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ASTM D1357-95(2005)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient Atmosphere

Standard Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient Atmosphere

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Since the analysis of the atmosphere is influenced by phenomena in which all factors except the method of sampling and analytical procedure are beyond the control of the investigator, statistical consideration must be given to determine the adequacy of the number of samples obtained, the length of time that the sampling program is carried out, and the number of sites sampled. The purpose of the sampling and the characteristics of the contaminant to be measured will have an influence in determining this adequacy. Regular, or if possible, continuous measurements of the contaminant with simultaneous pertinent meteorological observations should be obtained during all seasons of the year. Statistical techniques may then be applied to determine the influence of the meteorological variables on the concentrations measured  (2).
Statistical methods may be used for the interpretation of all of the data available (2). Trends of patterns and relationships between variables of statistical significance may be detected. Much of the validity of the results will depend, however, on the comprehensiveness of the analysis and the location and contaminant measured. For example, if 24-h samples of suspended particulate matter are obtained only periodically (for example, every 6 or 8 days throughout the year), the geometric mean of the measured concentrations is representative of the median value assuming the data are log normally distributed. The geometric mean level may be used to compare the air quality at different locations at which such regular but intermittent observations of suspended particulate matter are made.
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this practice is to present the broad concepts of sampling the ambient air for the concentrations of contaminants. Detailed procedures are not discussed. General principles in planning a sampling program are given including guidelines for the selection of sites and the location of the air sampling inlet.
1.2 Investigations of atmospheric contaminants involve the study of a heterogeneous mass under uncontrolled conditions. Interpretation of the data derived from the air sampling program must often be based on the statistical theory of probability. Extreme care must be observed to obtain measurements over a sufficient length of time to obtain results that may be considered representative.
1.3 The variables that may affect the contaminant concentrations are the atmospheric stability (temperature-height profile), turbulence, wind speed and direction, solar radiation, precipitation, topography, emission rates, chemical reaction rates for their formation and decomposition, and the physical and chemical properties of the contaminant. To obtain concentrations of gaseous contaminants in terms of weight per unit volume, the ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure at the location sampled must be known.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
28-Feb-2005
ICS
13.040.20 - Ambient atmospheres
Technical Committee
D22 - Air Quality
Drafting Committee
D22.03 - Ambient Atmospheres and Source Emissions
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D1357-95(2000) - Standard Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient Atmosphere
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Replaced By
ASTM D1357-95(2011) - Standard Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient Atmosphere
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Referred By
ASTM D2914-15(2022) - Standard Test Methods for Sulfur Dioxide Content of the Atmosphere (West-Gaeke Method)
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01-Mar-2005
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ASTM D8460-22 - Standard Test Method for Quantification of Volatile Organic Compounds Using Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM D3266-91(2018) - Standard Test Method for Automated Separation and Collection of Particulate and Acidic Gaseous Fluoride in the Atmosphere (Double Paper Tape Sampler Method)
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
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ASTM D6562-20 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Gaseous Hexamethylene Diisocyanate (HDI) in Air with 9-(N-methylaminomethyl) Anthracene Method (MAMA) in the Workplace
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
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ASTM D5075-01(2022) - Standard Test Method for Nicotine and 3-Ethenylpyridine in Indoor Air
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01-Mar-2005
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ASTM D5149-02(2016) - Standard Test Method for Ozone in the Atmosphere: Continuous Measurement by Ethylene Chemiluminescence
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM D5111-12(2020) - Standard Guide for Choosing Locations and Sampling Methods to Monitor Atmospheric Deposition at Non-Urban Locations
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM D3268-91(2018) - Standard Test Method for Separation and Collection of Particulate and Gaseous Fluorides in the Atmosphere (Sodium Bicarbonate-Coated Glass Tube and Particulate Filter Method)
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM D3824-20 - Standard Test Methods for Continuous Measurement of Oxides of Nitrogen in the Ambient or Workplace Atmosphere by Chemiluminescence
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM E337-15(2023) - Standard Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psychrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Temperatures)
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01-Mar-2005
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ASTM D6561-20 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Aerosol Monomeric and Oligomeric Hexamethylene Diisocyanate (HDl) in Air with (Methoxy-2–phenyl-1) Piperazine (MOPIP) in the Workplace
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM D5156-22 - Standard Test Methods for Continuous Measurement of Ozone in Ambient, Workplace, and Indoor Atmospheres (Ultraviolet Absorption)
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM D5836-20 - Standard Test Method for Determination of 2,4-Toluene Diisocyanate (2,4-TDI) and 2,6-Toluene Diisocyanate (2,6-TDI) in Workplace Atmospheres (1-2 PP Method)
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005

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ASTM D1357-95(2005) - Standard Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient Atmosphere
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D1357–95(Reapproved2005)
Standard Practice for
Planning the Sampling of the Ambient Atmosphere
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1357; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D3614 Guide for Laboratories Engaged in Sampling and
Analysis of Atmospheres and Emissions
1.1 The purpose of this practice is to present the broad
concepts of sampling the ambient air for the concentrations of
NOTE 1—A list of references are appended to this practice which
contaminants. Detailed procedures are not discussed. General
provide greater details including background information, air quality
modeling techniques, and special purposes air sampling programs (1).
principles in planning a sampling program are given including
guidelines for the selection of sites and the location of the air
3. Terminology
sampling inlet.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this prac-
1.2 Investigations of atmospheric contaminants involve the
tice, refer to Terminology D1356.
study of a heterogeneous mass under uncontrolled conditions.
Interpretation of the data derived from the air sampling
4. Summary of Practice
program must often be based on the statistical theory of
4.1 This practice describes the general guidelines in plan-
probability. Extreme care must be observed to obtain measure-
ning for sampling the ambient air for the concentrations of
ments over a sufficient length of time to obtain results that may
contaminants.
be considered representative.
1.3 The variables that may affect the contaminant concen-
5. Significance and Use
trations are the atmospheric stability (temperature-height pro-
5.1 Since the analysis of the atmosphere is influenced by
file), turbulence, wind speed and direction, solar radiation,
phenomena in which all factors except the method of sampling
precipitation, topography, emission rates, chemical reaction
and analytical procedure are beyond the control of the inves-
rates for their formation and decomposition, and the physical
tigator, statistical consideration must be given to determine the
and chemical properties of the contaminant. To obtain concen-
adequacyofthenumberofsamplesobtained,thelengthoftime
trations of gaseous contaminants in terms of weight per unit
that the sampling program is carried out, and the number of
volume, the ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure at
sites sampled. The purpose of the sampling and the character-
the location sampled must be known.
istics of the contaminant to be measured will have an influence
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
in determining this adequacy. Regular, or if possible, continu-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ous measurements of the contaminant with simultaneous per-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
tinent meteorological observations should be obtained during
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
all seasons of the year. Statistical techniques may then be
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
applied to determine the influence of the meteorological
2. Referenced Documents
variables on the concentrations measured (2).
5.2 Statistical methods may be used for the interpretation of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
all of the data available (2). Trends of patterns and relation-
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
ships between variables of statistical significance may be
Atmospheres
detected. Much of the validity of the results will depend,
D3249 Practice for General Ambient Air Analyzer Proce-
however, on the comprehensiveness of the analysis and the
dures
location and contaminant measured. For example, if 24-h
samples of suspended particulate matter are obtained only
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Sampling
periodically (for example, every 6 or 8 days throughout the
and Analysis of Atmospheres and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
year), the geometric mean of the measured concentrations is
D22.03 on Ambient Atmospheres and Source Emissions.
representative of the median value assuming the data are log
Current edition approved March 1, 2005. Published May 2005. Originally
approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D1357 - 95 (2000). normallydistributed.Thegeometricmeanlevelmaybeusedto
DOI: 10.1520/D1357-95R05.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
the ASTM website. this practice.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D1357–95 (2005)
compare the air quality at different locations at which such 7.1.3 Solar radiation and hours of sunshine, humidity, pre-
regular but intermittent observations of suspended particulate cipitation, and barometric pressure. These parameters are
matter are made. important in assessing the pollution potential of an area and
should be considered in the planning of a monitoring program
and in the interpretation of the data. Pertinent meteorological
6. Basic Principles
and climatological information may be obtained from the local
6.1 The choice of sampling techniques and measurement
weatherdepartment.Inmanylocalities,however,themicrome-
methodology, the characteristics of the sites, the number of
teorology may be unique and meteorological investigations to
sampling stations, and the amount of data collected all depend
provide data specific to the area may be needed.
on the objectives of the monitoring program. These objectives
7.2 The influences of each of the meteorological parameters
may be one or more of the following:
important to air quality are discussed in detail. The methods of
6.1.1 Air quality assessment including determining maxi-
carrying out the related meteorological investigations are also
mum concentration,
discussed (3, 4, 5).
6.1.2 Health and vegetation effects studies,
6.1.3 Trend analysis,
8. Topographical Factors
6.1.4 Evaluation of pollution abatement programs,
8.1 Topography can influence the contaminant concentra-
6.1.5 Establishment of air quality criteria and standards by
tions in the atmosphere. For example, a valley will cause
relating to effects,
persistenceinwinddirectionsandintensifylow-levelnocturnal
6.1.6 Enforcement of control regulations,
inversions that will limit the dispersion of pollutants emitted
6.1.7 Development of air pollution control strategies,
into it. Mountains or plateaus may act as barriers affecting the
6.1.8 Activation of alert or emergency procedures,
flow of air as well as the contaminant concentrations in their
6.1.9 Land use, transportation, and energy systems plan-
vicinity. Consideration should be given to the influence of
ning,
these features as well as that of large lakes, the sea, and oceans
6.1.10 Background evaluations, and
(2, 3).
6.1.11 Atmospheric chemistry studies.
6.2 In order to cover all the variable meteorological condi-
9. Apparatus
tions that may greatly affect the air quality in an area, air
monitoring for lengthy periods of time may be necessary to
9.1 Details of the apparatus or instruments employed in
meet most of the above objectives.
sampling the air or carrying out associated meteorological
6.3 The topography, demography, and micrometeorology of
investigations are discussed in other ASTM methods and
the area as well as the contaminant measured, must be
recommendations.
considered in determining the number of monitoring stations
required in the area. Photographs and a map of the locations of
10. Sampling Procedure and Siting Concepts
the sampling stations is desirable in describing the sampling
10.1 The choice of procedure for the air sampling is
station.
dependent on the contaminant to be measured. See Practice
6.4 Unless the purpose of the sampling programs is site
D3249 for recommendations for general ambient air analyzer
specific, the sites monitored should, in general, be selected so
procedures. ASTM recommended methods have been pub-
as to avoid undue influence by any local source that may cause
lished for most of the common contaminants that are sampled.
local elevated concentrations that are not representative of the
Automatic instruments providing a continuous record of the
region to be characterized by the data.
concentrations of the contaminant should be utilized whenever
6.5 Monitoring sites for determining the impact on air
possible to save manpower and increase efficiency. Very often
quality by individual sources should be selected, if possible, so
factors such as temperature, humidity, and vibrations, as well
as to isolate the effect of the source being considered. When
as the power line voltage can influence the output of the air
there are many sources of the contaminant in the area, the sites
monitoring ins
...

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1.5 This practice does not provide the user sufficient information to allow for interpretation of the analytical results from sample collection. It is the user's responsibility to seek or obtain the information and knowledge necessary to interpret the sample results reported by the laboratory.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2115-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Conducting Lead Hazard Assessments of Dwellings and of Other Child-Occupied Facilities

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is intended to help prevent lead poisoning of children by providing standardized procedures for conducting a lead hazard assessment and providing information needed to develop and recommend lead hazard control options as described in Practice E2252.  
5.2 This guide is applicable for use in either occupied or unoccupied dwellings and in other child-occupied facilities.  
5.3 The procedures in this guide, when supplemented by recommendations for controlling lead hazards, provide for the conduct of a lead risk assessment of a dwelling or of other child-occupied facilities.  
5.4 This guide may be used to supplement assessment procedures used to determine the causes of elevated blood lead (EBL) levels in young children.
Note 2: In cases of EBL levels, investigation of the total living environment of the child and a pediatric medical evaluation may also be needed. Reference should be made to documents such as Managing Elevated Blood Lead Levels Among Young Children,6 Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young Children (1991),7 the HUD Guidelines, and Screening Young Children for Lead Poisoning (1997).7  
5.5 Although this guide was developed for dwellings and for other child-occupied facilities, this guide may be suitable for lead hazard assessments in non-residential buildings and other properties following agreement between assessor and client on appropriate lead action levels.  
5.6 This guide is not intended for use in identifying building materials that when abraded or otherwise degraded, such as that which may occur in remodeling or renovation activities, may result in lead hazards.  
5.7 Lead hazard assessment reports describe lead hazards identified at the time the assessment was performed. The locations, types, or severities of lead hazards can change over time as a result of property improvement or deterioration, significant changes in property use, or other factors.
Note 3: The term “lead-free” should never be used to describe the absence of ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers how to conduct, document, and report findings of a lead hazard assessment of dwellings and of other child-occupied facilities.  
1.2 Procedures for assessment of personal items, such as toys, dishes, and hobby materials that may contribute to elevated lead levels in blood are not included in this guide.  
1.3 Procedures for random sampling of units within dwellings having multiple units are not included.  
1.4 This guide contains notes, which are explanatory, and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this guide.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5.1 Exception—The inch-pound and SI units shown for wipe sampling data are to be individually regarded as standard for wipe sampling data.  
1.6 Methods described in this guide may not meet or be allowed by requirements or regulations established by local authorities having jurisdiction. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to comply with all such requirements and regulations.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8406-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Performance Evaluation of Ambient Outdoor Air Quality Sensors and Sensor-based Instruments for Portable and Fixed-point Measurement

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice establishes standardized tests for the performance evaluation of sensor-based continuous instruments for ambient air quality measurements. Public and private air monitoring interests have manifested themselves as a driving force for the deployment of air quality sensors and instruments to quantify air pollutant concentrations in communities, around schools, around industrial facilities, and elsewhere. Users of air quality sensors require information on the performance and limitations of these devices so that informed decisions regarding their suitability for various purposes can be determined. This practice describes both laboratory and field tests that provide information on candidate instrument repeatability, sensitivity, linearity, cross-interferences, drift and comparability with more costly instruments typically used by entities such as government agencies. The air quality sensors are first evaluated in a laboratory chamber by comparing their response to a reference instrument and challenging the gas sensors with interferents. The sensors are then deployed outdoors for field testing at two sites with different climates against reference air quality instruments. This practice is intended to be referenced in standards and codes that establish minimum performance quality for sensor-based ambient outdoor air monitoring.  
5.2 This practice is intended for air quality sensors that measure one or more of the criteria pollutants in ambient air (ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, PM10 and PM2.5) that can be operated in outdoor environments and can log a concentration reading. It is not intended for devices or transducers that require additional enclosures for deployment outdoors or post-processing to convert their output signal into a pollutant concentration reading.  
5.3 It is anticipated that the main users of this practice will be manufacturers, developers, and distributors of outdoor air quality sensors, air quality agenc...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes standardized tests for the performance evaluation of sensor-based continuous instruments for ambient outdoor air quality measurements. It describes both laboratory and field tests that provide information on candidate sensor repeatability, sensitivity, linearity, cross-interferences, drift, and comparability against reference instruments.  
1.2 This practice does not apply to sensors or instruments that remotely measure atmospheric pollutants using open path, lidar, or imaging technology.  
1.3 The evaluation procedures contained in this practice are for sensors that alone or in combination measure outdoor criteria pollutants in ambient air: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), or nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at concentrations that are relevant to public health.  
1.4 Testing is to be performed by a competent entity able to demonstrate that it operates in conformity with internationally accepted test laboratory quality standards such as ISO/IEC 17025.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1914-95(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Conversion Units and Factors Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 ASTM requires the use of SI units in all its publications and their use in reporting atmospheric measurement data. However, there are historic data and even data currently reported that are based on a variety of units of measurement. This practice tabulates factors that are necessary to convert such data to SI and other units of measurement.  
3.2 IEEE/ASTM SI-10 does not list all the conversion factors commonly used in air pollution and meteorological fields. This practice supplements IEEE/ASTM SI-10.  
3.3 The values reported here were obtained from a number of standard publications. They were adjusted to five figures and organized in a rational order. All values reflect the latest information from the 16th General Conference on Weights and Measurements held in 1979.  
3.4 The factors in Table 1 are provided to change units of measurement from one system to related units in other systems, as well as to smaller or larger units in the same system.  
3.5 Values of units in the left column may be converted to values of units in the right column merely by multiplying by the conversion factor provided in the center column.  (A) For specific applications and exceptions, see Terminology D1356.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides units and factors useful for members of the air pollution and meteorological communities.  
1.2 This practice is used together with IEEE/ASTM SI-10, which discusses SI units and contains selected conversion factors for inter-relation of SI units and some commonly used non-metric units.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2914-15(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Sulfur Dioxide Content of the Atmosphere (West-Gaeke Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sulfur dioxide is a major air pollutant, commonly formed by the combustion of sulfur-bearing fuels. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set primary and secondary air quality standards (7) that are designed to protect the public health and welfare.  
5.2 The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has promulgated exposure limits for sulfur dioxide in workplace atmospheres (8).  
5.3 These methods have been found satisfactory for measuring sulfur dioxide in ambient and workplace atmospheres over the ranges pertinent in 5.1 and 5.2.  
5.4 Method A has been designed to correspond to the EPA-Designated Reference Method (7) for the determination of sulfur dioxide.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the bubbler collection and colorimetric determination of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the ambient or workplace atmosphere.  
1.2 These test methods are applicable for determining SO2 over the range from approximately 25 μg/m3 (0.01 ppm(v)) to 1000 μg/m3 (0.4 ppm(v)), corresponding to a solution concentration of 0.03 μg SO2/mL to 1.3 μg SO2/mL. Beer's law is followed through the working analytical range from 0.02 μg SO2/mL to 1.4 μg SO2/mL.  
1.3 The lower limit of detection is 0.075 μg SO2/mL (1),2 representing an air concentration of 25 μg SO2/m3 (0.01 ppm(v)) in a 30-min sample, or 13 μg SO2/m3 (0.005 ppm(v)) in a 24-h sample.  
1.4 These test methods incorporate sampling for periods between 30 min and 24 h.  
1.5 These test methods describe the determination of the collected (impinged) samples. A Method A and a Method B are described.  
1.6 Method A is preferred over Method B, as it gives the higher sensitivity, but it has a higher blank. Manual Method B is pH-dependent, but is more suitable with spectrometers having a spectral band width greater than 20 nm.
Note 1: These test methods are applicable at concentrations below 25 μg/m3 by sampling larger volumes of air if the absorption efficiency of the particular system is first determined, as described in Annex A4.
Note 2: Concentrations higher than 1000 μg/m3 can be determined by using smaller gas volumes, larger collection volumes, or by suitable dilution of the collected sample with absorbing solution prior to analysis.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see 8.3.1, Section 9, and A3.1.3.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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