ASTM D7243-11
(Guide)Standard Guide for Measuring the Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Paper Industry Sludges
Standard Guide for Measuring the Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Paper Industry Sludges
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide is intended to supplement the methods and procedures described in Test Methods D 5084. When following the recommendations in this guide to test paper sludges, all assumptions and limitations described in Test Methods D 5084 apply.
This guide only applies to hydraulic conductivity tests on paper industry sludges where one-dimensional laminar flow of water is imposed using a flexible-wall permeameter.
The hydraulic conductivity of sludges, and other porous materials, generally decreases as the degree of water saturation decreases. This guide applies only to water-saturated sludge containing negligible amounts of gas.
This guide applies only to permeation of paper industry sludges with water. Information on testing porous materials with liquids other than water can be found in Test Method D 7100.
The hydraulic conductivity of paper sludge measured in the laboratory following Test Methods D 5084 and the recommendations in this guide may or may not be comparable to the hydraulic conductivity of in-place sludge. The issue has not been fully investigated. Therefore, the results should be applied to field situations with caution and by qualified personnel.
Note 1—The quality of the result produced when using the recommendations in this guide depends on the competence of the personnel performing the testing and the suitability of the equipment and facilities that are employed. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this guide are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 Paper industry sludges are industrial by-products derived from wastewater treatment operations at plants associated with the manufacturing of paper. These sludges typically consist of clay and organic matter. They may also contain low levels of inorganic and organic contaminants and can be rich in microbes. Traditionally, paper industry sludges have been disposed in municipal solid waste landfills or solid waste monofills. However, in the interest of sustainability, applications are being developed where sludges can be used beneficially. One application is using sludge to construct hydraulic barriers (for example, for use in a landfill cap). Such applications generally require that the hydraulic conductivity of the sludge be measured.
1.2 Compacted paper industry sludges generally behave like soils and are amenable to geotechnical testing methods. However, several of their attributes require special attention during testing. Compacted industry sludges generally are highly compressible due to their organic component. Thus, their hydraulic conductivity can be more sensitive to the effective stress and hydraulic gradient applied during testing than most soils. The microbes in paper sludge can also produce gas during testing, confounding testing methods.
1.3 This guide is intended to supplement ASTM D 5084, Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter. The purpose of the guide is to provide additional guidance on issues relevant to testing sludges using Test Methods D 5084. The guide applies to specimens compacted in the laboratory using procedures such as those described in Test Methods D 698 and D 1557 or undisturbed specimens collected from the field using procedures such as Practice D 1587 or Practice D 7015.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. This standard contains a hazards section regarding the use of bioc...
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Designation: D7243 − 11
Standard Guide for
Measuring the Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Paper
1
Industry Sludges
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7243; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
1.1 Paper industry sludges are industrial by-products de-
standard.
rivedfromwastewatertreatmentoperationsatplantsassociated
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
with the manufacturing of paper. These sludges typically
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
consist of clay and organic matter. They may also contain low
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
levelsofinorganicandorganiccontaminantsandcanberichin
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
microbes. Traditionally, paper industry sludges have been
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. This standard
disposed in municipal solid waste landfills or solid waste
contains a hazards section regarding the use of biocides
monofills. However, in the interest of sustainability, applica-
(Section 10).
tions are being developed where sludges can be used benefi-
1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information
cially. One application is using sludge to construct hydraulic
or a series of options and does not recommend a specific
barriers (for example, for use in a landfill cap). Such applica-
course of action. This document cannot replace education or
tions generally require that the hydraulic conductivity of the
experience and should be used in conjunction with professional
sludge be measured.
judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-
1.2 Compactedpaperindustrysludgesgenerallybehavelike
sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
soils and are amenable to geotechnical testing methods.
a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
However, several of their attributes require special attention
document be applied without consideration of a project’s many
during testing. Compacted industry sludges generally are
unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this
highly compressible due to their organic component. Thus,
document means only that the document has been approved
their hydraulic conductivity can be more sensitive to the
through the ASTM consensus process.
effective stress and hydraulic gradient applied during testing
thanmostsoils.Themicrobesinpapersludgecanalsoproduce
2. Referenced Documents
gas during testing, confounding testing methods.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.3 This guide is intended to supplement ASTM D5084,
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of
Fluids
Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeame-
D698Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
3
ter. The purpose of the guide is to provide additional guidance istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft (600
3
on issues relevant to testing sludges using Test Methods
kN-m/m ))
D5084. The guide applies to specimens compacted in the D1557Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
3
laboratory using procedures such as those described in Test istics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft
3
(2,700 kN-m/m ))
Methods D698 and D1557 or undisturbed specimens collected
D1587Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for
from the field using procedures such as Practice D1587 or
Geotechnical Purposes
Practice D7015.
D2216Test Methods for Laboratory Determination ofWater
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
1
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoilandRock
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.04 on Hydrologic Properties
2
and Hydraulic Barriers. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published December 2011. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D7243–06a. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D7243-11. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7243 − 11
D3740Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies 4
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D7243–06a Designation: D7243 – 11
Standard Guide for
Measuring the Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Paper
1
Industry Sludges
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7243; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 Paper industry sludges are industrial by-products derived from wastewater treatment operations at plants associated with the
manufacturing of paper. These sludges typically consist of clay and organic matter. They may also contain low levels of inorganic
and organic contaminants and can be rich in microbes.Traditionally, paper industry sludges have been disposed in municipal solid
waste landfills or solid waste monofills. However, in the interest of sustainability, applications are being developed where sludges
canbeusedbeneficially.Oneapplicationisusingsludgetoconstructhydraulicbarriers(forexample,foruseinalandfillcap).Such
applications generally require that the hydraulic conductivity of the sludge be measured.
1.2 Compacted paper industry sludges generally behave like soils and are amenable to geotechnical testing methods. However,
several of their attributes require special attention during testing. Compacted industry sludges generally are highly compressible
due to their organic component. Thus, their hydraulic conductivity can be more sensitive to the effective stress and hydraulic
gradient applied during testing than most soils. The microbes in paper sludge can also produce gas during testing, confounding
testing methods.
1.3 This guide is intended to supplementASTM D5084,Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated
Porous Materials Using a FlexibleWall Permeameter.The purpose of the guide is to provide additional guidance on issues relevant
to testing sludges using Test Methods D5084. The guide applies to specimens compacted in the laboratory using procedures such
as those described in Test Methods D698 and D1557 or undisturbed specimens collected from the field using procedures such as
Practice D1587 or Practice D7015.
1.4
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. This standard contains a hazards section regarding the use of biocides (Section 10).
1.5
1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course
of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.
Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace
the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied
without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the
document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
3 3
D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft (600 kN-m/m ))
3
D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft (2,700
3
kN-m/m ))
D1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for Geotechnical Purposes
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.04 on Hydrologic Properties and
Hydraulic Barriers.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2006.2011. PublishedApril 2007.December 2011. Originally approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D7243–06a.
DOI: 10.1520/D7243-06A.10.1520/D7243-11.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Bo
...
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