ASTM D7248/D7248M-12
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Bearing/Bypass Interaction Response of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates Using 2-Fastener Specimens
Standard Test Method for Bearing/Bypass Interaction Response of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates Using 2-Fastener Specimens
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is designed to produce bearing/bypass interaction response data for research and development, and for structural design and analysis. The standard configuration for each procedure is very specific and is intended as a baseline configuration for developing structural design data.
Procedure A, the bypass/high bearing double-shear configuration is recommended for developing data for specific applications which involve double shear joints.
Procedure B, the bypass/high bearing single-shear configuration is more useful in the evaluation of typical joint configurations. The specimen may be tested in either an unstabilized (no support fixture) or stabilized configuration. The unstabilized configuration is intended for tensile loading and the stabilized configuration is intended for compressive loading. These configurations, particularly the stabilized configuration, have been extensively used in the development of design allowables data. The variants of either procedure provide flexibility in the conduct of the test, allowing adaptation of the test setup to a specific application. However, the flexibility of test parameters allowed by the variants makes meaningful comparison between datasets difficult if the datasets were not tested using identical test parameters.
Procedure C, the bypass/low bearing double-shear hardpoint configuration is recommended for determining the effect of low bearing stress levels on bypass strength. While a similar single-shear configuration could be tested, there is insufficient experience with a single-shear configuration to recommend its use at this time.
General factors that influence the mechanical response of composite laminates and should therefore be reported include the following: material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time held at test temperature, void...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the uniaxial bearing/bypass interaction response of multi-directional polymer matrix composite laminates reinforced by high-modulus fibers by either double-shear tensile loading (Procedures A and C) or single-shear tensile or compressive loading (Procedure B) of a two-fastener specimen. The scope of this test method is limited to net section (bypass) failure modes. Standard specimen configurations using fixed values of test parameters are described for each procedure. A number of test parameters may be varied within the scope of the standard, provided that the parameters are fully documented in the test report. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber (tape or fabric, or both) reinforced composites for which the laminate is balanced and symmetric with respect to the test direction. The range of acceptable test laminates and thicknesses are described in 8.2.1.
1.2 This test method is consistent with the recommendations of MIL-HDBK-17, which describes the desirable attributes of a bearing/bypass interaction response test method.
1.3 The two-fastener test configurations described in this test method are similar to those in Test Method D5961/D5961M as well as those used by industry to investigate the bearing portion of the bearing/bypass interaction response for bolted joints, where the specimen may produce either a bearing failure mode or a bypass failure mode. Should the test specimen fail in a bearing failure mode rather than the desired bypass mode, then the test should be considered to be a bearing dominated bearing/bypass test, and the data reduction and reporting procedures of Test Method D5961/D5961M should be used instead of those given in this standard.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each sy...
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Designation: D7248/D7248M − 12
Standard Test Method for
Bearing/Bypass Interaction Response of Polymer Matrix
1
Composite Laminates Using 2-Fastener Specimens
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7248/D7248M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
1.1 Thistestmethoddeterminestheuniaxialbearing/bypass
with the standard.
interaction response of multi-directional polymer matrix com-
1.4.1 Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in
posite laminates reinforced by high-modulus fibers by either
brackets.
double-shear tensile loading (Procedures A and C) or single-
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
shear tensile or compressive loading (Procedure B) of a
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
two-fastenerspecimen.Thescopeofthistestmethodislimited
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
to net section (bypass) failure modes. Standard specimen
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
configurations using fixed values of test parameters are de-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
scribed for each procedure. A number of test parameters may
be varied within the scope of the standard, provided that the
2. Referenced Documents
parameters are fully documented in the test report. The
2
composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber or
2.1 ASTM Standards:
discontinuous-fiber (tape or fabric, or both) reinforced com-
D792Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-
posites for which the laminate is balanced and symmetric with
tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
respect to the test direction. The range of acceptable test
D883Terminology Relating to Plastics
laminates and thicknesses are described in 8.2.1.
D2584Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced
Resins
1.2 Thistestmethodisconsistentwiththerecommendations
D2734TestMethodsforVoidContentofReinforcedPlastics
of MIL-HDBK-17, which describes the desirable attributes of
D3171Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite
a bearing/bypass interaction response test method.
Materials
1.3 The two-fastener test configurations described in this
D3878Terminology for Composite Materials
test method are similar to those in Test Method D5961/
D5229/D5229MTestMethodforMoistureAbsorptionProp-
D5961M as well as those used by industry to investigate the
erties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix
bearing portion of the bearing/bypass interaction response for
Composite Materials
boltedjoints,wherethespecimenmayproduceeitherabearing
D5687/D5687MGuide for Preparation of Flat Composite
failure mode or a bypass failure mode. Should the test
Panels with Processing Guidelines for Specimen Prepara-
specimen fail in a bearing failure mode rather than the desired
tion
bypassmode,thenthetestshouldbeconsideredtobeabearing
D5766/D5766M Test Method for Open-Hole Tensile
dominated bearing/bypass test, and the data reduction and
Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates
reporting procedures of Test Method D5961/D5961M should
D5961/D5961MTestMethodforBearingResponseofPoly-
be used instead of those given in this standard.
mer Matrix Composite Laminates
D6484/D6484MTest Method for Open-Hole Compressive
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
D6742/D6742MPractice for Filled-Hole Tension and Com-
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
pressionTesting of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates
E4Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.05 on
2
Structural Test Methods. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved April 1, 2012. Published May 2012. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D7248/D7248M-08. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D7248_D7248M-12. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7248/D7248M − 12
E6Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechan
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D7248/D7248M–08 Designation:D7248/D7248M–12
Standard Test Method for
Bearing/Bypass Interaction Response of Polymer Matrix
1
Composite Laminates Using 2-Fastener Specimens
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7248/D7248M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method determines the uniaxial bearing/bypass interaction response of multi-directional polymer matrix composite
laminates reinforced by high-modulus fibers by either double-shear tensile loading (Procedures A and C) or single-shear tensile
or compressive loading (Procedure B) of a two-fastener specimen. The scope of this test method is limited to net section (bypass)
failure modes. Standard specimen configurations using fixed values of test parameters are described for each procedure.Anumber
of test parameters may be varied within the scope of the standard, provided that the parameters are fully documented in the test
report. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber (tape or fabric, or both) reinforced
composites for which the laminate is balanced and symmetric with respect to the test direction. The range of acceptable test
laminates and thicknesses are described in 8.2.1.
1.2 This test method is consistent with the recommendations of MIL-HDBK-17, which describes the desirable attributes of a
bearing/bypass interaction response test method.
1.3 The two-fastener test configurations described in this test method are similar to those in Test Method D5961/D5961M as
well as those used by industry to investigate the bearing portion of the bearing/bypass interaction response for bolted joints, where
the specimen may produce either a bearing failure mode or a bypass failure mode. Should the test specimen fail in a bearing failure
mode rather than the desired bypass mode, then the test should be considered to be a bearing dominated bearing/bypass test, and
the data reduction and reporting procedures ofTest Method D5961/D5961M should be used instead of those given in this standard.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the
inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system aremay not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system
mustshall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the
standard.
1.4.1 Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced Resins
D2734 Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced Plastics
D3171 Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite Materials
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
D5229/D5229M Test Method for MoistureAbsorption Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix Composite
Materials
D5687/D5687M Guide for Preparation of Flat Composite Panels with Processing Guidelines for Specimen Preparation
D5766/D5766M Test Method for Open-Hole Tensile Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates
D5961/D5961M Test Method for Bearing Response of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D30 on Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.05 on Structural Test
Methods.
Current edition approved Sept.April 1, 2008.2012. Published October 2008.May 2012. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 20072008 as
D7248/D7248M-078. DOI: 10.1520/D7248_D7248M-0812.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P
...
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