ASTM D1403-10
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease Using One-Quarter and One-Half Scale Cone Equipment
Standard Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease Using One-Quarter and One-Half Scale Cone Equipment
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods are applicable to greases of National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI) consistency numbers 0 to 4 and is intended for use only where the size of the sample prevents the use of Test Methods D217.
Actual reduced-scale penetration values are not used or reported. They are converted to full-scale penetration values (see Sections 9 and 10). This test method is not intended to replace the full-scale penetration as described in Test Methods D217. Precision is better in the full-scale penetration method.
Worked penetration results, after conversion to full-scale values, may be used to establish the consistency of lubricating greases within the above NLGI consistency numbers. The results obtained from these test methods are widely used for specification purposes, however, no correlation with field performance has been established.
Unworked penetration results provide a means of evaluating the effect of storage conditions on grease consistency.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover two procedures for measuring the consistency of small samples of lubricating greases by penetration of a ¼-scale cone or a ½-scale cone. These test methods include procedures for the measurement of unworked and worked penetrations.
1.2 Unworked penetrations do not generally represent the consistency of greases in use as effectively as do worked penetrations. The latter are usually preferred for inspecting lubricating greases.
1.3 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. In the United States, the equipment dimensions stated in inches are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D1403 − 10
Designation: 310/84 (92)
Standard Test Methods for
Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease Using One-Quarter
1
and One-Half Scale Cone Equipment
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1403; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
3
1. Scope* 2.2 Energy Institute Standard:
IP50 Method ofTesting for Cone Penetration of Lubricating
1.1 These test methods cover two procedures for measuring
Grease
the consistency of small samples of lubricating greases by
1 1
penetration of a ⁄4-scale cone or a ⁄2-scale cone. These test
3. Terminology
methods include procedures for the measurement of unworked
3.1 Definitions:
and worked penetrations.
3.1.1 consistency, n— of lubricating grease, the degree of
1.2 Unworked penetrations do not generally represent the
resistance to movement under stress.
consistency of greases in use as effectively as do worked
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Thetermconsistencyisusedsomewhat
penetrations. The latter are usually preferred for inspecting
synonymously with penetration. Generally, consistency refers
lubricating greases.
to the worked penetration of a grease. D217
1.3 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
3.1.2 lubricant, n—any material interposed between two
Thevaluesgiveninparenthesesareforinformationonly.Inthe
surfaces that reduces the friction or wear between them. D4175
United States, the equipment dimensions stated in inches are to
3.1.3 lubricating grease, n—a semi-fluid to solid product of
be regarded as the standard.
a dispersion of a thickener in a liquid lubricant.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.3.1 Discussion—The dispersion of the thickener forms a
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
two-phase system and immobilizes the liquid lubricant by
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
surface tension and other physical forces. Other ingredients
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
imparting special properties are often included. D217
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.4 penetrometer, n—an instrument that measures the
consistency or hardness of semiliquid to semisolid materials by
2. Referenced Documents
measuring the depth to which a specified cone or needle under
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
a given force falls into the material.
D217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating
3.1.4.1 Discussion—In these test methods, either a one-
Grease
quarter scale cone (A1.1) or a one-half scale cone (A1.3) can
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum
be used to determine the consistency of lubricating greases.
Products, and Lubricants
The penetration forces are determined by the respective masses
of the cones and shafts.
1 3.1.5 thickener, n—in lubricating grease, a substance com-
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee posed of finely divided particles dispersed in a liquid lubricant
D02.G0.02 on Consistency and Related Rheological Tests.
to form the product’s structure.
In the IP, this test method is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization
3.1.5.1 Discussion—The thickener can be fibers (such as
Committee. This test method has been approved by the sponsoring committee and
various metallic soaps) or plates or spheres (such as certain
accepted by the cooperating societies in accordance with established procedures.
Current edition approved May 1, 2010. Published June 2010. Originally
non-soap thickeners) which are insoluble or, at the most, only
approved in 1956. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D1403–02(2007).
very slightly soluble in the liquid lubricant. The general
DOI: 10.1520/D1403-10.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,
the ASTM website. U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1403 − 10
cone dimensions, and weights of cone and its movable attachments is
requirements are that the solid particles be
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D1403–02 (Reapproved 2007) Designation:D1403–10
Designation: 310/84(92)
Standard Test Methods for
Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease Using One-Quarter
1
and One-Half Scale Cone Equipment
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1403; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 These test methods cover two procedures for measuring the consistency of small samples of lubricating greases by
1 1
penetration of a ⁄4-scale cone or a ⁄2-scale cone. These test methods include procedures for the measurement of unworked and
worked penetrations.
1.2 Unworkedpenetrationsdonotgenerallyrepresenttheconsistencyofgreasesinuseaseffectivelyasdoworkedpenetrations.
The latter are usually preferred for inspecting lubricating greases.
1.3 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. In the
United States, the equipment dimensions stated in inches are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum Products, and Lubricants
3
2.2 Energy Institute Standard:
IP 50 Method of Testing for Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 consistency, n— of lubricating grease, the degree of resistance to movement under stress.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The term consistency is used somewhat synonymously with penetration. Generally, consistency refers to
the worked penetration of a grease. D217
3.1.2 lubricant, n—any material interposed between two surfaces that reduces the friction or wear between them. D4175
3.1.3 lubricating grease, n—a semi-fluid to solid product of a dispersion of a thickener in a liquid lubricant.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—The dispersion of the thickener forms a two-phase system and immobilizes the liquid lubricant by surface
tension and other physical forces. Other ingredients imparting special properties are often included. D217
3.1.4 penetrometer, n—an instrument that measures the consistency or hardness of semiliquid to semisolid materials by
measuring the depth to which a specified cone or needle under a given force falls into the material.
1
ThesetestmethodsareunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD02onPetroleumProductsandLubricantsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD02.G0.02
on Consistency and Related Rheological Tests.
In the IP, this test method is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee. This test method has been approved by the sponsoring committee and accepted by
the cooperating societies in accordance with established procedures.
Current edition approved Nov.May 1, 2007.2010. Published January 2008.June 2010. Originally approved in 1956. Last previous edition approved in 20022007 as
D1403–02(2007). DOI: 10.1520/D1403-02R07.10.1520/D1403-10.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
IPMethodsforAnalysisandTestingavailablefrom61NewCavendishSt.,London,EnglandWIM8AR.AvailablefromEnergyInstitute,61NewCavendishSt.,London,
WIG 7AR, U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk.
3
Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1403–10
3.1.4.1 Discussion—In these test methods, either a one-quarter scale cone (A1.1) or a one-half scale cone (A1.3) can be used
to determine the consistency of lubricating greases. The penetration forces are determined by the respective masses of the cones
and shafts.
3
...
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