ASTM D7248/D7248M-08
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Bearing/Bypass Interaction Response of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates Using 2-Fastener Specimens
Standard Test Method for Bearing/Bypass Interaction Response of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates Using 2-Fastener Specimens
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is designed to produce bearing/bypass interaction response data for research and development, and for structural design and analysis. The standard configuration for each procedure is very specific and is intended as a baseline configuration for developing structural design data.
Procedure A, the bypass/high bearing double-shear configuration is recommended for developing data for specific applications which involve double shear joints.
Procedure B, the bypass/high bearing single-shear configuration is more useful in the evaluation of typical joint configurations. The specimen may be tested in either an unstabilized (no support fixture) or stabilized configuration. The unstabilized configuration is intended for tensile loading and the stabilized configuration is intended for compressive loading. These configurations, particularly the stabilized configuration, have been extensively used in the development of design allowables data. The variants of either procedure provide flexibility in the conduct of the test, allowing adaptation of the test setup to a specific application. However, the flexibility of test parameters allowed by the variants makes meaningful comparison between datasets difficult if the datasets were not tested using identical test parameters.
Procedure C, the bypass/low bearing double-shear hardpoint configuration is recommended for determining the effect of low bearing stress levels on bypass strength. While a similar single-shear configuration could be tested, there is insufficient experience with a single-shear configuration to recommend its use at this time.
General factors that influence the mechanical response of composite laminates and should therefore be reported include the following: material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time held at test temperature, void...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the uniaxial bearing/bypass interaction response of multi-directional polymer matrix composite laminates reinforced by high-modulus fibers by either double-shear tensile loading (Procedures A and C) or single-shear tensile or compressive loading (Procedure B) of a two-fastener specimen. The scope of this test method is limited to net section (bypass) failure modes. Standard specimen configurations using fixed values of test parameters are described for each procedure. A number of test parameters may be varied within the scope of the standard, provided that the parameters are fully documented in the test report. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber (tape or fabric, or both) reinforced composites for which the laminate is balanced and symmetric with respect to the test direction. The range of acceptable test laminates and thicknesses are described in 8.2.1.
1.2 This test method is consistent with the recommendations of MIL-HDBK-17, which describes the desirable attributes of a bearing/bypass interaction response test method.
1.3 The two-fastener test configurations described in this test method are similar to those in Test Method D 5961/D 5961M as well as those used by industry to investigate the bearing portion of the bearing/bypass interaction response for bolted joints, where the specimen may produce either a bearing failure mode or a bypass failure mode. Should the test specimen fail in a bearing failure mode rather than the desired bypass mode, then the test should be considered to be a bearing dominated bearing/bypass test, and the data reduction and reporting procedures of Test Method D 5961/D 5961M should be used instead of those given in this standard.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated...
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Designation:D7248/D7248M–08
Standard Test Method for
Bearing/Bypass Interaction Response of Polymer Matrix
1
Composite Laminates Using 2-Fastener Specimens
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7248/D7248M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope must be used independently of the other. Combining values
from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the
1.1 This test method determines the uniaxial bearing/bypass
standard.
interaction response of multi-directional polymer matrix com-
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
posite laminates reinforced by high-modulus fibers by either
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
double-shear tensile loading (Procedures A and C) or single-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
shear tensile or compressive loading (Procedure B) of a
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
two-fastener specimen.The scope of this test method is limited
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
to net section (bypass) failure modes. Standard specimen
configurations using fixed values of test parameters are de-
2. Referenced Documents
scribed for each procedure. A number of test parameters may
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
be varied within the scope of the standard, provided that the
D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-
parameters are fully documented in the test report. The
tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber or
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
discontinuous-fiber (tape or fabric, or both) reinforced com-
D2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced
posites for which the laminate is balanced and symmetric with
Resins
respect to the test direction. The range of acceptable test
D2734 Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced Plas-
laminates and thicknesses are described in 8.2.1.
tics
1.2 Thistestmethodisconsistentwiththerecommendations
D3171 Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite
of MIL-HDBK-17, which describes the desirable attributes of
Materials
a bearing/bypass interaction response test method.
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
1.3 The two-fastener test configurations described in this
D5229/D5229M Test Method for Moisture Absorption
test method are similar to those in Test Method D5961/
Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Ma-
D5961M as well as those used by industry to investigate the
trix Composite Materials
bearing portion of the bearing/bypass interaction response for
D5687/D5687M Guide for Preparation of Flat Composite
boltedjoints,wherethespecimenmayproduceeitherabearing
Panels with Processing Guidelines for Specimen Prepara-
failure mode or a bypass failure mode. Should the test
tion
specimen fail in a bearing failure mode rather than the desired
D5766/D5766M Test Method for Open-Hole Tensile
bypassmode,thenthetestshouldbeconsideredtobeabearing
Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates
dominated bearing/bypass test, and the data reduction and
D5961/D5961M Test Method for Bearing Response of
reporting procedures of Test Method D5961/D5961M should
Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates
be used instead of those given in this standard.
D6484/D6484M Test Method for Open-Hole Compressive
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the
D6742/D6742M Practice for Filled-HoleTension and Com-
inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in
pression Testing of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E6 TerminologyRelatingtoMethodsofMechanicalTesting
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.05 on
2
Structural Test Methods. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D7248/D7248M-07. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D7248_D7248M-08. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D7248/D7248M–07 Designation:D7248/D7248M–08
Standard Test Method for
Bearing/Bypass Interaction Response of Polymer Matrix
1
Composite Laminates Using 2-Fastener Specimens
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7248/D 7248M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method determines the uniaxial bearing/bypass interaction response of multi-directional polymer matrix composite
laminates reinforced by high-modulus fibers by either double-shear tensile loading (Procedures A and C) or single-shear tensile
or compressive loading (Procedure B) of a two-fastener specimen. The scope of this test method is limited to net section (bypass)
failure modes. Standard specimen configurations using fixed values of test parameters are described for each procedure.Anumber
of test parameters may be varied within the scope of the standard, provided that the parameters are fully documented in the test
report. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber (tape or fabric, or both) reinforced
composites for which the laminate is balanced and symmetric with respect to the test direction. The range of acceptable test
laminates and thicknesses are described in 8.2.1.
1.2 This test method is consistent with the recommendations of MIL-HDBK-17, which describes the desirable attributes of a
bearing/bypass interaction response test method.
1.3 The two-fastener test configurations described in this test method are similar to those in Test Method D 5961/D 5961M as
well as those used by industry to investigate the bearing portion of the bearing/bypass interaction response for bolted joints, where
the specimen may produce either a bearing failure mode or a bypass failure mode. Should the test specimen fail in a bearing failure
mode rather than the desired bypass mode, then the test should be considered to be a bearing dominated bearing/bypass test, and
the data reduction and reporting procedures of Test Method D 5961/D 5961M should be used instead of those given in this
standard.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the
inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement
D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D 2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced Resins
D 2734 Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced Plastics
D 3171 Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite Materials
D 3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
D 5229/D 5229M TestMethodforMoistureAbsorptionPropertiesandEquilibriumConditioningofPolymerMatrixComposite
Materials
D 5687/D 5687M Guide for Preparation of Flat Composite Panels with Processing Guidelines for Specimen Preparation
D 5766/D 5766M Test Method for Open-Hole Tensile Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates
D 5961/D 5961M Test Method for Bearing Response of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates
D 6484/D 6484M Test Method for Open-Hole Compressive Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D30 on Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.05 on Structural Test
Methods.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2007. Published February 2007.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D 7248/D 7248M-07.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © AS
...
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