ASTM C165-07(2012)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measuring Compressive Properties of Thermal Insulations
Standard Test Method for Measuring Compressive Properties of Thermal Insulations
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 In providing Procedures A and B, it is recognized that different types of thermal insulation will exhibit significantly different behavior under compressive load. Data must usually be obtained from a complete load-deformation curve, and the useful working range normally corresponds to only a portion of the curve. The user is cautioned against use of the product in the range beyond which the product is permanently damaged or properties are adversely affected.
4.2 Load-deformation curves provide useful data for research and development, quality control, specification acceptance or rejection, and for other special purposes. Standard loading rates shall not be used arbitrarily for all purposes; the effects of impact, creep, fatigue, and repeated cycling must be considered. All load-deformation data shall be reviewed carefully for applicability prior to acceptance for use in engineering designs differing widely in load, load application rate, and material dimensions involved.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for determining the compressive resistance of thermal insulations.
1.1.1 Procedure A covers thermal insulations having an approximate straight-line portion of a load-deformation curve, with or without an identifiable yield point as shown in Figs. 1 and 2. Such behavior is typical of most rigid board or block-type insulations.
FIG. 1 Procedure A—Straight Line Portion with Definite Yield Point
FIG. 2 Procedure A—Straight Line Portion but no Definite Yield Point
1.1.2 Procedure B covers thermal insulations that become increasingly more stiff as load is increased, as shown in Fig. 3. Such behavior is typical of fibrous batt and blanket insulations that have been compressed previously to at least the same deformation by compression packaging or mechanical softening.
FIG. 3 Procedure B—Increasing Stiffness
1.2 It is recognized that the classification of materials under Procedures A and B shall not hold in all cases. For example, some batt or blanket materials that have not been compression packaged will exhibit behavior more typical of Procedure A for their first loadings. Also, some higher density fibrous insulation boards that have been precompressed will exhibit load-deformation curves more typical of Procedure B. There will also be thermal insulations with load-deformation curves that follow none of the three types shown here; that is, curves with no straight-line portion, curves with compaction areas, and curves that change from negative to positive slope.
1.3 This test method does not cover reflective or loose fill insulations.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: C165 − 07 (Reapproved 2012)
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Compressive Properties of Thermal Insulations
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C165; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for determining
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the compressive resistance of thermal insulations.
C167 Test Methods for Thickness and Density of Blanket or
1.1.1 Procedure A covers thermal insulations having an
Batt Thermal Insulations
approximate straight-line portion of a load-deformation curve,
C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
with or without an identifiable yield point as shown in Figs. 1
C240 Test Methods of Testing Cellular Glass Insulation
and 2. Such behavior is typical of most rigid board or
Block
block-type insulations.
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
1.1.2 Procedure B covers thermal insulations that become
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
increasingly more stiff as load is increased, as shown in Fig. 3.
ASTM Test Methods
Such behavior is typical of fibrous batt and blanket insulations
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
that have been compressed previously to at least the same
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
deformation by compression packaging or mechanical soften-
ing.
3. Terminology
1.2 It is recognized that the classification of materials under
3.1 Definitions:
Procedures A and B shall not hold in all cases. For example,
3.1.1 Terminology C168 applies to the terms used in this
some batt or blanket materials that have not been compression
method.
packaged will exhibit behavior more typical of ProcedureAfor
3.2 Additional terms are defined as follows:
theirfirstloadings.Also,somehigherdensityfibrousinsulation
3.3 compressive deformation—the decrease in specimen
boards that have been precompressed will exhibit load-
deformation curves more typical of Procedure B. There will thickness by a compressive load.
also be thermal insulations with load-deformation curves that
3.4 compressive load—the compressive force carried by the
follow none of the three types shown here; that is, curves with
test specimen at any given moment.
no straight-line portion, curves with compaction areas, and
3.5 compressive modulus of elasticity—the ratio of the
curves that change from negative to positive slope.
compressive load per unit of original area to the corresponding
1.3 This test method does not cover reflective or loose fill
deformation per unit of original thickness below the propor-
insulations.
tional limit of a material.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
3.6 compressive resistance—the compressive load per unit
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
of original area at a specified deformation. For those materials
information only.
where the specified deformation is regarded as indicating the
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
start of complete failure, the compressive resistance may
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
properly be called the compressive strength.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.7 proportional limit in compression—the greatest com-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
pressive load that a material is capable of sustaining without
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
any deviation from proportionality of load to deformation.
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeC16onThermal
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.32 on Mechanical
Properties. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2012. Published November 2012. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1941. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as C165 – 07. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/C0165-07R12. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C165 − 07 (2012)
FIG. 3 Procedure B—Increasing Stiffness
FIG. 1 Procedure A—Straight Line Portion with Definite Yield
effects of impact, creep, fatigue, and repeated cycling must be
Point
considered. All load-deformation data shall be reviewed care-
fullyforapplicabilitypriortoacceptanceforuseinengineering
designs differing widely in load, load application rate, and
material dimensions involved.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Testing Machine—Standard hydraulic or mechanical
compression testing machine of suitable capacity, and capable
of operating at the specified constant rate of motion of the
movable head. Verify the accuracy of the testing machine in
accordance with Practices E4.
5.2 Loading Surfaces—Surfaces shall be at least 1.0 in.
(25.4 mm) greater in all directions than the test specimens, and
shall be designed to remain plane within 60.003 in./ft (60.25
mm/m) under all conditions of load.
5.2.1 Procedure A—A preferred size is 8.0 in. (203 mm)
square. One surface plate, either the upper or lower, shall be
mounted rigidly with its surface perpendicular to the testing
FIG. 2 Procedure A—Straight Line Portion but no Definite Yield machine axis. The other surface plate shall be self-aligning,
Point
suspended by a spherical bearing block as shown in Fig. 4.
2 2
5.2.2 Procedure B—Apreferred size is 1.0 ft (0.093 m )in
area, either 12 in. (305 mm) square or 13.54 in. (344 mm) in
3.8 yield point in compression—the load at the first point on
diameter. Both plates shall be mounted rigidly so that the
theload-deformationcurveatwhichanincreaseindeformation
surfaces are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the
occurs without an increase in load.
testing machine axis.
5.3 Load Indicator—Load-indicating mechanism that will
4. Significance and Use
permit measurements with an accuracy of 61 % of total load.
4.1 In providing Procedures A and B, it is recognized that
different types of thermal insulation will exhibit significantly
different behavior under compressive load. Data must usually
be obtained from a complete load-deformation curve, and the
usefulworkingrangenormallycorrespondstoonlyaportionof
the curve. The user is cautioned against use of the product in
therangebeyondwhichtheproductispermanentlydamagedor
properties are adversely affected.
4.2 Load-deformation curves provide useful data for re-
search and development, quality control, specification accep-
tance or rejection, and for other special purposes. Standard
loading rates shall not be used arbitrarily for all purposes; the FIG. 4 Spherical Bearing Block for Compressive Strength Test
C165 − 07 (2012)
5.4 Deformation Indicator—Deformation-indicating 6.4 The specimens shall be prepared so that the direction of
mechanism that measures crosshead movement, or a simple jig loading will be the same as that on the insulation in service. If
that will permit direct measurements, with an accuracy of the direction of loading in service is unknown and the material
60.1 % of specimen thickness. When crosshead movement is is suspected of being anisotropic, different sets of test speci-
used to measure deformation, use a calibration curve unless it mens shall be prepared with compression axes parallel to the
has been shown that under the conditions of test the crosshead different directions of loading that might occur.
indicator gives an accurate measure of specimen deformation.
6.5 The specimens shall be dried and conditioned prior to
5.5 Measuring Instruments:
test, following applicable specifications for the material. If the
5.5.1 Dial Gage Comparator, with a circular foot having a
material is affected adversely by oven temperatures, the speci-
2 2
minimum area of 1.00 in. (645 mm ) and capable of measur- mensshallbeconditionedfornotlessthan40hat73.4 61.8°F
ing thickness to 60.002 in. (60.05 mm).
(23 6 1°C), and 50 6 5 % relative humidity before testing. In
5.5.2 Steel Rule, capable of measuring to 60.01 in. (0.25 the absence of definitive drying specifications, the specimens
mm). shall be dried in an oven at 215 to 250°F (102 to 121°C) to
constant mass and held in a desiccator to cool to room
5.5.3 Depth Gage, pin-type, as specified in Test Methods
temperature before testing. Where circumstances or require-
C167 for Procedure B only.
ments preclude compliance with these conditioning
5.6 Drying or Conditioning Equipment (see 6.5):
procedures, exceptions agreed upon between the manufacturer
5.6.1 Drying Oven, temperatures to 250°F (121°C).
and the purchaser shall be specifically listed in the test report.
5.6.2 Desiccator, using dry calcium chloride or silica gel
desiccant.
7. Procedures
5.6.3 Conditioned Space, at temperature of 73.4 6 3.6°F
7.1 Procedure A:
(23 6 2°C), and relative humidity of 50 65%.
7.1.1 Measure the specimen dimensions within 61 %. Each
dimension shall be the average of at least two measurements
6. Test Specimens
taken on each specimen face. Use the steel rule and the dial
6.1 Specimen Size:
gage comparator as appropriate.
6.1.1 Procedure A specimens shall preferably be square or
2 2 7.1.2 Place the specimen between the loading surfaces of
circular with a minimum area of 4 in. (2580 mm ) and a
the testing machine, taking care that the centerline of the
preferred width or diameter of 6 in. (150 mm). The minimum
specimen coincides with the centerline of the testing machine
thicknessshallbe ⁄2in.(12.7mm)andthemaximumthickness
so that the load will be uniformly distributed.The self-aligning
shall be no greater than the width or diameter.
surface shall be approximately parallel to the fixed plate. Keep
NOTE 1—See Test Methods C240 for preparation of cellular glass test
the spherical bearing seat well lubricated to ensure free
specimens.
movement.
6.1.2 Procedure B specimens shall preferably be square or
7.1.3 Adjust the crosshead speed to the value specifi
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