ASTM F2872-19

Standard Specification for 225/75R16C 116/114S M+S Radial Light Truck Standard Reference Test Tire

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the general requirements for the 225/75R16C 116/114S radial light truck (European light duty vehicle) standard reference test. In this specification, a 16.0 rim diameter code standard tire design and constructions, standard dimensions, and specific conditions of storage are provided. Tire used in this specification was used as a reference tire for braking traction, snow traction, and wear performance evaluation. The reference tire may also be used for testing pavement roughness, noise and other evaluations requiring a reference tire. Testing procedures for the tensile sheet, the 300% stress elongation, the elongation and the tire tread hardness shall be in accordance with the requirements detailed in the Practice D3182 and Test Methods D412 and D2240. Other specifies testing procedures are using of Type A durometer positioned in the centre of a pressure foot at a minimum of 6.0 mm, checking durometer operation and calibration, determining tired tread hardness and eliminating shock in the application of pressure foot.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for the 225/75R16C 116/114S radial light truck (or European light duty vehicle) standard reference test tire. The tire covered by this specification is primarily for use as a reference tire for braking traction, snow traction, and wear performance evaluations, but may also be used for other evaluations, such as pavement roughness, noise, or other tests that require a reference tire.  
1.1.1 Other standard reference test tires are also used for these purposes and are referenced in Section 2.  
1.2 This specification provides a 16.0 rim diameter code standard tire design and construction, standard dimensions, and specifies the conditions of storage.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Sep-2019
• ICS: 83.160.10 - Road vehicle tyres
• Technical Committee: F09 - Tires
• Drafting Committee: F09.20 - Vehicular Testing

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM F2872-16 - Standard Specification for 225/75R16C 116/114S M+S Radial Light Truck Standard Reference Test Tire
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2019
• Refers: ASTM E1136-19 - Standard Specification for P195/75R14 Radial Standard Reference Test Tire
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2019
• Refers: ASTM F2493-18 - Standard Specification for P225/60R16 97S Radial Standard Reference Test Tire
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2018
• Refers: ASTM E1136-17 - Standard Specification for P195/75R14 Radial Standard Reference Test Tire
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2017
• Refers: ASTM F2870-16 - Standard Specification for 315/70R22.5 154/150L Radial Truck Standard Reference Test Tire
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2016
• Refers: ASTM E1136-14 - Standard Specification for P195/75R14 Radial Standard Reference Test Tire
• Effective Date: 15-Aug-2014
• Refers: ASTM F2493-14 - Standard Specification for P225/60R16 97S Radial Standard Reference Test Tire
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2014
• Refers: ASTM F2871-11 - Standard Specification for 245/70R19.5 136/134M Radial Truck Standard Reference Test Tire
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2011
• Refers: ASTM F2870-11 - Standard Specification for 315/70R22.5 154/150L Radial Truck Standard Reference Test Tire
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2011
• Refers: ASTM F538-09 - Standard Terminology Relating to the Characteristics and Performance of Tires
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2009
• Refers: ASTM F2493-08 - Standard Specification for P225/60R16 97S Radial Standard Reference Test Tire
• Effective Date: 01-May-2008
• Refers: ASTM F2493-06 - Standard Specification for P225/60R16 97S Radial Standard Reference Test Tire
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2006
• Refers: ASTM F538-03 - Standard Terminology Relating to the Characteristics and Performance of Tires
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2003
• Refers: ASTM F538-99 - Standard Terminology Relating to the Characteristics and Performance of Tires
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-1999
• Refers: ASTM E1136-93(2003) - Standard Specification for A Radial Standard Reference Test Tire
• Effective Date: 15-Mar-1993

Overview

ASTM F2872-19 establishes the requirements for the 225/75R16C 116/114S M+S radial light truck standard reference test tire. Developed by ASTM International, this specification is primarily intended for use as a reference tire in evaluating braking traction, snow traction, and wear performance for light trucks and European light-duty vehicles. The standard ensures precise physical, structural, and dimensional criteria are met, supporting consistent performance evaluation in standardized testing environments.

Key Topics

• Scope and Purpose:

  • Applies to the 225/75R16C 116/114S radial light truck tire with a 16.0 rim diameter, designed as a standard reference tire.
  • Primarily used for benchmarking braking traction, snow traction, and wear.
  • Suitable for additional tests, including pavement roughness, noise, and other performance metrics requiring reference tires.

• Design and Construction:

  • Conforms to European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation (ETRTO) standards for dimensions and tolerances.
  • Steel-belted, all-radial construction with designated ply configurations:
    • Two-ply polyester sidewalls
    • Five-ply tread construction (two polyester plies, three steel belts)
    • Black sidewalls

• Physical Properties:

  • Controlled tread compound characteristics specified by physical properties such as tensile strength, elongation, and durometer hardness.
  • Standard dimensions, weights, and tolerances are strictly regulated.

• Testing Methods:

  • Evaluations are conducted in line with ASTM Methods D3182, D412, D2240, and ISO standards for tread hardness and durometer use.
  • Specific procedures include use and calibration of Type A durometers and conditioning of tire samples prior to testing.

• Storage and Certification:

  • Detailed guidelines for storage-temperature and humidity controls, limited exposure to ozone and light, and stacking instructions-to preserve the characteristics of the reference tire.
  • Certification by the manufacturer upon request ensures compliance with all aspects of this ASTM specification.

Applications

Implementing ASTM F2872-19 enhances the reliability and repeatability of tests conducted by tire manufacturers, automotive OEMs, and regulatory agencies. Major applications include:

• Performance Benchmarking:

  • Essential for consistent comparative testing of new light truck tire designs against a standard reference.
  • Supports regulatory requirements in measuring wet and dry braking, snow traction, and treadwear.

• Pavement and Vehicle Systems Testing:

  • Utilized in studies of pavement surface characteristics such as roughness and noise generation.
  • Assists in determining tire-pavement friction across different surfaces and environmental conditions.

• Product Development and Quality Control:

  • Facilitates tire development by offering a benchmark for performance evaluation.
  • Ensures uniformity in test procedures for internal quality assurance and external compliance verification.

Related Standards

The ASTM F2872-19 standard reference test tire is part of a broader framework for tire and vehicle testing. Related standards include:

• ASTM D412 - Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers-Tension
• ASTM D3182 - Practice for Rubber-Materials, Equipment, and Procedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Preparing Standard Vulcanized Sheets
• ASTM D2240 – Test Method for Rubber Property-Durometer Hardness
• ASTM E867 - Terminology Relating to Vehicle-Pavement Systems
• ASTM F538 - Terminology Relating to the Characteristics and Performance of Tires
• ASTM F2493 - Specification for P225/60R16 97S Radial Standard Reference Test Tire
• ISO 868 / ISO 21509 - International standards for durometer measurement and verification

Conclusion

ASTM F2872-19 is the industry-standard specification for the 225/75R16C 116/114S M+S radial light truck reference test tire, ensuring uniformity and reliability in tire performance benchmarking. Its application is valuable for safety, regulatory compliance, and quality assurance programs in the global automotive and tire sectors.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:F2872 −19
Standard Specification for
225/75R16C 116/114S M+S Radial Light Truck Standard
Reference Test Tire
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2872; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D412 Test Methods forVulcanized Rubber andThermoplas-
tic Elastomers—Tension
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for
D3182 PracticeforRubber—Materials,Equipment,andPro-
the 225/75R16C 116/114S radial light truck (or European light
cedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Preparing
duty vehicle) standard reference test tire. The tire covered by
Standard Vulcanized Sheets
this specification is primarily for use as a reference tire for
E867 Terminology Relating to Vehicle-Pavement Systems
braking traction, snow traction, and wear performance
E1136 Specification for P195/75R14 Radial Standard Refer-
evaluations,butmayalsobeusedforotherevaluations,suchas
ence Test Tire
pavement roughness, noise, or other tests that require a
F538 Terminology Relating to the Characteristics and Per-
reference tire.
1.1.1 Other standard reference test tires are also used for formance of Tires
these purposes and are referenced in Section 2. F2493 Specification for P225/60R16 97S Radial Standard
Reference Test Tire
1.2 This specification provides a 16.0 rim diameter code
F2870 Specification for 315/70R22.5 154/150L Radial
standardtiredesignandconstruction,standarddimensions,and
Truck Standard Reference Test Tire
specifies the conditions of storage.
F2871 Specification for 245/70R19.5 136/134M Radial
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Truck Standard Reference Test Tire
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
2.2 ISO Standards:
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-
ISO 868 Plastics and ebonite – Determination of indentation
tion only and are not considered standard.
hardness by means of a durometer (Shore hardness)
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ISO 21509 Plastics and Ebonite – Verification of Shore
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
durometers
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3. Terminology
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1 Definitions:
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.1.1 Fordefinitionsoftermsusedinthisspecification,refer
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
to Terminology F538.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.1.2 pavement characteristic, n—physical feature or prop-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
erty of a pavement surface such as type, roughness, texture,
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
and skid resistance. E867
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.3 pitch, n—unitoftreadpatternelementsusedinvarious
combinations to obtain optimum noise levels. F538
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.4 standard reference test tire, SRTT, n—tire that is used
as a control tire or surface-monitoring tire (for example,
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F09 on Tires
Specifications E1136, F2493, F2870, F2871, and F2872 tires).
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F09.20 on Vehicular Testing.
F538
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2019. Published October 2019. Originally
approved in 2011. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as F2872 – 16. DOI:
10.1520/F2872-19.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,
the ASTM website. Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2872−19
TABLE 1 Physical Properties of Tread Compound
Tensile sheet cure, min at 160°C (320°F) 15.0 min
Stress at 300 % elongation, Mpa (psi) 11.0 ± 2.0 MPa (1595 ± 290 psi)
Tensile strength, min MPa (psi) 15.5 MPa (2250 psi) min
Elongation, min % 450 % min
A
Durometer hardness 64 ± 2 Type A
A
Measured on tire tread.
5.2 Tread compound, fabric processing, and all the steps in
tire manufacturing shall be controlled to ensure minimum
variability between tires.
5.3 The standard reference test tire shall be as originally
molded without any tread grinding or repairs.
5.4 Since the formulation for tread compounds are
proprietary, they shall be controlled by means of their physical
properties given in Table 1.
FIG. 1Front View of the 225/75R16C 116/114S Radial Light Truck
Standard Reference Test Tire
5.5 Dimensions, weights, and permissible variations are
given in Section 7.
5.6 The tire shall be of the following construction:
5.6.1 Two-ply sidewall construction (polyester).
5.6.2 A five-ply tread construction (two-ply polyester and
three steel belts).
5.6.3 Black sidewall.
6. Physical Properties
6.1 The physical properties of the tread compound are listed
in Table 1.
7. Dimensions, Weights, and Permissible Variations
FIG. 2Side View of the 225/75R16C 116/114S Radial Light Truck
Standard Reference Test Tire
7.1 Details of dimensions are listed as follows and are
shown in Fig. 3. When tolerances are not specified, tire
dimensions are subject to manufacturer’s normal tolerances.
4. Design and Construction
4.1 The 225/75R16C 116/114S standard reference test tire 7.2 Inflated Dimensions and Cured CordAngles (at 475 kPa
(69 psi)):
shall feature the steel-belted radial technology, see Fig. 1 and
Fig. 2, with technology as described in Sections5–7. 7.2.1 The tread width shall be 175.6 mm (6.91 in.), and the
cross-sectional tread radius shall be 700 6 50.8 mm (27.56 6
4.2 The tire shall be designed to conform to the European
2.0 in.).
Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation (ETRTO) dimensions
7.2.2 The tread radius is measured using a reference radius
and tolerances for cross section and overall diameter found in
template as shown in Fig. 4.
the current ETRTO Standards Manual.
7.2.3 Thetireshallhaveanoverallsectionwidthof223mm
4.3 The tire used for this specification is produced by
(8.78 in.), and an outside diameter of 750.9 mm (29.56 in.)
ManufactureFrancaisedesPneumatiquesMichelin. Thetireis
when mounted on a measuring rim (16 by 6.00 rim).
stamped on the sidewall with the words: “Standard Reference
7.2.4 The cured cord angles shall be 90 6 2° for the carcass
Test Tire” and “F2872”.
and 22 6 2° for the 3 belts.
7.3 Ribs—The tire shall have four ribs.
5. Materials and Manufacture
7.4 Grooves—The tire shall have three circumferential
5.1 The individual standard reference test tires shall
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F2872 − 16 F2872 − 19
Standard Specification for
225/75R16C 116/114S M+S Radial Light Truck Standard
Reference Test Tire
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2872; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for the 225/75R16C 116/114S radial light truck (or European light duty
vehicle) standard reference test tire. The tire covered by this specification is primarily for use as a reference tire for braking traction,
snow traction, and wear performance evaluations, but may also be used for other evaluations, such as pavement roughness, noise,
or other tests that require a reference tire.
1.1.1 Other standard reference test tires are also used for these purposes and are referenced in Section 2.
1.2 This specification provides a 16.0 rim diameter code standard tire design and construction, standard dimensions, and
specifies the conditions of storage.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions
to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers—Tension
D3182 Practice for Rubber—Materials, Equipment, and Procedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Preparing Standard
Vulcanized Sheets
E867 Terminology Relating to Vehicle-Pavement Systems
E1136 Specification for P195/75R14 Radial Standard Reference Test Tire
F538 Terminology Relating to the Characteristics and Performance of Tires
F2493 Specification for P225/60R16 97S Radial Standard Reference Test Tire
F2870 Specification for 315/70R22.5 154/150L Radial Truck Standard Reference Test Tire
F2871 Specification for 245/70R19.5 136/134M Radial Truck Standard Reference Test Tire
2.2 ISO Standards:
ISO 868 Plastics and ebonite – Determination of indentation hardness by means of a durometer (Shore hardness)
ISO 21509 Plastics and Ebonite – Verification of Shore durometers
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this specification, refer to Terminology F538.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F09 on Tires and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F09.20 on Vehicular Testing.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2016Oct. 1, 2019. Published November 2016October 2019. Originally approved in 2011. Last previous edition approved in 20112016
as F2872 – 11.F2872 – 16. DOI: 10.1520/F2872-16.10.1520/F2872-19.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva,
Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2872 − 19
3.1.2 pavement characteristic, n—physical feature or property of a pavement surface such as type, roughness, texture, and skid
resistance. E867
3.1.3 pitch, n—unit of tread pattern elements used in various combinations to obtain optimum noise levels. F538
3.1.4 standard reference test tire, SRTT, n—tire that is used as a control tire or surface-monitoring tire (for example,
Specifications E1136, F2493, F2870, F2871, and F2872 tires). F538
4. Design and Construction
4.1 The 225/75R16C 116/114S standard reference test tire shall feature the steel-belted radial technology, see Fig. 1 and Fig.
2, with technology as described in Sections 5 – 7.
4.2 The tire shall be designed to conform to the European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation (ETRTO) dimensions and
tolerances for cross section and overall diameter found in the current ETRTO Standards Manual.
4.3 The tire used for this specification is produced by Manufacture Francaise des Pneumatiques Michelin. The tire is stamped
on the sidewall with the words: “Standard Reference Test Tire” and “F2872”.
5. Materials and Manufacture
5.1 The individual standard reference test tires shall conform to the manufacturer’s design standards.
5.2 Tread compound, fabric processing, and all the steps in tire manufacturing shall be controlled to ensure minimum variability
between tires.
5.3 The standard reference test tire shall be as originally molded without any tread grinding or repairs.
5.4 Since the formulation for tread compounds are proprietary, they shall be controlled by means of their physical properties
given in Table 1.
5.5 Dimensions, weights, and permissible variations are given in Section 7.
5.6 The tire shall be of the following construction:
5.6.1 Two-ply sidewall construction (polyester).
5.6.2 A five-ply tread construction (two-ply polyester and three steel belts).
5.6.3 Black sidewall.
6. Physical Properties
6.1 The physical properties of the tread compound are listed in Table 1.
FIG. 1 Front View of the 225/75R16C 116/114S Radial Light Truck Standard Reference Test Tire
Available from the European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation 78/80, rue Defacqz – B-1060 Brussels Belgium.
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time is Manufacture Francaise des Pneumatiques Michelin CERL Ladoux, 23 place des Carmes
Dechaux, 6304 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 09, France (attn. F43 Magasin – specify 225/75R16C 116/114S Michelin light truck SRTT). If you are aware of alternative suppliers,
please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,
which you may attend.
F2872 − 19
FIG. 2 Side View of the 225/75R16C 116/114S Radial Light Truck Standard Reference Test Tire
TABLE 1 Physical Properties of Tread Compound
Tensile sheet cure, min at 160°C (320°F) 15.0 min
Stress at 300 % elongation, Mpa (psi) 11.0 ± 2.0 MPa (1595 ± 290 psi)
Tensile strength, min MPa (psi) 15.5 MPa (2250 psi) min
Elongation, min % 450 % min
A
Durometer hardness 64 ± 2 Type A
A
Measured on tire tread.
7. Dimensions, W
...