ASTM D1761-88(2000)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Fasteners in Wood
Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Fasteners in Wood
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods provide a basic procedure for evaluating the resistance of wood and wood-base materials to direct withdrawal of nails, staples, and screws. Spikes are included as nails in this standard.
1.2 The tests also provide a basis for determining comparable performance of different types and sizes of nails, staples, and screws in direct withdrawal from wood and wood-base materials.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D1761–88(Reapproved 2000)
Standard Test Methods for
Mechanical Fasteners in Wood
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1761; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
e NOTE—1 1/14 in. was corrected to 1 1/4 in. in 8.1.1 in October 2002.
INTRODUCTION
The use of wood and wood-base materials in many structural and other applications often involves
the use of mechanical fasteners, such as nails, screws, bolts, lag screws, and connectors. Data on the
strength and performance of such fasteners are frequently needed for design and for comparative
purposes. Tests of mechanical fasteners (except nail withdrawal) have been generally regarded as
special tests and have not been included in the standard methods already established for evaluating the
properties of wood. Many such special tests have been extensively used over a considerable period but
have not previously been established as standards. Presented herewith are methods of conducting tests
for nail, staple, and screw (except machine screws) withdrawal resistance; lateral load transmission by
nail, staple, screw, bolt, and timber connector; and load transmission by nail plates and joist hangers.
The use of standard methods for these tests is recommended as a means of obtaining comparable data
and of eliminating variables in test results because of variations in testing methods.
The tests appear in the following order:
Sections
Nail, Staple, or Screw Withdrawal Test 1to12
Lateral Nail, Staple, or Screw Resistance Test 13 to 20
Testing Bolted and Timber Connector Joints 21 to 30
Tension Tests of Plate-Type Connector Joints 31 to 40
Joist Hanger Tests 41 to 50
Precision and Bias 51
NAIL, STAPLE, OR SCREW WITHDRAWAL TEST priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1. Scope
2. Referenced Documents
1.1 These test methods provide a basic procedure for
evaluating the resistance of wood and wood-base materials to 2.1 ASTM Standards:
direct withdrawal of nails, staples, and screws. Spikes are D 143 Methods of Testing Small Clear Specimens of Tim-
included as nails in this standard. ber
1.2 The tests also provide a basis for determining compa- D 2016 Test Methods for Moisture Content of Wood
rable performance of different types and sizes of nails, staples, D 2395 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Wood and
and screws in direct withdrawal from wood and wood-base Wood-Base Materials
materials. E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the 2.2 Other Standards:
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the Federal Specification FF-W-92 for Washers, Metal, Flat
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- (Plain)
1 2
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.10.
Wood and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.05 on Wood Assem- Discontinued, see 1988 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.09.
blies. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
Current edition approved December 30, 1988. Published March 1989. Originally AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700
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published as D 1761 – 60 T. Last previous edition D 1761– 77(1988) . Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D1761–88 (2000)
ANSI B18.6.1 American National Standard for Slotted and
Recessed Head Wood Screws
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 Specimens consist of prisms of wood or wood-base
products, with nails, staples, or screws driven at right angles to
one or more faces. The fasteners are withdrawn at a uniform
rate of speed by means of a testing machine, and the maximum
load is recorded. Supplementary physical properties of the
wood or wood-base product are also determined.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The resistance of a species of wood or a wood-base
product to direct withdrawal of nails, staples, or screws is a
measure of its ability to hold or be held to an adjoining object
FIG. 1 Diagram of Assembly for Screw Withdrawal Test
by means of such fasteners. Factors that affect this withdrawal
resistance include the physical and mechanical properties of
and types of nail will be as circumstances dictate. These nails
the wood; the size, shape, and surface condition of the
shall be representative of the normal manufacturing process,
fasteners; the speed of withdrawal; physical changes to wood
and special cleaning of the shank shall normally not be
or fasteners between time of driving and time of withdrawal;
undertaken.
orientation of fiber axis; and the occurrence and nature of
6.2 Staples:
prebored lead holes.
6.2.1 Staples used for basic leg withdrawal resistance shall
4.2 By using a standard size and type of nail, staple, or
be standard 2 in. (51 mm) long, ⁄16 in. (11.1 mm) crown, 15
screw, withdrawal resistance of a wood species or wood
gage (0.072 in.) (1.83 mm) galvanized steel staples. They shall
product can be determined, and such values for two or more
be cleaned before use. Each staple shall be used but once.
wood species or wood products can be compared. Throughout
6.2.2 For determining holding ability of different types or
the method this is referred to as the basic withdrawal test.
sizes of staples in wood or wood products, the respective
Similarly, comparative performances of different sizes or types
staples shall be representative of the normal manufacturing
of nail, staple, or screw can be determined by using a standard
process, and special cleaning of the legs shall not normally be
procedure with a particular wood or wood product, which
undertaken.
eliminates the wood or the wood product as a variable. Since
6.3 Screws:
differences in test methods can have considerable influence on
6.3.1 Screws used for basic withdrawal tests shall be stan-
results, it is important that a standard procedure be specified
dard 1-in. (25 mm) No. 10-gage flathead low-carbon-steel
and adhered to, if test values are to be related to other test
wood screws as described in the American National Standard
results.
for Slotted and Recessed Head Wood Screws (ANSI B18.6.1).
5. Apparatus
Each screw shall be used but once.
5.1 Testing Machine—Any suitable testing machine that is
6.3.2 For determining holding ability of different sizes and
capable of operation at a constant rate of motion of the
types of screws in wood or wood products, the respective size
movable head and has an accuracy of 61 % when calibrated in
and types of screw will be as circumstances dictate. These
accordance with Practices E 4.
screws shall be representative of the normal manufacturing
5.2 Grips—A gripping device shaped to fit the base of the
process.
fastener head and of such a design as to allow accurate
6.4 Wood and Wood Products—Prisms shall be cut accu-
specimen positioning and true axial loading, is required. A
rately and square to the required dimensions, and be planned
clamping assembly that will hold the specimen to one platen of
smooth. They shall be of representative density, free of defects
the machine is also required. A suitable test mechanism for
and growth irregularities, and of specified moisture content.
screw withdrawal is illustrated in Fig. 1.
7. Sampling
6. Test Materials
7.1 Sampling should provide for selection of representative
6.1 Nails:
test material on an objective and unbiased basis, covering an
6.1.1 Nails used for basic withdrawal tests shall be bright
appropriate range in density and properties as circumstances
plain-shank diamond-point round-wire, low-carbon-steel nails
suggest.
nominally 0.113 in. (2.87 mm) in diameter (Note 1).They shall
7.2 The tests should be sufficiently extensive to provide
be cleaned before use to remove any coating or surface film
reliable results. Where analysis by statistical procedures is
that may be present as a result of manufacturing operations and
contemplated, experience and sometimes advance estimates
exposure. Each nail shall be used but once.
can be used to establish the scope of testing and type of
NOTE 1—A sixpenny common wire nail meets this requirement. sampling needed to achieve the expected reliability.
6.1.2 For determining holding ability of different sizes or
NOTE 2—The precision required, and thus the manner of sampling and
types of nails in wood or wood products, the respective sizes number of tests, will depend upon specific objectives. No specific criteria
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D1761–88 (2000)
therefore can be established. General experience indicates that the
length of the threaded portion. End and edge distance shall be
coefficient of variation from tests of fasteners ranges from about 15 to
sufficient to avoid splitting, which in general will be at least ⁄4
30 %.Whensuchisthecase,precisionof5to10 %,with95 %confidence
in. (19 mm) from the edge and 1 ⁄2 in. (38 mm) from the end,
(an often accepted general measure of reliability for testing wood) cannot
and spacing will be at least 2 ⁄2 in. (63 mm). The size of the
be achieved without making a rather large number of tests. The present
lead hole shall be 70 % of the root diameter of the screw for
recommendation is to make at least 10 replications for each variable as a
minimum requirement.
softwoods and hardwoods and shall extend ⁄2 in. (13 mm) into
the face of the specimen. The screws may be coated with
8. Test Specimen
paraffin wax or other similar lubricant when necessary to
facilitate driving.
8.1 Nail and Staple Withdrawal:
8.1.1 For basic withdrawal tests from wood, the wood prism
8.2.2 For basic withdrawal tests from wood products, the
shall be 2 by 2 by 6 in. (51 by 51 by 152 mm). Nails of the type
specimen shall be 3 in. (76 mm) in width, and 6 in. (152 mm)
outlined in 6.1.1 and staples of the type outlined in 6.2.1 shall
in length. The depth of the specimen shall be at least equal to
be driven at right angles to the face of the specimen to a total
the length of the screw, and it may be necessary to glue
penetration of 1 ⁄4 in. (32 mm). Two fasteners shall be driven
together two or more thicknesses of material to provide the
into a tangential surface, two into a radial surface, and one into
required depth. Screws of the type outlined in 6.2.1 shall be
each end. End and edge distances shall be sufficient to avoid
threaded into the specimen a distance of ⁄3 in. (17 mm) at
splitting. In general, edge distances should not be less than ⁄4
midwidth, at least 2 in. (51 mm) from the end of the specimen.
in. (19 mm), end distances not less than 1 ⁄2 in. (38 mm) and
The size of lead hole shall be 70 % of the root diameter of the
two fasteners shall not be driven in line with each other or less
screw and it shall extend ⁄2 in. (13 mm) into the face of the
than 2 in. (51 mm) apart on radial or tangential faces. Nails
specimen.Thescrewsmaybecoatedwithparaffinwaxorother
shall be driven manually with a hammer. Staples shall be
similar lubricant when necessary to facilitate driving.
inserted with an appropriate tool, as nearly as possible perpen-
8.2.3 For determining the withdrawal resistance of particu-
dicular to the specimen surface, with the staple crown at a 45°
lar sizes and types of screws in wood or wood products, the
(610°) angle to the grain direction of the prism.
specimen shall be of convenient size to accommodate the
8.1.2 For basic withdrawal tests from wood products, the
quantity of screws to be tested in each specimen, without
test prism shall be a single thickness of convenient size not
exceeding the edge and end distances and spacings necessary
smallerthan3in.(76mm)wideand6in.(152mm)long.Nails
to avoid splitting. Screws shall be threaded into the specimen
of the type outlined in 6.1.1 and staples of the type outlined in
for the length of the threaded portion of the shank or two thirds
6.2.1 shall be driven through the wood product at right angles
of the shank length if it is threaded throughout.The size of lead
to the face, permitting at least ⁄2 in. (13 mm) of the shank
hole, if one is to be drilled, shall be 70 % of the root diameter
portion to remain above the surface. Nails shall be driven
of the screw for a distance of one half of the screw length.
manually by means of a hammer. Staples shall be inserted with
an appropriate tool as in 8.1.1, but if there is no discernible
8.2.3.1 If the withdrawal resistance may be influenced by
grain direction in the wood product, the staple crown shall be
the material through which the screw is to be threaded the
oriented at a 45° (610°) angle to the length of the prism.
screwshallbethreadedthroughaheldmemberintotheholding
8.1.3 For determining the withdrawal resistance of particu-
member.
lar sizes and shapes of nails or staples in wood or wood
products, the specimen shall be of convenient size to accom-
9. Conditioning
modate the quantity of fasteners to be tested in each specimen,
9.1 Nail, staple, and screw withdrawal tests are normally
without exceeding the edge and end distances and spacings
made on seasoned material. The wood or wood product,
necessary to avoid splitting. In wood, fasteners should be
whetherkilndriedorair-dried,shallbestoredinaroomhaving
drivento70 %oftheirlength;inthinpanelwoodproductsthey
a controlled temperature of 206 3°C (68 6 6°F) and a
should be driven completely through the thickness with at least
controlled relative humidity of 65 6 3 % for a period suffi-
⁄2 in. (13 mm) of the shank portion remaining above the
ciently long to bring it to approximate equilibrium. The
surface. The fasteners shall be driven by the method intended
fasteners shall not be driven until equilibrium is attained in the
to be used in practice, that is, either manually with a hammer,
wood component.
or with an applicator or appropriate tool if this is the normal
method. 9.2 Where required, withdrawal tests may be made on drier,
partially seasoned or unseasoned material. It may sometimes
8.1.3.1 If the withdrawal resistance may be influenced by
the material through which the fastener is to be driven, the be desired to apply the fasteners to unseasoned material and
fastener shall be driven through the fastened member (cleat) allow the completed specimen to season prior to withdrawal.
into the fastening member. As in 9.1 these specimen
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