ASTM E2288-09
(Guide)Standard Guide for Physical Match of Paper Cuts, Tears, and Perforations in Forensic Document Examinations (Withdrawn 2018)
Standard Guide for Physical Match of Paper Cuts, Tears, and Perforations in Forensic Document Examinations (Withdrawn 2018)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide is intended for, but may not be limited to, physical match examinations of paper items. The physical matching or realignment of items of evidence may occur in two or three dimensions.
The procedures outlined here are grounded in the generally accepted body of knowledge and experience in the field of forensic document examination. By following these procedures, a forensic document examiner can reliably reach an opinion concerning whether or not two or more paper fragments were at one time parts of a single piece of paper.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides procedures that should be used by forensic document examiners (Guide E 444) for examinations and comparisons to determine whether or not two or more paper fragments were at one time joined to form a single piece of paper.
1.2 These procedures are applicable whether the examination(s) and comparison(s) is of questioned and known items or of exclusively questioned items.
1.3 These procedures include evaluation of the sufficiency of the material available for examination.
1.4 The particular methods employed in a given case will depend upon the nature sufficiency of the material available for examination.
1.5 This guide may not cover all aspects of unusual or uncommon examinations.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This guide provides procedures that should be used by forensic document examiners (Guide E4441) for examinations and comparisons to determine whether or not two or more paper fragments were at one time joined to form a single piece of paper.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee E30 on Forensic Sciences, this practice was withdrawn in January 2018 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: E2288 − 09
Standard Guide for
Physical Match of Paper Cuts, Tears, and Perforations in
1
Forensic Document Examinations
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2288; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Significance and Use
1.1 This guide provides procedures that should be used by
4.1 This guide is intended for, but may not be limited to,
forensic document examiners (Guide E444) for examinations
physical match examinations of paper items. The physical
and comparisons to determine whether or not two or more
matchingorrealignmentofitemsofevidencemayoccurintwo
paper fragments were at one time joined to form a single piece
or three dimensions.
of paper.
4.2 The procedures outlined here are grounded in the
1.2 These procedures are applicable whether the examina-
generally accepted body of knowledge and experience in the
tion(s) and comparison(s) is of questioned and known items or
field of forensic document examination. By following these
of exclusively questioned items.
procedures, a forensic document examiner can reliably reach
an opinion concerning whether or not two or more paper
1.3 These procedures include evaluation of the sufficiency
fragments were at one time parts of a single piece of paper.
of the material available for examination.
1.4 The particular methods employed in a given case will
5. Interferences
depend upon the nature sufficiency of the material available for
5.1 Items submitted for examination may have inherent
examination.
limitations that can interfere with the procedures in this guide.
1.5 This guide may not cover all aspects of unusual or
Limitations should be noted and recorded.
uncommon examinations.
5.2 Limitations can be due to limited quantity, or
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
comparability, or condition of the items submitted for exami-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
nation.Theconditionofapapersamplemaymakeitunsuitable
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
for some types of examinations (for example, items that are
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
water soaked, stained, soiled, charred, or finely shredded
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.
paper). Such features are taken into account in this guide.
2. Referenced Documents
5.3 The results of prior storage, handling, testing, or chemi-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
calprocessing(forexample,forlatentprints)caninterferewith
E444 Guide for Scope of Work of Forensic Document
the examination of certain characteristics. Whenever possible,
Examiners
document examinations should be conducted prior to any
E1732 Terminology Relating to Forensic Science
chemical processing. Items should be handled appropriately to
E2195 Terminology Relating to the Examination of Ques-
avoid compromising subsequent examinations.
tioned Documents
5.4 In the absence of individual characteristics, it may only
3. Terminology
be possible to demonstrate an association between two or more
items through the commonality of class characteristics.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms in this guide, refer
to Terminology E1732 and Terminology E2195.
6. Equipment and Requirements
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This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic
6.1 Appropriate light source(s) of sufficient intensity to
Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.90 on Executive.
allow fine detail to be distinguished.
Current edition approved March 1, 2009. Published March 2009. Originally
NOTE 1—Natural light, incandescent or fluorescent sources, or fiber
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E2288 – 03. DOI:
10.1520/E2288-09. optic lighting systems are generally utilized. Transmitted lighting, side
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or lighting, and vertical incident lighting have been found useful.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
6.2 Magnification sufficient to allow fine detail to be distin-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. guished.
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E2288 − 09
6.3 Other apparatus as appropriate.Aids in the examination 7.7.5 Measurements and pattern count.
process can include clamps, clips, temporary adhesives, and
NOTE 2—Consideration should be given to repackaging the items in a
o
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