atmospheres over the ranges pertinent in 5.1 and 5.2.  
5.4 Method A has been designed to correspond to the EPA-Designated Reference Method (7) for the determination of sulfur dioxide.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the bubbler collection and colorimetric determination of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the ambient or workplace atmosphere.  
1.2 These test methods are applicable for determining SO2 over the range from approximately 25 μg/m3 (0.01 ppm(v)) to 1000 μg/m3 (0.4 ppm(v)), corresponding to a solution concentration of 0.03 μg SO2/mL to 1.3 μg SO2/mL. Beer's law is followed through the working analytical range from 0.02 μg SO2/mL to 1.4 μg SO2/mL.  
1.3 The lower limit of detection is 0.075 μg SO2/mL (1),2 representing an air concentration of 25 μg SO2/m3 (0.01 ppm(v)) in a 30-min sample, or 13 μg SO2/m3 (0.005 ppm(v)) in a 24-h sample.  
1.4 These test methods incorporate sampling for periods between 30 min and 24 h.  
1.5 These test methods describe the determination of the collected (impinged) samples. A Method A and a Method B are described.  
1.6 Method A is preferred over Method B, as it gives the higher sensitivity, but it has a higher blank. Manual Method B is pH-dependent, but is more suitable with spectrometers having a spectral band width greater than 20 nm.
Note 1: These test methods are applicable at concentrations below 25 μg/m3 by sampling larger volumes of air if the absorption efficiency of the particular system is first determined, as described in Annex A4.
Note 2: Concentrations higher than 1000 μg/m3 can be determined by using smaller gas volumes, larger collection volumes, or by suitable dilution of the collected sample with absorbing solution prior to analysis.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see 8.3.1, Section 9, and A3.1.3.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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