ASTM D5783-95(2000)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling with Water-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
Standard Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling with Water-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers how direct (straight) rotary-drilling procedures with water-based drilling fluids may be used for geoenvironmental exploration and installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices.
Note 1--The term direct with respect to the rotary-drilling method of this guide indicates that a water-based drilling fluid is pumped through a drill-rod column to a rotating bit. The drilling fluid transports cuttings to the surface through the annulus between the drill-rod column and the borehole wall.
Note 2--This guide does not include considerations for geotechnical site characterization that are addressed in a separate guide.
1.2 Direct-rotary drilling for geoenvironmental exploration and monitoring-device installations will often involve safety planning, administration and documentation. This standard does not purport to specifically address exploration and site safety.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
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Designation:D5783–95 (Reapproved 2000)
Standard Guide for
Use of Direct Rotary Drilling with Water-Based Drilling Fluid
for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of
Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5783; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope document means only that the document has been approved
through the ASTM consensus process.
1.1 This guide covers how direct (straight) rotary-drilling
procedures with water-based drilling fluids may be used for
2. Referenced Documents
geoenvironmental exploration and installation of subsurface
2.1 ASTM Standards:
water-quality monitoring devices.
D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
NOTE 1—The term direct with respect to the rotary-drilling method of 2
Fluids
this guide indicates that a water-based drilling fluid is pumped through a
D 1452 Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling by
drill-rod column to a rotating bit. The drilling fluid transports cuttings to
Auger Borings
the surface through the annulus between the drill-rod column and the
D 1586 Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-Barrel
borehole wall.
Sampling of Soils
NOTE 2—This guide does not include considerations for geotechnical
site characterization that are addressed in a separate guide.
D 1587 Test Method for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of
Soils
1.2 Direct-rotary drilling for geoenvironmental exploration
D 2113 Test Method for Diamond Core Drilling for Site
and monitoring-device installations will often involve safety
Investigation
planning, administration and documentation. This standard
D 2487 Test Method for Classification of Soils for Engi-
does not purport to specifically address exploration and site
neering Purposes
safety.
D 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
(Visual-Manual Procedure)
standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for
D 3550 Practice for Ring-Lined Barrel Sampling of Soils
information only.
D 5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Used at Non-Radioactive Waste Sites
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D 5092 Practice for Design and Installation of Ground
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Water Monitoring Wells in Aquifers
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
D 5099 Test Method for Rubber—Measurement of Process-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ing Properties Using Capillary Rheometry
1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information
or a series of options and does not recommend a specific
3. Terminology
course of action. This document cannot replace education or
3.1 Definitions:
experience and should be used in conjunction with professional
3.1.1 Terminology used within this guide is in accordance
judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
with Terminology D 653. Definitions of additional terms may
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-
be found in Terminology D 653.
sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
3.2.1 bentonite—the common name for drilling-fluid addi-
document be applied without consideration of a project’s many
tives and well-construction products consisting mostly of
unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this
naturally-occurring montmorillonite. Some bentonite products
have chemical additives that may affect water-quality analyses.
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water and
Vadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved Oct. 10,1995. Published Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
December 1995. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D5783–95 (2000)
3.2.2 bentonite granules and chips—irregularly-shaped par- some in-situ testing devices (such as electronic pressure
ticles of bentonite (free from additives) that have been dried transducers, gas-lift samplers, tensiometers, and etc.) may
and separated into a specific size range. require lowering and setting of the device(s) in a pre-existing
3.2.3 bentonite pellets—roughly spherical- or disc-shaped borehole by means of a suspension line or a string of lowering
rods or pipe. Centralizers may be required to correctly position
units of compressed bentonite powder (some pellet manufac-
turers coat the bentonite with chemicals that may affect the the device(s) in the borehole.
water quality analysis). 3.2.14 intermittent-sampling devices—usually barrel-type
3.2.4 cleanout depth—thedepthtowhichtheendofthedrill samplers that are driven or pushed below the bottom of a
borehole following completion of an increment of drilling.The
string (bit or core barrel cutting end) has reached after an
interval of cutting. The cleanout depth (or drilled depth as it is user is referred to the following ASTM standards relating to
referred to after cleaning out of any sloughed material in the suggested sampling methods and procedures: Practice D 1452,
Test Method D 1586, Practice D 3550, and Practice D 1587.
bottom of the borehole) is usually recorded to the nearest 0.1 ft
(0.03 m).
3.2.15 mast—or derrick, on a drilling rig is used for
supporting the crown block, top drive, pulldown chains,
3.2.5 coeffıcient of uniformity— C (D), the ratio D /D ,
u 60 10
where D is the particle diameter corresponding to 60 % finer hoisting lines, etc. It must be constructed to safely carry the
expected loads encountered in drilling and completion of wells
on the cumulative particle-size distribution curve, and D is
the particle diameter corresponding to 10 % finer on the of the diameter and depth for which the rig manufacturer
cumulative particle-size distribution curve. specifies the equipment.
3.2.6 drawworks—a power-driven winch, or several 3.2.15.1 Discussion—To allow for contingencies, it is rec-
winches, usually equipped with a clutch and brake system(s) ommendedthattheratedcapacityofthemastshouldbeatleast
for hoisting or lowering a drilling string. twice the anticipated weight load or normal pulling load.
3.2.7 drill hole—a cylindrical hole advanced into the sub- 3.2.16 piezometer—an instrument for measuring pressure
surface by mechanical means. Also known as a borehole or head.
boring.
3.2.17 subsurface water-quality monitoring device—an
3.2.8 drill string—the complete direct rotary-drilling as- instrument placed below ground surface to obtain a sample for
sembly under rotation including bit, sampler/core barrel, drill
analysis of the chemical, biological or radiological character-
rods and connector assemblies (subs). The total length of this istics of subsurface-pore water or to make in-situ measure-
assembly is used to determine drilling depth by referencing the
ments.
position of the top of the string to a datum near the ground
surface.
4. Significance and Use
3.2.9 filter pack—also known as a gravel pack or a primary
4.1 Direct-rotary drilling may be used in support of geoen-
filter pack in the practice of monitoring-well installations. The
vironmental exploration and for installation of subsurface
gravel pack is usually granular material, having selected grain
water-quality monitoring devices in unconsolidated and con-
size characteristics, that is placed between a monitoring device
solidated materials. Direct-rotary drilling may be selected over
and the borehole wall. The basic purpose of the filter pack or
other methods based on advantages over other methods. In
gravel envelope is to act as: ( 1) a non-clogging filter when the
drilling unconsolidated sediments and hard rock, other than
aquifer is not suited to natural development or, (2) act as a
cavernous limestones and basalts where circulation cannot be
formation stabilizer when the aquifer is suitable for natural
maintained, the direct-rotary method is a faster drilling method
development.
than the cable-tool method. The cutting samples from direct-
3.2.9.1 Discussion—Under most circumstances a clean,
rotary drilled holes are usually as representative as those
quartz sand or gravel should be used. In some cases a
obtained from cable-tool drilled holes however, direct-rotary
pre-packed screen may be used.
drilled holes usually require more well-development effort. If
3.2.10 grout packer—an inflatable or expandable annular
however, drilling of water-sensitive materials (that is, friable
plug attached to a tremie pipe, usually just above the discharge
sandstones or collapsible soils) is anticipated, it may preclude
end of the pipe.
use of water-based rotary-drilling methods and other drilling
3.2.11 grout shoe—a drillable “plug” containing a check
methods should be considered.
valve positioned within the lowermost section of a casing
4.1.1 Theapplicationofdirect-rotarydrillingtogeoenviron-
column. Grout is injected through the check valve to fill the
mental exploration may involve sampling, coring, in-situ or
annular space between the casing and the borehole wall or
pore-fluid testing, or installation of casing for subsequent
another casing.
drilling activities in unconsolidated or consolidated materials.
3.2.11.1 Discussion—The composition of the drillable
Several advantages of using the direct-rotary drilling method
“plug” should be known and documented.
are stability of the borehole wall in drilling unconsolidated
3.2.12 hoisting line—or drilling line, is wire rope used on
formations due to the buildup of a filter cake on the wall. The
the drawworks to hoist and lower the drill string.
method can also be used in drilling consolidated formations.
3.2.13 in-situ testing devices—sensors or probes, used for Disadvantages to using the direct-rotary drilling method in-
obtaining mechanical or chemical-test data, that are typically clude the introduction of fluids to the subsurface, and creation
pushed, rotated or driven below the bottom of a borehole of the filter cake on the wall of the borehole that may alter the
following completion of an increment of drilling. However, natural hydraulic characteristics of the borehole.
D5783–95 (2000)
NOTE 3—The user may install a monitoring device within the same easy unthreading of the drill-rod tool joints. Some lubricants have organic
borehole wherein sampling, in-situ or pore-fluid testing, or coring was or metallic constituents, or both, that could be interpreted as contaminants
performed. if detected in a sample. Various lubricants are available that have
components of known chemistry. The effect of drill-rod lubricants on
4.2 The subsurface water-quality monitoring devices that
chemical analyses of samples should be considered and documented when
are addressed in this guide consist generally of a screened or
using direct-rotary drilling. The same consideration and documentation
porous intake and riser pipe(s) that are usually installed with a should be given to lubricants used with water swivels, hoisting swivels, or
other devices used near the drilling axis.
filter pack to enhance the longevity of the intake unit, and with
isolation seals and low-permeability backfill to deter the
5.1.1.4 Rotary Bit or Core Bit, provides the material cutting
movement of fluids or infiltration of surface water between
capability. Therefore, a core barrel can also be used to advance
hydrologic units penetrated by the borehole (see Practice
the hole.
D 5092). Inasmuch as a piezometer is primarily a device used
NOTE 7—The bit is usually selected to provide a borehole of sufficient
for measuring subsurface hydraulic heads, the conversion of a
diameter for insertion of monitoring-device components such as the
piezometer to a water-quality monitoring device should be
screened intake and filter pack and installation devices such as a tremie
made only after consideration of the overall quality of the
pipe. It should be noted that if bottom-discharge bits are used in loose
installation, including the quality of materials that will contact cohesionless materials, jetting or erosion of test intervals could occur.The
borehole opening should permit easy insertion and retraction of a sampler,
sampled water or gas.
oreasyinsertionofapipewithaninsidediameterlargeenoughforplacing
NOTE 4—Both water-quality monitoring devices and piezometers
completion materials adjacent to the screened intake and riser of a
should have adequate casing seals, annular isolation seals and backfills to
monitoring device. Core barrels may also be used to advance the hole.
deter movement of contaminants between hydrologic units.
Coring bits are selected to provide the hole diameter or core diameter
required. Coring of rock should be performed in accordance with Practice
5. Apparatus
D 2113.The user is referred toTest Method D 1586, Practice D 1587, and
Practice D 3550 for techniques and soil-sampling equipment to be used in
5.1 Direct-rotary drilling systems consist of mechanical
sampling unconsolidated materials. Consult the DCDMA technical
components and the drilling fluid.
manualandpublishedmaterialsofAPIformatchingsetsofnestedcasings
5.1.1 The basic mechanical components of a direct-rotary
and rods if nested casings must be used for drilling in incompetent
drilling system include the drill rig with derrick, rotary table
formation materials.
and kelly or top-head drive unit, drill rods, bit or core barrel,
5.1.1.5 Mud Pit, is a reservoir for the drilling fluid and, if
casing (when required to protect the hole and prevent wall
properly designed and utilized, provides sufficient flow-
collapse when drilling unconsolidated deposits), mud pit,
velocity reduction to allow separation of drill cuttings from the
suction hose, cyclone desander(s), drilling-fluid circulation
fluid before recirculation. The mud pit is usually a shallow,
pump, pressure hose, and swivel.
openmetaltankwithbaffles;however,forsomecircumstances,
NOTE 5—In general, in NorthAmerica, the sizes of casings, casing bits, an excavated pit with some type of liner, designed to prevent
drill rods, and core barrels are usually standardized by manufacturers
loss of drilling fluid and to contain potential contaminants that
according to
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