ASTM D7243-06a
(Guide)Standard Guide for Measuring the Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Paper Industry Sludges
Standard Guide for Measuring the Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Paper Industry Sludges
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide is intended to supplement the methods and procedures described in Test Methods D 5084. When following the recommendations in this guide to test paper sludges, all assumptions and limitations described in Test Methods D 5084 apply.
This guide only applies to hydraulic conductivity tests on paper industry sludges where one-dimensional laminar flow of water is imposed using a flexible-wall permeameter.
The hydraulic conductivity of sludges, and other porous materials, generally decreases as the degree of water saturation decreases. This guide applies only to water-saturated sludge containing negligible amounts of gas.
This guide applies only to permeation of paper industry sludges with water. Information on testing porous materials with liquids other than water can be found in Test Method D 7100.
The hydraulic conductivity of paper sludge measured in the laboratory following Test Methods D 5084 and the recommendations in this guide may or may not be comparable to the hydraulic conductivity of in-place sludge. The issue has not been fully investigated. Therefore, the results should be applied to field situations with caution and by qualified personnel.
Note 1—The quality of the result produced when using the recommendations in this guide depends on the competence of the personnel performing the testing and the suitability of the equipment and facilities that are employed. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this guide are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 Paper industry sludges are industrial by-products derived from wastewater treatment operations at plants associated with the manufacturing of paper. These sludges typically consist of clay and organic matter. They may also contain low levels of inorganic and organic contaminants and can be rich in microbes. Traditionally, paper industry sludges have been disposed in municipal solid waste landfills or solid waste monofills. However, in the interest of sustainability, applications are being developed where sludges can be used beneficially. One application is using sludge to construct hydraulic barriers (for example, for use in a landfill cap). Such applications generally require that the hydraulic conductivity of the sludge be measured.
1.2 Compacted paper industry sludges generally behave like soils and are amenable to geotechnical testing methods. However, several of their attributes require special attention during testing. Compacted industry sludges generally are highly compressible due to their organic component. Thus, their hydraulic conductivity can be more sensitive to the effective stress and hydraulic gradient applied during testing than most soils. The microbes in paper sludge can also produce gas during testing, confounding testing methods.
1.3 This guide is intended to supplement ASTM D 5084, Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter. The purpose of the guide is to provide additional guidance on issues relevant to testing sludges using Test Methods D 5084. The guide applies to specimens compacted in the laboratory using procedures such as those described in Test Methods D 698 and D 1557 or undisturbed specimens collected from the field using procedures such as Practice D 1587 or Practice D 7015.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. This standard contains a hazards section regarding the use of bioc...
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Designation:D7243–06a
Standard Guide for
Measuring the Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Paper
1
Industry Sludges
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7243; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. This standard
1.1 Paper industry sludges are industrial by-products de-
contains a hazards section regarding the use of biocides
rivedfromwastewatertreatmentoperationsatplantsassociated
(Section 10).
with the manufacturing of paper. These sludges typically
1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information
consist of clay and organic matter. They may also contain low
or a series of options and does not recommend a specific
levels of inorganic and organic contaminants and can be rich in
course of action. This document cannot replace education or
microbes. Traditionally, paper industry sludges have been
experience and should be used in conjunction with professional
disposed in municipal solid waste landfills or solid waste
judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
monofills. However, in the interest of sustainability, applica-
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-
tions are being developed where sludges can be used benefi-
sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
cially. One application is using sludge to construct hydraulic
a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
barriers (for example, for use in a landfill cap). Such applica-
document be applied without consideration of a project’s many
tions generally require that the hydraulic conductivity of the
unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this
sludge be measured.
document means only that the document has been approved
1.2 Compactedpaperindustrysludgesgenerallybehavelike
through the ASTM consensus process.
soils and are amenable to geotechnical testing methods. How-
ever, several of their attributes require special attention during
2. Referenced Documents
testing. Compacted industry sludges generally are highly
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
compressible due to their organic component. Thus, their
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
hydraulic conductivity can be more sensitive to the effective
Fluids
stress and hydraulic gradient applied during testing than most
D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
soils. The microbes in paper sludge can also produce gas
3
istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft (600
during testing, confounding testing methods.
3
kN-m/m ))
1.3 This guide is intended to supplement ASTM D5084,
D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Charac-
Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of
teristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/
Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeame-
3 3
ft (2,700 kN-m/m ))
ter. The purpose of the guide is to provide additional guidance
D1587 Practice forThin-WalledTube Sampling of Soils for
on issues relevant to testing sludges using Test Methods
Geotechnical Purposes
D5084. The guide applies to specimens compacted in the
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-
laboratory using procedures such as those described in Test
ter (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
Methods D698 and D1557 or undisturbed specimens collected
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
from the field using procedures such as Practice D1587 or
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
Practice D7015.
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D5084 Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Con-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Wall Permeameter
D7015 Practices for Obtaining Intact Block (Cubical and
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.04 on Hydrologic Properties
2
and Hydraulic Barriers. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2006. Published April 2007. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D7243–06. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D7243-06A. the ASTM
...
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