ASTM G40-99

Standard Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion

SCOPE
1.1 The terms and their definitions given herein represent terminology relating to wear and erosion of solid bodies due to mechanical interactions such as occur with cavitation, impingement by liquid jets or drops or by solid particles, or relative motion against contacting solid surfaces or fluids. This scope interfaces with but generally excludes those processes where material loss is wholly or principally due to chemical action and other related technical fields, as, for instance, lubrication.
1.2 This terminology is not exhaustive; the absence of any particular term from this collection does not necessarily imply that its use within this scope is discouraged. However, the terms given herein are the recommended terms for the concepts they represent unless otherwise noted.
1.3 Certain general terms and definitions may be restricted and interpreted, if necessary, to make them particularly applicable to the scope as defined herein.
1.4 The purpose of this terminology is to encourage uniformity and accuracy in the description of test methods and devices and in the reporting of test results in relation to wear and erosion.
Note 1—All terms are listed alphabetically. When a subsidiary term is defined in conjuntion with the definition of a more generic term, and alphabetically-listed cross-reference is provided.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Jun-2001
• ICS: 01.040.77 - Metallurgy (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 77.060 - Corrosion of metals
• Technical Committee: G02 - Wear and Erosion
• Drafting Committee: G02.91 - Terminology

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM G40-01 - Standard Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
• Effective Date: 10-Jun-2001
• Referred By: ASTM G105-20 - Standard Test Method for Conducting Wet Sand/Rubber Wheel Abrasion Tests
• Effective Date: 10-Jun-2001
• Referred By: ASTM D2782-20 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating Fluids (Timken Method)
• Effective Date: 10-Jun-2001
• Referred By: ASTM G75-15(2021) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Slurry Abrasivity (Miller Number) and Slurry Abrasion Response of Materials (SAR Number)
• Effective Date: 10-Jun-2001
• Referred By: ASTM G77-17(2022) - Standard Test Method for Ranking Resistance of Materials to Sliding Wear Using Block-on-Ring Wear Test
• Effective Date: 10-Jun-2001
• Referred By: ASTM D2596-20 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method)
• Effective Date: 10-Jun-2001
• Referred By: ASTM G99-17 - Standard Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-Disk Apparatus
• Effective Date: 10-Jun-2001
• Referred By: ASTM D3704-96(2017) - Standard Test Method for Wear Preventive Properties of Lubricating Greases Using the (Falex) Block on Ring Test Machine in Oscillating Motion
• Effective Date: 10-Jun-2001
• Referred By: ASTM G194-08(2018) - Standard Test Method for Measuring Rolling Friction Characteristics of a Spherical Shape on a Flat Horizontal Plane
• Effective Date: 10-Jun-2001
• Referred By: ASTM D7596-23 - Standard Test Method for Automatic Particle Counting and Particle Shape Classification of Oils Using a Direct Imaging Integrated Tester
• Effective Date: 10-Jun-2001
• Referred By: ASTM G193-22 - Standard Terminology and Acronyms Relating to Corrosion
• Effective Date: 10-Jun-2001
• Referred By: ASTM G137-97(2017) - Standard Test Method for Ranking Resistance of Plastic Materials to Sliding Wear Using a Block-On-Ring Configuration
• Effective Date: 10-Jun-2001
• Referred By: ASTM F1875-98(2022) - Standard Practice for Fretting Corrosion Testing of Modular Implant Interfaces: Hip Femoral Head-Bore and Cone Taper Interface
• Effective Date: 10-Jun-2001
• Referred By: ASTM G171-03(2017) - Standard Test Method for Scratch Hardness of Materials Using a Diamond Stylus
• Effective Date: 10-Jun-2001
• Referred By: ASTM D5706-16 - Standard Test Method for Determining Extreme Pressure Properties of Lubricating Greases Using a High-Frequency, Linear-Oscillation (SRV) Test Machine
• Effective Date: 10-Jun-2001

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: G 40 – 99
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Wear and Erosion
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G 40; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope abrasivity, n—the ability of a material or substance to cause
abrasive wear.
1.1 The terms and their definitions given herein represent
absolute impact velocity— See impact velocity.
terminology relating to wear and erosion of solid bodies due to
acceleration period, n— in cavitation and liquid impingement
mechanical interactions such as occur with cavitation, im-
erosion, the stage following the incubation period during
pingement by liquid jets or drops or by solid particles, or
which the erosion rate increases from near zero to a
relative motion against contacting solid surfaces or fluids. This
maximum value. (See also erosion rate-time pattern.)
scope interfaces with but generally excludes those processes
accumulation period, n— in cavitation and liquid impinge-
where material loss is wholly or principally due to chemical
ment erosion, a less-preferred term for acceleration period.
action and other related technical fields as, for instance,
adhesive wear, n—wear due to localized bonding between
lubrication.
contacting solid surfaces leading to material transfer be-
1.2 This terminology is not exhaustive; the absence of any
tween the two surfaces or loss from either surface.
particular term from this collection does not necessarily imply
angle of attack, n— in impingement erosion, the angle
that its use within this scope is discouraged. However, the
between the direction of motion of an impinging liquid or
terms given herein are the recommended terms for the concepts
solid particle and the tangent to the surface at the point of
they represent unless otherwise noted.
impact.
1.3 Certain general terms and definitions may be restricted
angle of incidence, n— in impingement erosion, the angle
and interpreted, if necessary, to make them particularly appli-
between the direction of motion of an impinging liquid or
cable to the scope as defined herein.
solid particle and the normal to the surface at the point of
1.4 The purpose of this terminology is to encourage unifor-
impact.
mity and accuracy in the description of test methods and
apparent area of contact, n—in tribology, the area of contact
devices and in the reporting of test results in relation to wear
between two solid surfaces defined by the boundaries of their
and erosion.
macroscopic interface. (Contrast with real area of contact.)
NOTE 1—All terms are listed alphabetically. When a subsidiary term is
asperity, n—in tribology, a protuberance in the small-scale
defined in conjunction with the definition of a more generic term, an
topographical irregularities of a solid surface.
alphabetically-listed cross-reference is provided.
attenuation period, n— in cavitation and liquid impingement
erosion, a less-preferred term for deceleration period.
2. Referenced Documents
average erosion rate, n—a less preferred term for cumulative
2.1 ASTM Standards:
erosion rate.
C 242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related
2 Beilby layer, n—an altered surface layer of supposedly amor-
Products
phous material formed on a crystalline solid during mechani-
3. Terminology cal polishing, whose existence was proposed in Sir George
Beilby’s writings. The existence of such a layer is not
abrasive wear, n—wear due to hard particles or hard protu-
supported by recent research, and the use of this term is
berances forced against and moving along a solid surface.
therefore considered archaic and is strongly discouraged.
abrasion-corrosion, n—a synergistic process involving both
break-in, n—See run-in.
abrasive wear and corrosion in which each of these processes
break in, v—See run in.
is affected by the simultaneous action of the other and, in
brinelling, n—damage to a solid bearing surface characterized
many cases, is thereby accelerated.
by one or more plastically formed indentations caused by
static or impulsive overloads, especially as found in rolling
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G-2 on Wear
contact bearings. (See also false brinelling.)
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.91 on Terminol-
brittle erosion behavior, n—erosion behavior having charac-
ogy and Definitions.
teristic properties that can be associated with brittle fracture
Current edition approved April 10, 1
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