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ASTM E2439-09(2016)

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Instrumentation, Sensors and Operating Software Used in Forensic Psychophysiological Detection of Deception (Polygraph) Examinations

Standard Guide for Instrumentation, Sensors and Operating Software Used in Forensic Psychophysiological Detection of Deception (Polygraph) Examinations

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide sets forth the minimum requirements for instrumentation and software when conducting PDD examinations. For additional information see Practice E1954 and Guide E2000.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the minimum requirements for instrumentation (both analog and computerized systems), sensors and operating software used in the forensic psychophysiological detection of deception (PDD). As a minimum, such instrumentation shall simultaneously record an individual’s respiratory, electrodermal, and cardiovascular activity.  
1.2 This guide does not prohibit additional components, which may be offered as supplemental measurements of physiological change. Additional recording components may be used in addition to but not to replace the required minimum components.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Dec-2015
ICS
07.140 - Forensic science
Technical Committee
E52 - Forensic Psychophysiology
Drafting Committee
E52.02 - Instrumentation
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E2439-09 - Standard Guide for Instrumentation, Sensors and Operating Software Used in Forensic Psychophysiological Detection of Deception (Polygraph) Examinations
Effective Date
01-Jan-2016
Refers
ASTM E2035-12(2024) - Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Psychophysiology
Effective Date
15-Jan-2024
Refers
ASTM E1954-05(2017) - Standard Practice for Conduct of Research in Psychophysiological Detection of Deception (Polygraph)
Effective Date
01-Oct-2017
Refers
ASTM E2035-12(2017) - Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Psychophysiology
Effective Date
01-Oct-2017
Refers
ASTM E2035-12 - Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Psychophysiology
Effective Date
01-Mar-2012
Refers
ASTM E2035-11 - Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Psychophysiology
Effective Date
01-Apr-2011
Refers
ASTM E2035-10a - Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Psychophysiology
Effective Date
01-Sep-2010
Refers
ASTM E2035-10 - Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Psychophysiology
Effective Date
01-Aug-2010
Refers
ASTM E2035-07e1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Psychophysiology
Effective Date
01-Mar-2007
Refers
ASTM E2035-07 - Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Psychophysiology
Effective Date
01-Mar-2007
Refers
ASTM E2035-05a - Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Psychophysiology
Effective Date
01-May-2005
Refers
ASTM E2000-05 - Standard Guide for Minimum Basic Education and Training of Individuals Involved in the Detection of Deception (PDD) (Withdrawn 2014)
Effective Date
01-Feb-2005
Refers
ASTM E2035-05 - Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Psychophysiology
Effective Date
01-Jan-2005
Refers
ASTM E1954-05 - Standard Practice for Conduct of Research in Psychophysiological Detection of Deception (Polygraph)
Effective Date
01-Jan-2005
Refers
ASTM E1954-05(2011) - Standard Practice for Conduct of Research in Psychophysiological Detection of Deception (Polygraph)
Effective Date
01-Jan-2005

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ASTM E2439-09(2016) - Standard Guide for Instrumentation, Sensors and Operating Software Used in Forensic Psychophysiological Detection of Deception (Polygraph) ExaminationsASTM E2439-09(2016) - Standard Guide for Instrumentation, Sensors and Operating Software Used in Forensic Psychophysiological Detection of Deception (Polygraph) Examinations
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ASTM E2439-09(2016) - Standard Guide for Instrumentation, Sensors and Operating Software Used in Forensic Psychophysiological Detection of Deception (Polygraph) Examinations
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2439 − 09 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Guide for
Instrumentation, Sensors and Operating Software Used in
Forensic Psychophysiological Detection of Deception
(Polygraph) Examinations
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2439; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Significance and Use
1.1 This guide covers the minimum requirements for instru- 4.1 This guide sets forth the minimum requirements for
mentation (both analog and computerized systems), sensors instrumentation and software when conducting PDD examina-
and operating software used in the forensic psychophysiologi- tions. For additional information see Practice E1954 and Guide
cal detection of deception (PDD). As a minimum, such E2000.
instrumentation shall simultaneously record an individual’s
respiratory, electrodermal, and cardiovascular activity. 5. Minimum Requirements for Polygraph
Instrumentation and Software
1.2 This guide does not prohibit additional components,
which may be offered as supplemental measurements of 5.1 Aminimum of two channels of respiratory activity shall
physiological change. Additional recording components may
be simultaneously recorded, one thoracic and one abdominal.
be used in addition to but not to replace the required minimum 5.1.1 A minimum of one channel of exosomatic electroder-
components.
mal activity, via resistance or conductance, shall be recorded.
5.1.2 A minimum of one channel of cardiovascular activity
2. Referenced Documents
shall be recorded.
5.1.3 Additional channels may be recorded but shall not be
2.1 ASTM Standards:
used in place of respiration, electrodermal and cardiovascular
E1954 Practice for Conduct of Research in Psychophysi-
activity.
ological Detection of Deception (Polygraph)
5.1.4 The instrumentation and software shall allow a way to
E2000 Guide for Minimum Basic Education and Training of
mark the recorded information with the following minimum
Individuals Involved in the Detection of Deception (PDD)
notations: identity of examinee, date and time, start of
(Withdrawn 2014)
recording, pressure settings (when appropriate), gain settings,
E2035 Terminology Relating to Forensic Psychophysiology
any instructions given examinee, stimulus onset, stimulus
2.2 Other Document:
identification, end of stimulus, any answer given by examinee,
Manufacturer Manual(s) for System(s) in Use
standardized chart markings, end of recording and any changes
made to the instrumentation or software during recording (such
3. Terminology
as pressure changes, centering adjustments and gain adjust-
3.1 Definitions of Terms—See E2035.
ments).
5.1.5 All mandatory channels shall be recorded within the
3.2 Terminology may vary according to different manufac-
same instrument.
turers.
5.1.6 All polygraphs shall include a separate data channel
specifically designed to record covert body movements.
This
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice sets forth the minimum requirements for calibration and functionality checks when conducting PDD examinations and related activities. For additional information see Practice E1954 and Guide E2000.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for calibration and instrumentation (both analog and computerized systems) actively used in the psychophysiological detection of deception (verification of truth). As a minimum, such instrumentation shall simultaneously record an individual’s respiratory, exosomatic electrodermal, and cardiovascular activity.  
1.2 Analog polygraphs shall be calibrated by the psychophysiological detection of deception (PDD) examiner, manufacturer, or factory-authorized individual.  
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1.4 The PDD examiner or factory-authorized individual shall perform functionality checks to ensure instrumentation is operating properly.  
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5.1 This guide may be useful to forensic engineers, courts, jurists, attorneys, insurance adjusters, and clients of forensic engineers. Although this guide is directed to the practice of forensic engineering, its description of the elements of investigative reports may be useful to practitioners in other disciplines that embrace scientific laws and theories.  
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4.1 This practice separately outlines criteria and implementation approaches for the training, continuing education, and professional development of forensic science practitioners. The use of this practice can help establish training programs designed to achieve competency in targeted disciplines. The standard also describes measures to maintain competency through continuing education/professional development.  
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SCOPE
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1.2 This practice outlines minimum training criteria and provides general information, approaches, and resources for all disciplines. The standard would complement additional specific requirements for each forensic science discipline (for example, relevant degree programs, higher education) if developed by subject matter experts in their respective fields. Discipline specific training programs should address the content and means for developing and testing competency for each applicable topic identified in Practice E2917.  
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ASTM E2927-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Trace Elements in Soda-Lime Glass Samples Using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry for Forensic Comparisons

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful for the determination of elemental concentrations in the range of approximately 0.1 µgg-1 to 10 percent (%) (See Table X1.1) in soda-lime glass samples (7 and 8). A standard test method can aid in the interchange of data between laboratories and in the creation and use of glass databases.  
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5.6 Acid digestion of glass followed by either Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) or Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) can also be used for trace elemental analysis of glass, and offer similar detection levels and the ability for quantitative analysis. However, these methods are destructive, and require larger sample sizes and more sample preparation (Test Method E2330).  
5.7 Micro X-Ray Fluorescence (µ-XRF) uses comparable sample sizes to those used for LA-ICP-MS with the advantage of being non-destructive of the sample. Some of the drawbacks of µ-XRF include lower sensitivity and precision, and longer analysis time (Test Method E2926).  
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1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the quantitative elemental analysis of the following seventeen elements: lithium (Li), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), rubidium (Rb), strontium (Sr), zirconium (Zr), barium (Ba), lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), neodymium (Nd), hafnium (Hf) and lead (Pb) through the use of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) for the forensic comparison of glass fragments. The potential of these elements to provide the best discrimination among different sources of soda-lime glasses has been published elsewhere (1-5).2 Silicon (Si) is also monitored for use as a normalization standard. Additional elements may be added as needed, for example, tin (Sn) can be used to monitor the orientation of float glass fragments.  
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5.1 The overarching goals of the forensic analysis of geological materials include (A) identification of an unknown material (see 11.3), (B) analysis of soils, sediments, or rocks to restrict their possible geographic origins as part of a provenance analysis (see 11.4), and (C) comparison of two or more samples to assess if they could have originated from the same source or to exclude a common source based on observation of exclusionary differences (see 11.5). XRD is only one analytical method that can be applied to the evidentiary samples in service of these distinct goals. Guidance for the analysis of forensic geological materials can be found in Refs (2-4).  
5.2 Within the analytical scheme of geological materials, XRD analysis is used to: identify the crystalline components within a sample; identify the crystalline components separated from a mixture, typically clay-sized material (see 8.8), or a selected particle class for which additional analysis is needed (see 8.11); or compare two or more samples based on the identified crystalline phases or diffraction patterns (see 11.5).  
5.2.1 Non-destructive XRD analysis can be performed in situ on geological material adhering to a substrate (see 8.12.3).  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers techniques and procedures for the use of powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) in the forensic analysis of geological materials (to include soils, rocks, sediments, and materials derived from them such as concrete), to enable non-consumptive identification of solid crystalline materials present as single components or multi-component mixtures.  
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4.1 A training program provides the theoretical foundation and practical skills necessary for a trainee to become a qualified forensic hair examiner.  
4.2 A trainee is directly supervised by a qualified examiner throughout their training. At the end of the training program, a successful trainee is capable of forming opinions, presenting and explaining evidence, and understanding the limitations of analytical results and interpretations based upon sound scientific knowledge, validated procedures, and practical experience.  
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4.7 This practice addresses the benefit of following microscopical examinations with DNA analysis.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers training guidelines for use by forensic laboratory personnel responsible for training forensic examiners that will perform hair examinations, including microscopical comparisons of human hair.  
1.2 Forensic hair examiners are trained in accordance with Practice E2917 and the discipline-specific guidelines (Guide E3316) and criteria within this practice.  
1.3 This practice contains guidelines that include the tasks, goals, and objectives that allow the trainee to acquire the requisite knowledge, skills, and abilities to independently perform casework in the microscopical examination of hair.  
1.4 This practice addresses the correlation between the analytical results of microscopical examinations and the potential for DNA analysis.  
1.5 This practice addresses training for the microscopical examination of hairs and not the examination of chemical alterations (for example, hair dye) or trace materials on the surface of hairs (for example, hair care products).  
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Standard Guide for Collection of Soils and Other Geological Evidence for Criminal Forensic Applications

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4.1 This guide describes good practices for the collection (5), packaging, and preservation (8.3) of soils in criminal forensic investigations. Some of the information in this guide is demonstrated in its companion video, which is available on-line and is intended as a complementary resource to this guide (6).  
4.2 Individual agencies can use this guide to develop agency-specific procedures regarding the collection of soils for forensic applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides guidance to instruct crime scene professionals in good practices for the documentation, collection, and preservation of soil and other geological evidence for use in criminal investigations. Sampling for environmental geology is outside of its scope. It is designed as a resource for professionals whose job responsibilities include the collection and preservation of soil evidence and for forensic scientists to enable them to advise crime scene investigators.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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4.1 µ-XRF is a nondestructive qualitative elemental analysis technique used for polymers. It involves excitation of a sample by an X-ray source resulting in the emission of characteristic X-rays detected using an energy dispersive X-ray detector. Results are displayed simultaneously as a spectrum of intensity as a function of energy for elements of atomic number 11 or greater.  
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4.3 Comparisons of X-ray spectra acquired from polymer samples are conducted for source discrimination or potential association.  
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4.5 In general, information available from a heterogeneous specimen diminishes as its size is reduced or its condition degrades, which lessens its likelihood of being representative of the source material.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers recommended techniques and procedures intended for use by forensic laboratory personnel that perform µ-XRF analysis of polymer samples.  
1.2 This guide describes various techniques and procedures used in the µ-XRF analysis of polymers that include sample handling and preparation, instrument operating conditions, and spectral data collection, evaluation and interpretation.  
1.3 This guide describes the application of µ-XRF systems equipped with either mono- or poly- capillary optics and an energy dispersive X-ray detector (EDS).  
1.4 This guide is intended to be applied within the scope of a broader analytical scheme (for example, Guide E1610, Guide E3260) for the forensic analysis of a polymer sample (1-6).2 A µ-XRF analysis can provide additional information regarding the potential relationships between the sources of polymeric materials.  
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Standard Guide for Forensic Examination of Dyes in Textile Fibers by Thin-Layer Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 TLC is an inexpensive and simple technique that could be used to complement other analytical techniques within a general analytical scheme related to forensic fiber examination.  
5.2 Consider the forensic analysis of fiber colorants using TLC for single fiber comparisons only when the sample size is adequate (that is, enough colorant can be extracted for analysis) and it is not possible to discriminate between the fibers of interest using other techniques, such as comparison microscopy and MSP. Larger fibrous units (for example, thread or tuft) can be treated as an individual sample if determined to be homogeneous. Do not treat fibers that cannot be directly related to each other as a collective sample for the purposes of TLC.  
5.3 The extraction procedures carried out prior to TLC analysis can provide useful information about dye classification. TLC can provide qualitative information about dye components. Similar colors made up of different dye components can be differentiated using this technique. The application of TLC may serve to discriminate between fibers or it may support the possibility of fibers sharing a common source.  
5.4 TLC can be prohibitively difficult or undesirable in some circumstances. Short lengths of fibers or pale-colored fibers can lack adequate amounts of colorant necessary to be examined by TLC. Dye extraction from some fibers can be impossible (2, 3). Some fiber types do not truly extract, but change or lose color. Reactive dyes are covalently bonded to the fiber and typically cannot be removed by conventional extraction methods, but can be released from cotton and wool by disrupting the fiber by enzymatic or chemical digestion, respectively (1). The desire to preserve evidence from deleterious change or for possible analysis by another examiner can preclude removing the color or employing a destructive method for analysis.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended as an overview of the Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) of fiber colorants (or individual dye components) present in dyed fibers. It is intended to be applied within the scope of a broader analytical scheme for the forensic analysis of fiber samples. TLC could provide information that cannot be obtained through other color analyses (such as microspectrophotometry (MSP)) (1).2  
1.2 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework (see Practice E3255).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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