ASTM G86-98a(2005)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining Ignition Sensitivity of Materials to Mechanical Impact in Ambient Liquid Oxygen and Pressurized Liquid and Gaseous Oxygen Environments
Standard Test Method for Determining Ignition Sensitivity of Materials to Mechanical Impact in Ambient Liquid Oxygen and Pressurized Liquid and Gaseous Oxygen Environments
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method evaluates the relative sensitivity of materials to mechanical impact in ambient pressure liquid oxygen, pressurized liquid oxygen, and pressurized gaseous oxygen.
Any change or variation in test sample configuration, thickness, preparation, or cleanliness may cause a significant change in impact sensitivity/reaction threshold.
Suggested criteria for discontinuing the tests are: (1) occurrence of two reactions in a maximum of 60 samples or less tested at the maximum energy level of 98 J (72 ft•lbf) or one reaction in a maximum of 20 samples tested at any other energy level for a material that fails; (2) no reactions for 20 samples tested at the 98-J (72-ft•lbf) energy level; or (3) a maximum of one reaction in 60 samples tested at the maximum energy level.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method² describes test equipment and techniques to determine the impact sensitivity of materials in oxygen under two different conditions: (1) in ambient pressure liquid oxygen (LOX) or (2) under pressure-controlled conditions in LOX or gaseous oxygen (GOX). It is applicable to materials for use in LOX or GOX systems at pressures from ambient to 68.9 MPa (0 to 10 000 psig). The test method described herein addresses testing with pure oxygen environments; however, other oxygen-enriched fluids may be substituted throughout this document.
1.2 This test method provides a means for ranking nonmetallic materials as defined in Guide G 63 for use in liquid and gaseous oxygen systems and may not be directly applicable to the determination of the sensitivity of the materials in an end-use configuration. This test method may be used to provide batch-to batch acceptance data. This test method may provide a means for evaluating metallic materials in oxygen-enriched atmospheres also; however, Guide G 94 should be consulted for preferred testing methods.
1.3 Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See also Section 9.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: G86 – 98a (Reapproved 2005)
Standard Test Method for
Determining Ignition Sensitivity of Materials to Mechanical
Impact in Ambient Liquid Oxygen and Pressurized Liquid
and Gaseous Oxygen Environments
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationG86;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2 3
1.1 This test method describes test equipment and tech- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
niques to determine the impact sensitivity of materials in D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
oxygen under two different conditions: (1) in ambient pressure D4080 Specification for Trichloroethylene, Technical and
liquid oxygen (LOX) or (2) under pressure-controlled condi- Vapor-Degreasing Grade
tions in LOX or gaseous oxygen (GOX). It is applicable to G63 Guide for Evaluating Nonmetallic Materials for Oxy-
materials for use in LOX or GOX systems at pressures from gen Service
ambient to 68.9 MPa (0 to 10 000 psig). The test method G88 Guide for Designing Systems for Oxygen Service
described herein addresses testing with pure oxygen environ- G93 Practice for Cleaning Methods and Cleanliness Levels
ments; however, other oxygen-enriched fluids may be substi- for Material and Equipment Used in Oxygen-Enriched
tuted throughout this document. Environments
1.2 This test method provides a means for ranking nonme- G94 Guide for Evaluating Metals for Oxygen Service
tallic materials as defined in Guide G63 for use in liquid and 2.2 Military Document:
gaseous oxygen systems and may not be directly applicable to MIL-D-16791 Detergent, General Purpose (Liquid, Non-
the determination of the sensitivity of the materials in an ionic), Type One
end-useconfiguration.Thistestmethodmaybeusedtoprovide 2.3 American Chemical Society:
batch-to batch acceptance data. This test method may provide Trichloroethylene, Reagent Grade
a means for evaluating metallic materials in oxygen-enriched 2.4 Compressed Gas Association:
atmospheresalso;however,GuideG94shouldbeconsultedfor G-4 Oxygen
preferred testing methods. G-4.1 Cleaning Equipment for Oxygen Service
1.3 Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the G-4.3 Oxygen, Gaseous, Type I B
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information G-4.3 Oxygen, Liquid, Type II B
only. G-10.1 Nitrogen, Gaseous, Type I B
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the G-10.1 Nitrogen, Liquid, Type II B
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 2.5 NASA Standard:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- NSS 1740.15 Safety Standard for Oxygen and Oxygen
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- Systems
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See also Section 9.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G04 on Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http://
Compatibility and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen EnrichedAtmospheres and is dodssp.daps.dla.mil.
the direct responsibility of G04.01 on Test Methods. Available fromAmerican Chemical Society (ACS), 1155 Sixteenth Street, NW
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2005. Published December 2005. Originally Washington, DC 20036, http://www.acs.org.
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as G86 - 98a. DOI: Available from Compressed Gas Association (CGA), 4221 Walney Rd., 5th
10.1520/G0086-98AR05. Floor, Chantilly, VA 20151-2923, http://www.cganet.com.
2 7
NASA Handbook 8060.1B, Pressurized Liquid and Gaseous Oxygen Mechani- AvailablefromNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdminstration(NASA),NASA
cal Impact Test, Sept. 1981, pp. 4-72. Headquarters, Suite 1M32, Washington, DC 20546.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
G86 – 98a (2005)
2.6 ASTM Adjuncts:
ABMA-Type Impact Tester and Anvil
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 GOX, n—gaseous oxygen.
3.1.2 LOX, n—liquid oxygen.
3.1.3 mechanical impact, n—a blow delivered by a plum-
met that has been dropped from a preestablished height onto a
striker pin in contact with a sample.
3.1.4 reaction, n—a chemical change or transformation in
the sample initiated by a mechanical impact.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—A reaction from ambient pressure,
LOX mechanical impact may be determined by an audible
report, an electronically or visually detected flash, obvious
charring of the sample, cup, or striker pin.
3.1.4.2 Discussion—Reactions in pressurized LOX or GOX
are typically indicated by an abrupt increase in test sample
temperature, chamber pressure, and light levels and may be
supplemented by obvious changes in odor, color, or material
appearance as a result of thermal decompositions observed
during examination after the test.
3.1.5 pressure threshold, n—the highest pressure at a given
impact energy level for which the passing criteria have been
met.
3.1.6 energy threshold, n—the highest impact energy level
at a given pressure for which the passing criteria have been
met.
4. Summary of Test Method
FIG. 1 Oxygen Impact Test Frame
4.1 The mechanical impact test system is designed to
expose material samples to mechanical impact in the presence
of liquid or gaseous oxygen at pressures from ambient to 68.9
Observation for any reaction is made and noted. Drop tests are
MPa (0 to 10 000 psig). The basic drop tower configuration
consists of: an electromagnet, a plummet, plummet guide continued using a fresh sample, sample cup, and striker pin for
each drop until the threshold level is determined or the test
tracks, plummet hold/release mechanism, base plate, anvil
plate, a specimen cup holder, sample cup, and striker pin (see series is completed.
Fig. 1). For tests conducted under pressure-controlled condi- 4.3 For materials tested in pressurized LOX or GOX, each
tions,theanvilplateandspecimencupholderarereplacedwith sample is placed in the test chamber. The test chamber is filled
a test chamber equipped with a striker pin or striker pin with liquid or gaseous oxygen, pressurized to the required test
counterloader (see Fig. 2), test chamber purge, pressurization pressure, and the striker pin or striker pin counterloader is
and vent systems (see Fig. 3), and a plummet catcher (see Fig. pressed down against the top of the test sample. The plummet
4). The general procedure is to prepare the test sample and is dropped from a selected height onto the striker pin or striker
record significant pretest data. pincounterloader.Instrumentationdevicesthatmonitorthetest
4.2 Ambient LOX Impact Test—The test conditions (pres- chamber interior for pressure, temperature, and light emission
sure and temperature) are the ambient pressure of the test provide evidence of test sample reaction. The sample is
facility and the boiling point of LOX at that pressure. Each removed from the chamber, and the sample is inspected for
sample is placed into a specimen cup (see Fig. 5), precooled in other evidence of reaction such as odor or charring. Drop tests
a sample freezing box (Fig. 6), covered with LOX, and placed are continued using a fresh sample, sample holder, and striker
in the cup holder seater in the anvil assembly of the impact pin or striker pin counterloader for each drop, until the
tester. The plummet is dropped from a selected height onto the threshold level is determined or the test series is completed.
striker pin, which transmits the energy to the test sample. Additional modifications to the above procedure are required
when testing is performed at temperatures above ambient.
4.4 This test method may be used to determine the impact
Detailed drawings from the ABMA-Type Impact Tester and Anvil Region
sensitivity of a material, batch-to-batch acceptance, or to
Assembly are available at a nominal fee fromASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor
Dr., Philadelphia, PA 19428. Request Adjunct ADJD2512. satisfy other prescribed pass-fail criteria.
G86 – 98a (2005)
1 Pneumatic Amplifier Chamber 9 High-Pressure Chamber
2 Equalizer Pin Anvil 10 Sample Cup
3 Equalizer Pin 11 Anvil Nut
4 Pneumatic Amplifier Diaphragm 12 High-Pressure Seal
5 Pneumatic Amplifier Chamber GN 13 Pressurization Port
Cavity 14 Vent Port
6 and 8 Striker Pin 15 Sightglass for Photocell
7 High-Pressure Seal
FIG. 2 Two Types of High-Pressure Test Chambers
5. Significance and Use 5.3 Suggested criteria for discontinuing the tests are: (1)
occurrence of two reactions in a maximum of 60 samples or
5.1 This test method evaluates the relative sensitivity of
less tested at the maximum energy level of 98 J (72 ft•lbf) or
materials to mechanical impact in ambient pressure liquid
one reaction in a maximum of 20 samples tested at any other
oxygen, pressurized liquid oxygen, and pressurized gaseous
energy level for a material that fails; (2) no reactions for 20
oxygen.
5.2 Any change or variation in test sample configuration, samples tested at the 98-J (72-ft•lbf) energy level; or (3) a
thickness, preparation, or cleanliness may cause a significant maximumofonereactionin60samplestestedatthemaximum
change in impact sensitivity/reaction threshold. energy level.
G86 – 98a (2005)
FIG. 3 Typical Pressurization Piping system for a LOX/GOX Pressurized Test System
NOTE 1—Break sharp edges 0.4 mm.
NOTE 2—The cup is formed by deep drawing.
NOTE 3—The thickness and parallelness of the cup bottom shall be
FIG. 4 Typical Plummet Rebound Limiter Assembly
controlled to 2.0 mm by coining.
NOTE 4—Material: any 3000 or 5000 series aluminum alloy.
FIG. 5 LOX Impact Tester One-Piece Sample Cup
6. Criteria for Acceptance for Ambient LOX and
Pressurized LOX and GOX Mechanical Impact Test
6.1 To meet the requirements for acceptability, the material 6.3 Amaterial is acceptable after 60 successive impact tests
shall show no reaction when being subjected to 20 successive withnotmorethanonereactionat98J(72ft•lbf).Thetestmay
impact tests tested at 98 J (72 ft•lbf) using the equipment be terminated and the material considered to have failed if
described in Section 10. there are two reactions in 60 tests or less at 98 J (72 ft•lbf).
6.2 The test may be discontinued and the materials consid- 6.4 The material shall show none of the following reactions
ered to have failed if there is one reaction in 20 drops at any during any of the tests.
energy level less than 98 J (72 ft•lbf). 6.4.1 Audible explosion.
G86 – 98a (2005)
material must be inspected to ensure that it is at the worst-case
use thickness and any flaws shall be noted. Preparation of
samples for testing involve the following tasks: (1) receiving
and visually inspecting the material, (2) preparing samples to
the proper dimensions, (3) cleaning the samples, and (4)
inspecting the samples.
7.1.1 Sufficient material shall be available to permit prepa-
ration and testing of 140 separate 17.5-mm ( ⁄16-in.) diameter
disk samples. Sheet materials up to 6.3-mm ( ⁄4-in.) in thick-
ness shall be tested as 17.5 mm ( ⁄16-in.) diameter disks in the
thickness intended for use (see Table 1).
7.1.2 Materials normally used in thicknesses greater than
6.35 mm ( ⁄4 in.) shall be sized and tested as 17.5-mm diameter
disks of 6.35- 6 0.13-mm (0.250- 6 0.006-in.) thickness.
Failure of samples to meet the requirements of this test method
shall be cause for the rejection of the material. Greases, fluids,
and other materials, whose thicknesses are directed by condi-
FIG. 6 Typical Sample Freezing Box
tions of use, shall be tested as 1.27- 6 0.13-mm (0.050- 6
0.005-in.) layers in special test cups. Materials not readily
6.4.2 Flash (electronically or visually detected).
available in sheet form shall be tested in the available configu-
6.4.3 Evidence of burning (obvious charring, see Note 1).
ration. Specimens shall be free of ragged edges, fins, or other
6.4.4 Major discoloration (as a result of ignition only rather
irregularities.
than other phenomena).
7.2 Liquid Samples—Prepare a homogeneous sample. A
6.4.5 A temperature or pressure spike in elevated tempera-
microburette may be used to transfer the sample into special
ture tests.
sample cups 1.27 6 0.13 mm (0.050 6 0.005 in.) deep (see
NOTE 1—A burnt odor alone is not considered sufficient proof that a
Fig. 7). For highly viscous materials, a microsyringe may be
reaction has occurred. If a reaction occurs (including those during bounce
used. Determine the volume of the sample required to obtain a
of plummet), it shall be reported as evidence of sensitivity. Inclusion of
sample thickness of 1.27 6 0.13 mm (0.050 6 0.005 in.) in the
bounce reactions applies to ambient LOX mechanical impact tests only.
sample cup. This determination is required due to variations in
6.5 All materials that fail 6.1 criteria and remain candidates
such physical properties as density, surface tension, and
for use must be subjected to LOX or GOX mechanical impact
volatility from liquid to liquid.Amicrometre depth gauge with
energy threshold determinations in the thickness of use.
leveling blocks is suggested for measurement. The work table
6.6 The material to be tested must be traceable back to the
must be level. Test material should be loaded into the sample
original manufacturer and to a specific batch or lot numbers, or
cup just before loading the cup into the test chamber (or
both.
freezing box, if testing in liquid oxygen).
6.7 The thickness of the sample shall be the worst-case
7.3 Leak Check Compounds, Dye, Dye Penetrant, and
thickness. While the worst-case thickness has been found to
Emulsifier, Method 1—Clean, unsealed, sulfuric acid-anodized
vary from material to material, the general trend has been that
6061-T6aluminumalloydisks(oranyothersubstratespecified
thinner samples of materials are generally more reactive. 11
by the manufacturer or requester), 17.5 mm ( ⁄16 in.) in
6.8 For the ambient LOX impact test, test conditions (pres-
diameter by 1.60 mm (0.063 in.) thick are used as a carrier.
sure and temperature) are the ambient pressure of the test
Clean the disks before use (see 11.2.2.1). To ascertain the
facility and the boiling point of LOX at th
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