iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM D7378-07

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Measurement of Thickness of Applied Coating Powders to Predict Cured Thickness

Standard Practice for Measurement of Thickness of Applied Coating Powders to Predict Cured Thickness

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Many physical and appearance properties of the finished coating are affected by the film thickness. Film thickness can affect the color, gloss, surface profile, adhesion, flexibility, impact resistance and hardness of the coating. The fit of pieces assembled after coating can be affected when film thickness is not within tolerance. Therefore coatings must be applied within certain minimum and maximum film thickness specifications to optimize their intended use.
All procedures involve taking measurements of applied coating powders in the pre-cured, pre-gelled state to help insure correct cured film thickness. This enables the application system to be set up and fine-tuned prior to the curing process. In turn, this will reduce the amount of scrap and over-spray. Accurate predictions help avoid stripping and re-coating which can cause problems with adhesion and coating integrity.
Measurements of cured powder coating thickness can be made using different methods depending upon the substrate. Non-destructive measurements over metal substrates can be made with magnetic and eddy current coating thickness gages (see Practice D 7091). Non-destructive measurements over non-metal substrates can be made with ultrasonic coating thickness gages (see Test Method D 6132). Destructive measurements over rigid substrates can be made with cross-sectioning instruments (see Test Method D 4138).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the thickness measurement of dry coating powders applied to a variety of substrates. Use of some of these procedures may require repair of the coating powder. This practice is intended to supplement the manufacturers instructions for the operation of the gages and is not intended to replace them. It includes definitions of key terms, reference documents, the significance and use of the practice, and the advantages and limitations of the instruments.
1.2 Three procedures are provided for measuring dry coating powder thickness:
1.2.1 Procedure A - Using rigid metal notched (comb) gages.
1.2.2 Procedure B - Using magnetic or eddy current coating thickness gages.
1.2.3 Procedure C - Using non-contact ultrasonic powder thickness instruments.
1.3 Coating powders generally diminish in thickness during the curing process. These procedures therefore require a reduction factor be established to predict cured film thickness of powder coatings.
1.4 Procedure A and Procedure B measure the thickness (height or depth) of the applied coating powders in the pre-cured, pre-gelled state. By comparing results to the measured cured powder thickness in the same location, a reduction factor can be determined and applied to future thickness measurements of the same coating powder.
1.5 Procedure C results in a predicted thickness value based on a calibration for typical coating powders. If the powder in question is not typical then a calibration adjustment can be made to align gage readings with the actual cured values as determined by other measurement methods.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2007
ICS
17.040.20 - Properties of surfaces
Technical Committee
D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
Drafting Committee
D01.51 - Powder Coatings
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D7378-10 - Standard Practice for Measurement of Thickness of Applied Coating Powders to Predict Cured Thickness
Effective Date
01-Dec-2010

Buy Standard

ASTM D7378-07 - Standard Practice for Measurement of Thickness of Applied Coating Powders to Predict Cured ThicknessASTM D7378-07 - Standard Practice for Measurement of Thickness of Applied Coating Powders to Predict Cured Thickness
PreviousNext
Standard
ASTM D7378-07 - Standard Practice for Measurement of Thickness of Applied Coating Powders to Predict Cured Thickness
English language
5 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D7378–07
Standard Practice for
Measurement of Thickness of Applied Coating Powders to
1
Predict Cured Thickness
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7378; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 This practice describes the thickness measurement of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
dry coating powders applied to a variety of substrates. Use of
some of these procedures may require repair of the coating
2. Referenced Documents
powder. This practice is intended to supplement the manufac-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
turers’ instructions for the operation of the gages and is not
D4138 PracticesforMeasurementofDryFilmThicknessof
intended to replace them. It includes definitions of key terms,
Protective Coating Systems by Destructive, Cross-
reference documents, the significance and use of the practice,
Sectioning Means
and the advantages and limitations of the instruments.
D6132 Test Method for Nondestructive Measurement of
1.2 Three procedures are provided for measuring dry
Dry FilmThickness ofApplied Organic Coatings Using an
coating powder thickness:
Ultrasonic Gage
1.2.1 Procedure A—Using rigid metal notched (comb)
D7091 Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry
gages.
Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to
1.2.2 Procedure B—Usingmagneticoreddycurrentcoating
Ferrous Metals and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coat-
thickness gages.
ings Applied to Non-Ferrous Metals
1.2.3 Procedure C—Using non-contact ultrasonic powder
thickness instruments.
3. Terminology
1.3 Coating powders generally diminish in thickness during
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
the curing process. These procedures therefore require a
3.1.1 accuracy, n—the measure of the magnitude of error
reduction factor be established to predict cured film thickness
between the result of a measurement and the true thickness of
of powder coatings.
the item being measured.
1.4 Procedure A and Procedure B measure the thickness
3.1.2 adjustment, n—the physical act of aligning a gage’s
(height or depth) of the applied coating powders in the
thickness readings to match those of a known thickness sample
pre-cured, pre-gelled state. By comparing results to the mea-
(removal of bias) in order to improve the accuracy of the gage
sured cured powder thickness in the same location, a reduction
on a specific surface, within a specific portion of its measure-
factor can be determined and applied to future thickness
ment range or to specific operating conditions.
measurements of the same coating powder.
3.1.3 coating powders, n—finely divided particles of resin,
1.5 Procedure C results in a predicted thickness value based
either thermoplastic or thermosetting, generally incorporating
on a calibration for typical coating powders. If the powder in
pigments, fillers, and additives and remaining finely divided
question is not typical then a calibration adjustment can be
during storage under suitable conditions, which, after fusing
made to align gage readings with the actual cured values as
and possibly curing, give a continuous film.
determined by other measurement methods.
3.1.4 calibration, n—the high-level, controlled and docu-
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
mented process of obtaining measurements on traceable cali-
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
brationstandardsoverthefulloperatingrangeofthegage,then
only.
making the necessary gage adjustments (as required) to correct
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
any out-of-tolerance conditions.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.4.1 Discussion—Calibration of coating thickness gages
is performed in a controlled environment using a documented
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and
2
Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Subcommittee D01.51 on Powder Coatings. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published July 2007. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D7378-07. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 --------
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM D7091-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to Ferrous Metals and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coatings Applied to Non-Ferrous Metals

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice describes three operational steps necessary to ensure accurate coating thickness measurement: calibration, verification and adjustment of coating thickness measuring gages, as well as proper methods for obtaining coating thickness measurements on both ferrous and non-ferrous metal substrates.  
4.2 Many specifications for commercial and industrial coatings projects stipulate a minimum and a maximum dry film thickness for each layer in a coating system. Additionally, most manufacturers of high performance coatings will warranty coating systems based upon, in part, achieving the proper thickness of each layer and the total coating system. Even if a project specification is not provided, the coating manufacturer’s recommendations published on product data sheets can become the governing document(s). Equipment manufacturers produce nondestructive coating thickness testing gages that are used to measure the cumulative or individual thickness of the coating layers, after they are dry. The manufacturers provide information for the adjustment and use of these gages, normally in the form of operating instructions. The user of this equipment must be knowledgeable in the proper operation of these devices, including methods for verifying the accuracy of the equipment prior to, during and after use as well as measurement procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the use of magnetic and eddy current gages for dry film thickness measurement. This practice is intended to supplement the manufacturers’ instructions for the manual operation of the gages and is not intended to replace them. It includes definitions of key terms, reference documents, the significance and use of the practice, the advantages and limitations of coating thickness gages, and a description of test specimens. It describes the methods and recommended frequency for verifying the accuracy of gages and for adjusting the equipment and lists the reporting recommendations.  
1.2 These procedures are not applicable to coatings that will be readily deformed under the load of the measuring gages/probes, as the gage probe must be placed directly on the coating surface to obtain a reading. Provisions for measuring on soft or tacky coatings are described in 5.7.  
1.3 Coating thickness can be measured using a variety of gages. These gages are categorized as “magnetic pull-off” and “electronic.” They use a sensing probe or magnet to measure the gap (distance) between the base metal and the probe. This measured distance is displayed as coating thickness by the gages.  
1.4 Coating thickness can vary widely across a surface. As a result, obtaining single-point measurements may not accurately represent the actual coating system thickness. SSPC-PA 2 prescribes a frequency of coating thickness measurement based on the size of the area coated. A frequency of measurement for coated steel beams (girders) and coated test panels is also provided in the appendices to SSPC-PA 2. The governing specification is responsible for providing the user with the minimum and the maximum coating thickness for each layer, and for the total coating system.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D8271-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for the Direct Measurement of Surface Profile of Prepared Concrete

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Proper bonding of coatings and linings to concrete surfaces requires proper cleaning and frequently requires the concrete to be roughened to increase the surface area. The roughness, also known as surface profile, can be imparted into concrete by abrasive blast cleaning, acid etching or various impact/scarifying power tools. The resulting surface profile depth can influence coating/lining adhesion and performance. Coating/lining manufacturers or facility owners, or both, frequently specify cleaning and roughening of the concrete surface prior to product installation. The procedure described herein enables the user to quantitatively determine the profile directly from the prepared concrete surface in multiple locations. The procedure is similar to that described in Method B of Test Methods D4417, which addresses measurement of surface profile on abrasive blast cleaned steel surfaces.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is suitable for both field and laboratory use to quantify the depth of surface profile of prepared concrete. It may also be used on unprepared concrete surfaces.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D4417-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Field Measurement of Surface Profile of Blast Cleaned Steel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The height of surface profile has been shown to be a factor in the performance of various coatings applied to steel. For this reason, surface profile should be measured prior to coating application to ensure conformance of a prepared surface to profile requirements specified by the manufacturer of a protective coating or the coating job specification.  
Note 2: The peak count/peak density has been shown to be a factor in the performance of various coatings applied to steel. According to research performed by Roper, Weaver and Brandon6, an increase in peak count can improve the adhesion of some coatings to the prepared steel, as well as provide greater resistance to corrosion undercutting once the coating becomes damaged in service.
Note 3: Optical microscope methods serve as a referee method for surface profile measurement methods A and B. Profile depth designations are based on the concept of mean maximum profile (h max); this value is determined by averaging a given number (usually 20) of the highest peak to lowest valley measurements made in the field of view of a standard measuring microscope. This is done because of evidence that coating performance in any one small area is primarily influenced by the highest surface features in that area and not by the average roughness.7
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the description of techniques for measuring the profile of abrasive blast cleaned surfaces in the field, shop, and laboratory. There are other techniques suitable for laboratory use not covered by these test methods.  
1.2 Method B may also be appropriate to the measurement of profile produced by using power tools.
Note 1: The Method B procedure in this standard was developed for use on flat surfaces. Depending on the radius of the surface, the results could have greater variability with lower values and averages.  
1.3 SSPC standard SSPC-PA 17 provides additional guidance for determining conformance with surface profile requirements.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D5796-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Thin-Film Coil-Coated Systems by Destructive Means Using a Boring Device

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Measurement of dry film thickness of organic coatings by physically cutting through the film and optically observing and measuring the thickness offers the advantage of direct measurement as compared with nondestructive means.  
3.2 Constituent coating layers of an overall thickness of a coating system can usually be measured individually by this test method, provide adhesion between each layer is sufficient. (However, this can be difficult in cases where the primer, topcoat, or multiple coating layers have the same, or very similar, appearance.)
FIG. 1 Typical Crater Formed by Boring Device
Note 1: The drawing is not to scale. It is for illustration purposes only.
Note 2: θ = 5.710593°
Tan θ = A/B = 0.1
A = 0.1B
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of dry film thickness (DFT) of coating films by microscopic observation of a precision-cut, shallow-angle crater bored into the coating film. This crater reveals cross sectional layers appearing as rings, whose width is proportional to the depth of the coating layer(s) and allows for direct calculation of dry film thickness.  
1.1.1 The Apparatus, Procedure, and Precision and Bias discussions include Method A and Method B. Method A involves the use of an optical measurement apparatus which is no longer commercially available, but remains a valid method of dry film measurement. Method B is a software driven measurement procedure that supersedes Method A.  
1.2 The substrate may be any rigid, metallic material, such as cold-rolled steel, hot-dipped galvanized steel, aluminum, etc. The substrate must be planar with the exception of substrates exhibiting “coil set,” which may be held level by the use of the clamping tool on the drilling device.
Note 1: Variations in the surface profile of the substrate may result in misrepresentative organic coating thickness readings. This condition may exist over substrates such as hot-dipped, coated steel sheet. This is true of all “precision cut” methods that are used to determine dry film thickness of organic coatings. This is why several measurements across the strip may be useful if substrate surface profile is suspect.  
1.3 The range of thickness measurement is 0 to 3.5 mils (0 to 89 μm).
Note 2: For DFT measurements of films greater than 3.5 mils (89μm), but less than 63 mils (1600 μm), a 45° borer may be used in accordance with this test method, with the exception of 6.8, where the micrometer reading would provide a direct read-out, and division by ten would be unnecessary per 4.3.1 Method A.  
1.4 Measurements may be made on coil-coated sheet, certain formed products, or on test panels.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D5235-18(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Microscopic Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Coatings on Wood Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 As a base for calibration adjustment or accuracy verification of dry film coating thickness measuring instruments.  
5.2 The dry film thickness of coatings on wood or wood-based products is specified in written product warranties for proper decorative and protective performance of coatings on wood or wood-based products.  
5.3 The minimum and maximum dry film thickness of coatings is recommended by coating companies for satisfactory decorative and protective performance on wood or wood-based products.  
5.4 The average dry film thickness of coatings on wood or wood-based material may be used by manufacturing companies to estimate the theoretical cost of applied coatings.  
5.5 The ratio of minimum to maximum dry film thickness on textured products is used as an indication of coating uniformity.  
5.6 Specific coated product requirements may dictate certain film thickness determinations to be made. Agreement between buyer and seller may be advisable to accommodate product needs relative to dry film thickness.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of dry film thickness of coatings applied to a smooth, textured or curved rigid substrate of wood or a wood-based product.  
1.2 This test method covers the preparation of wood or wood-based specimens for the purpose of microscopic measurement of dry film thickness.  
1.3 This test method suggests an analysis of dry film thickness of coatings on wood or wood-based products using a microscopic measurement.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D7869-17(Practice)
Standard Practice for Xenon Arc Exposure Test with Enhanced Light and Water Exposure for Transportation Coatings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test procedure is used to simulate the physical and environmental stresses that a coating for exterior transportation applications (for example, automotive) is exposed to in a subtropical climate, such as southern Florida. It has been found that such a subtropical climate causes particularly severe deterioration of such coatings. The long water exposures and wet/dry cycling found in southern Florida are particularly important for this deterioration, in addition to the high dosage of solar radiation (3). This practice was developed to address the deficiencies of historical tests used for transportation coatings, especially automotive coatings (4).
Note 1: This test procedure was developed through eight years of cooperative testing between automotive and aerospace OEM’s, material suppliers, and test equipment manufacturers. See References for published papers on this research.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice specifies the operating procedures for a controlled irradiance xenon arc light and water apparatus. The procedure uses one or more lamp(s) and optical filter(s) to produce irradiance similar to sunlight in the UV and visible range. It also simulates the water absorption and stress cycles experienced by automotive exterior coatings under natural weathering conditions. This practice has also been found applicable to coatings on other transportation vehicles, such as aircraft, trucks and rail cars.  
1.2 This practice uses a xenon arc light source with specified optical filter(s). The spectral power distribution (SPD) for the lamp and special daylight filter(s) is as specified in Annex A1. The irradiance level used in this practice varies between 0.40 and 0.80 W/(m2·nm) at 340 nm. Water is sprayed on the specimens during portions of several dark steps. The application of water is such that the coatings will absorb and desorb substantial amounts of water during testing. In addition, the cycling between wet/dry and warm/cool will induce mechanical stresses into the materials. These test conditions are designed to simulate the physical and chemical stresses from environments in a subtropical climate, such as southern Florida.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D7378-16(Practice)
Standard Practice for Measurement of Thickness of Applied Coating Powders to Predict Cured Thickness

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many physical and appearance properties of the finished coating are affected by the film thickness. Film thickness can affect the color, gloss, surface profile, adhesion, flexibility, impact resistance and hardness of the coating. The fit of pieces assembled after coating can be affected when film thickness is not within tolerance. Therefore coatings must be applied within certain minimum and maximum film thickness specifications to optimize their intended use.  
5.2 All procedures involve taking measurements of applied coating powders in the pre-cured, pre-gelled state to help insure correct cured film thickness. This enables the application system to be set up and fine-tuned prior to the curing process. In turn, this will reduce the amount of scrap and over-spray. Accurate predictions help avoid stripping and re-coating which can cause problems with adhesion and coating integrity.  
5.3 Measurements of cured powder coating thickness can be made using different methods depending upon the substrate. Non-destructive measurements over metal substrates can be made with magnetic and eddy current coating thickness gages (see Practice D7091). Non-destructive measurements over non-metal substrates can be made with ultrasonic coating thickness gages (see Test Method D6132). Destructive measurements over rigid substrates can be made with cross-sectioning instruments (see Practices D4138).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the thickness measurement of dry coating powders applied to a variety of rigid substrates. Use of some of these procedures may require repair of the coating powder. This practice covers the use of portable instruments. It is intended to supplement the manufacturers’ instructions for their operation of the gages and is not intended to replace them. It includes definitions of key terms, reference documents, the significance and use of the practice, and the advantages and limitations of the instruments.  
1.2 Three procedures are provided for measuring dry coating powder thickness:  
1.2.1 Procedure A—Using rigid metal notched (comb) gages.  
1.2.2 Procedure B—Using magnetic or eddy current coating thickness gages.  
1.2.3 Procedure C—Using non-contact ultrasonic powder thickness instruments.  
1.3 Coating powders generally diminish in thickness during the curing process. Some of these procedures therefore require a reduction factor be established to predict cured film thickness of powder coatings.  
1.4 Procedure A and Procedure B  
measure the thickness (height or depth) of the applied coating powders in the pre-cured, pre-gelled state. By comparing results to the measured cured powder thickness in the same location, a reduction factor can be determined and applied to future thickness measurements of the same coating powder.  
1.5 Procedure C  
results in a predicted thickness value of the cured state based on a calibration for typical coating powders. If the powder in question is not typical then an adjustment can be made to align gage readings with the actual cured values as determined by other measurement methods.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM G98-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Galling Resistance of Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to rank material couples in their resistance to the failure mode caused by galling and not merely to classify the surface appearance of sliding surfaces.  
5.2 This test method should be considered when damaged (galled) surfaces render components non-serviceable. Experience has shown that galling is most prevalent in sliding systems that are slow moving and operate intermittently. The galling and seizure of threaded components is a classic example which this test method most closely simulates.  
5.3 Other galling-prone examples include: sealing surfaces of value trim which may leak excessively due to galling; and pump wear rings that may function ineffectively due to galling.  
5.4 If the equipment continues to operate satisfactorily and loses dimension gradually, then mechanical wear should be evaluated by a different test such as the crossed cylinder Test Method (see Test Method G83). Chain belt pins and bushings are examples of this type of problem.  
5.5 This test method should not be used for quantitative or final design purposes since many environmental factors influence the galling performance of materials in service. Lubrication, alignment, stiffness and geometry are only some of the factors that can affect how materials perform. This test method has proven valuable in screening materials for prototypical testing that more closely simulates actual service conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory test which ranks the galling resistance of material couples. Most galling studies have been conducted on bare metals and alloys; however, non-metallics, coatings, and surface modified alloys may also be evaluated by this test method.  
1.2 This test method is not designed for evaluating the galling resistance of material couples sliding under lubricated conditions because galling usually will not occur under lubricated sliding conditions using this test method.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM G99-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Wear and Friction Testing with a Pin-on-Disk or Ball-on-Disk Apparatus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The amount of wear in any system will, in general, depend upon the number of system factors such as the applied load, machine characteristics, sliding speed, sliding distance, the environment, and the material properties. The value of any wear test method lies in predicting the relative ranking of material combinations. Since the pin-on-disk test method does not attempt to duplicate all the conditions that may be experienced in service (for example, lubrication, load, pressure, contact geometry, removal of wear debris, and presence of corrosive environment), there is no insurance that the test will predict the wear rate of a given material under conditions differing from those in the test.  
5.2 The use of this test method will fall in one of two categories: (1) the test(s) will follow all particulars of the standard, and the results will have been compared to the ILS data (Table 2), or (2) the test(s) will have followed the procedures/methodology of Test Method G99 but applied to other materials or using other parameters such as load, speed, materials, etc., or both. In this latter case, the results cannot be compared to the ILS data (Table 2). Further, it must be clearly stated what choices of test parameters/materials were chosen.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure for determining the wear of materials and friction during sliding using a pin-on-disk apparatus. Materials are tested in pairs under nominally non-abrasive conditions. The principal areas of experimental attention in using this type of apparatus to measure wear are described.  
1.2 This test method standard uses a specific set of test parameters (load, sliding speed, materials, etc.) that were then used in an interlaboratory study (ILS), the results of which are given here (Tables 1 and 2). (This satisfies the ASTM form in that “The directions for performing the test should include all of the essential details as to apparatus, test specimen, procedure, and calculations needed to achieve satisfactory precision and bias.”) Any user should report that they “followed the requirements of ASTM G99,” where that is true.  
1.3 Now it is often found in practice that users may follow all instructions given here, but choose other test parameters, such as load, speed, materials, environment, etc., and thereby obtain different test results. Such a use of this standard is encouraged as a means to improve wear testing methodology. However, it must be clearly stated in any report that, while the directions and protocol in Test Method G99 were followed (if true), the choices of test parameters were different from Test Method G99 values, and the test results were therefore also different from the Test Method G99 results. This use should be described as having “followed the procedure of ASTM G99.” All test parameters that were used in such case must be stated.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E430-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Gloss of High-Gloss Surfaces by Abridged Goniophotometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The gloss of metallic finishes is important commercially on metals for automotive, architectural, and other uses where these metals undergo special finishing processes to produce the appearances desired. It is important for the end-products, which use such finished metals that parts placed together have the same glossy appearance.  
5.2 It is also important that automotive finishes and other high-gloss nonmetallic surfaces possess the desired finished appearance. The present method identifies by measurements important aspects of finishes. Those having identical sets of numbers normally have the same gloss characteristics. It usually requires more than one measurement to identify properly the glossy appearance of any finish (see Refs 3 and 4).
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of the reflection characteristics responsible for the glossy appearance of high-gloss surfaces. Two test methods, A and B, are provided for evaluating such surface characteristics at specular angles of 20° and 30°, respectively. These test methods are not suitable for diffuse finish surfaces nor do they measure color, another appearance attribute.  
1.2 As originally developed by Tingle and others (see Refs 1 and 2),2 the test methods were applied only to bright metals. Recently they have been applied to high-gloss automotive finishes and other nonmetallic surfaces.  
1.3 The DOI of a glossy surface is generally independent of its curvature. The DOI measurement by this test method is limited to flat or flattenable surfaces.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off