ASTM E209-00(2010)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Compression Tests of Metallic Materials at Elevated Temperatures with Conventional or Rapid Heating Rates and Strain Rates
Standard Practice for Compression Tests of Metallic Materials at Elevated Temperatures with Conventional or Rapid Heating Rates and Strain Rates
ABSTRACT
This practice covers compression test in which the specimen is heated to a constant and uniform temperature and held at temperature while an axial force is applied at a controlled rate of strain. Machines used for compression testing shall conform to the requirements prescribed. The apparatus and method for heating the specimens are not specified. The procedure for temperature control, temperature measurement, strain rate during test, and strain measurement are presented in detail. The complete compression-test system consisting of jig, strain instrument, and recorders should be qualified, in accordance with the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers compression test in which the specimen is heated to a constant and uniform temperature and held at temperature while an axial force is applied at a controlled rate of strain.
Note 1—In metals with extremely high elastic limit or low modulus of elasticity it is conceivable that 1.5 percent total strain under load could be reached before the 0.2 percent-offset yield strength is reached. In this event the 0.2 percent-offset yield strength will be the end point of the test unless rupture occurs before that point.
Note 2—For acceptable compression tests it is imperative that the specimens not buckle before the end point is reached. For this reason the equipment and procedures, as discussed in this recommended practice, must be designed to maintain uniform loading and axial alignment.
1.2 Preferred conditions of testing are recommended so that data from different sources conducting the tests will be comparable.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: E209 − 00 (Reapproved 2010)
Standard Practice for
Compression Tests of Metallic Materials at Elevated
Temperatures with Conventional or Rapid Heating Rates
and Strain Rates
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E209; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E21TestMethodsforElevatedTemperatureTensionTestsof
Metallic Materials
1.1 This practice covers compression test in which the
E83Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
specimen is heated to a constant and uniform temperature and
someter Systems
held at temperature while an axial force is applied at a
controlled rate of strain.
3. Apparatus
NOTE 1—In metals with extremely high elastic limit or low modulus of
3.1 TestingMachines—Machinesusedforcompressiontest-
elasticity it is conceivable that 1.5 percent total strain under load could be
ing shall conform to the requirements of Practices E4.
reached before the 0.2 percent-offset yield strength is reached. In this
event the 0.2 percent-offset yield strength will be the end point of the test
3.2 Bearing Blocks and Loading Adapters—Load both ends
unless rupture occurs before that point.
of the compression specimens through bearing blocks or
NOTE 2—For acceptable compression tests it is imperative that the
through pin-type adapters that are part of the compression-
specimens not buckle before the end point is reached. For this reason the
testing assembly. Bearing blocks may be designed with flat
equipment and procedures, as discussed in this recommended practice,
must be designed to maintain uniform loading and axial alignment. bearing faces for sheet- or bar-type specimens. Sheet speci-
mens may also be loaded through pin-type adapters that are
1.2 Preferred conditions of testing are recommended so that
clamped rigidly to the grip sections of specimens designed for
data from different sources conducting the tests will be
theseadapters (1). Themainrequirementisthatthemethodof
comparable.
applying the force be consistent with maintaining axial align-
1.3 Thevaluesstatedininch-poundunitsaretoberegarded
mentanduniformloadingonthespecimenthroughoutthetest.
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
When bearing blocks with flat faces are used, the load-bearing
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
surfacesshouldbesmoothandparallelwithinverycloselimits.
and are not considered standard.
Thetoleranceforparallelismforthesesurfacesshouldbeequal
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
to or closer than that specified for the loaded ends of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
specimens. The design of the equipment should provide
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
adequate rigidity so that parallelism is maintained during
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
heating and loading. The bearing blocks or pin-type adapters
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
should be made of a material that is sufficiently hard at the
testing temperature to resist plastic indentation at maximum
2. Referenced Documents
force. They should also be of a material or coated with a
material that is sufficiently oxidation resistant at the maximum
2.1 ASTM Standards:
testing temperature to prevent the formation of an oxide
E4Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E9Test Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Mate- coating that would cause misalignment. In any compression
testitisimportantthatthespecimenbecarefullycenteredwith
rials at Room Temperature
respect to the bearing blocks, which in turn should be centered
with respect to the testing machine heads.
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE28onMechanical
NOTE 3—Bearing blocks with straight cylindrical or threaded holes
TestingandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeE28.04onUniaxialTesting.
depending on specimen design may be used for bar-type specimens
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2010 Published November 2010. Originally
providing the apparatus qualifies in accordance with Section 9.
approved in 1963. Last previous edition, approved in 2005 as E209– 05. DOI:
NOTE 4—Bearing blocks of an adjustable type to provide parallel
10.1520/E0209-00R10.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or loading surfaces are discussed inTest Methods E9. Bearing blocks with a
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. Boldface numbers in parentheses refer to references at the end of this practice.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E209 − 00 (2010)
spherical seat for the upper block are also shown.
3.3 Subpresses—A subpress or other alignment device is
necessary in order to maintain suitable alignment when testing
specimens that are not laterally supported, unless the testing
machinehasbeendesignedspecificallyforaxialalignmentand
uniform application of force in elevated-temperature compres-
sion testing.Asubpress for room-temperature testing is shown
in Test Methods E9. For elevated-temperature compression
testing, the subpress must accommodate the heating and
loading devices and the temperature-sensing elements. The
design of the subpress is largely dependent on the size and
strength of the specimens, the temperatures to be used, the
environment, and other factors. It must be designed so the ram
FIG. 1 Specimen Side Support Plates (Ref 4)
does not jam or tilt the frame as a result of heating or
application of force. If the bearing faces of the subpress, the
opposite faces of both bearing blocks, and the ends of the
specimen.Theseplatesaremadeoftitaniumcarbide.Atypeof
specimen are respectively plane and parallel within very close
side-support plate that has been used in compression jigs to
limits, it is unnecessary to use adjustable or spherical seats. In
1800°F (982°C) is shown in Fig. 1(b) (4). This is an assembly
any case, the specimen should be properly centered in the
ofsmalltitaniumcarbideballsbackedupbyatitaniumcarbide
subpress.
plate. The balls protrude through holes in the front retaining
plate.Theholesfortheballsarelargeenoughtoallowrotation
3.4 Compression Testing Jigs—Whentestingsheetmaterial,
andtranslationofeachballwhileatthesametimeretainingthe
buckling of the specimen during application of compessive
balls in the plate assembly. The spacing of the balls, which is
forces must be prevented. This may be accomplished by using
normally about ⁄8 in. (3.2 mm), determines the minimum
a jig containing side-support plates that bear against the faces
specimen thickness that can be tested without buckling be-
of the specimen. The jig must afford a suitable combination of
tween the balls. Rational values of the ball spacing can be
lateral-support pressure and spring constant to prevent buck-
obtained from calculations based upon the plastic buckling of
lingwithoutinterferingwithaxialdeformationofthespecimen
simply supported plates where the plate width can be taken as
(1). Although suitable combinations vary somewhat with
the ball spacing. Another type of jig has a number of leaf-
variations in specimen material and thickness, testing
springsupportsoneachsideofthespecimen (3, 5).Thisdesign
temperature, and accuracy of alignment, acceptable results can
islimitedtoatemperaturerangeinwhichthemetalleaf-spring
be obtained with rather wide ranges of lateral-support pressure
elements can support the specimen satisfactorily. Jigs for use
and spring constant for any given test conditions. Generally,
with specimens that are heated by self resistance are discussed
the higher the spring constant of the jig, the lower the
in Ref 1, 6 and 7, which also provide quantitative information
lateral-support pressure that is required. Proper adjustment of
on the effects of lubrication, lateral-support pressure, spring
these test variables may be established in preliminary verifi-
constant, and misalignment.
cation tests for the equipment (Section 9).
3.4.2 The side-support plates are assembled in a frame that
3.4.1 This practice does not intend to designate specific
is part of the jig.Atypical frame and jig assembly is shown in
compressionjigsfortestingsheetmetals,butmerelytoprovide
Fig.2.Afurnaceisplacedaroundthejigafterthespecimenand
a few illustrations and references to jigs that have been used
extensometerareassembledinthejig.Theholesinthesupport
successfully. Many other jigs are acceptable provided they
blocks are for auxiliary cartridge-type heaters.
prevent buckling and pass the qualification tests set forth in
Section 9. Satisfactory results have been obtained in room-
4. Heating Apparatus
temperature testing using the jigs illustrated in Test Methods
4.1 Theapparatusandmethodforheatingthespecimensare
E9. These jigs usually require that the specimen be lubricated
not specified, but in present practice the following are mainly
to permit normal compression on loading. For elevated-
used.
temperature testing, modified jigs that accommodate the heat-
4.1.1 The resistance of the specimen gage length to the
ingandstrain-measuringequipmentaswellasthetemperature-
passage of an electric current,
sensing elements must be used. A number of compression-
4.1.2 Resistance heating supplemented by radiant heating,
testingjigshavebeenevaluatedspecificallyforperformancein
4.1.3 Radiant heating,
elevated-temperature tests (2, 3). The preferred type depends
4.1.4 Induction heating, or
on the material, its thickness, and the temperatures involved.
4.1.5 Convection heating with circulating-air furnace.
For moderately elevated temperatures, one of the room-
4.2 Theapparatusmustbesuitableforheatingthespecimen
temperaturedesignsmaybeusedinanoveninwhichtheairis
circulated to provide uniform heating. One design for side- under the conditions specified in Section 5.
support plates that has been found satisfactory for use at
5. Test Specimen
temperatures up to 1000°F (538°C) when lubricated with
graphiteisshowninFig.1(a) (4).Longitudinalgroovesarecut 5.1 Thesizeandshapeofthetestspecimenshouldbebased
ineachplatewiththegroovesoffsetacrossthethicknessofthe on three requirements as follows:
E209 − 00 (2010)
5.2 The specimens are divided into two general classifica-
tions: those with rectangular cross sections and those with
round cross sections. The dimensions of the specimens are
optional.Thespecimenmustbelongenoughtobecompressed
to the required deformation without interference from a sup-
porting jig but not long enough to permit buckling where it is
unsupported. The end allowance (dimension between the gage
points and the adjacent end of the uniform section) should be
a minimum of one half the width of rectangular specimens or
one half the diameter of round specimens. Typical acceptable
specimens are illustrated in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4.
5.3 When the dimensions of the test material permit, round
specimens should be used. Round specimens should be de-
signed to be free from buckling up to the end point of the test
without lateral support. Rectangular specimens up to 0.250 in.
(6.35 mm) thick normally require lateral support; with greater
thicknesses lateral support may not be required in well-aligned
equipment. The methods covered by this specification are
normally satisfactory for testing sheet specimens down to
0.020 in. (0.51 mm) thick. With smaller thicknesses inaccura-
cies resulting from buckling and nonuniform straining tend to
increase; consequently, extra care in the design, construction,
and use of the test equipment is required to obtain valid results
for specimens in this thickness range. All compression speci-
mensshouldbeexaminedaftertheyaretested;anyevidenceof
FIG. 2 Typical Compression Testing Jig for Sheet Specimens
buckling invalidates the results for that specimen.
Mounted on Support Jig (Ref 3)
5.4 The width and thickness of rectangular specimens and
diameter of round specimens at any point in the gage length
shouldnotvaryfromtheaveragebymorethan0.001in.(0.025
5.1.1 The specimen should be representative of the material
mm) for dimensions up to 1 in. (25.4 mm) or by more than 0.1
being investigated and should be taken from the material
percent for dimensions above 1 in.
produced in the form and condition in which it will be used,
5.5 The ends of end-loaded specimens should be parallel
5.1.2 The specimen should be adapted to meet the require-
within 0.00025 in. (0.0064 mm) for widths, thicknesses, and
ments on temperature control and rates of heating and
diameters up to ⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) and within 0.05 percent for
straining, and
widths, thicknesses, and diameters above ⁄2 in. The ends of
5.1.3 Thespecimenshouldbeconducivetothemaintenance
of axial alignment uniform application of force, and freedom end-loaded specimens should be perpendicular to the sides
from buckling when loaded to the end point in the apparatus within ⁄4 of a degree. All machined surfaces should have an
used. average surface finish of 63 µ in. or better. Rectangular
Dimensions
Specimen 1 Specimen 2 Specimen 3
G.L.—Gage Length, in. (mm) 1.000 ± 0.005 2.000 ± 0.005 2.000 ± 0.005
(25.4 ± 0.13) (50.8 ± 0.13) (50.8 ± 0.13)
L—Uniform Section, in. (mm) 2.500 ± 0.005 3.000 ± 0.005 2.50 min
(63.5 ± 0.13) (76.2 ± 0.13) (63.5)
W—Width, in. (mm) 0.625 ± 0.010 1.000 ± 0.010 0.500 ± 0.010
(15.9 ± 0.25) (25.4 ± 0.25) (12.7 ± 0.25)
E.A.—End Allowance, in. (mm) 0.75 (19) 0.50 (12.7) 0.25 min (6.35)
FIG. 3 Dimensions of Typical Rectangular Specimens
E209 − 00 (2010)
Dimensions
Specimen 1 Specimen 2 Specimen 3
G.L.—Gage Length, in. 1.000 ± 0.005 2.000 ± 0.005 1.000 ± 0.005
(25.4 ± 0.13) (50.8 ± 0.13) (25.4 ± 0.13)
L—Uniform Section, in. 1.500 ± 0.005 3.375 ± 0.05 1.500 ± 0.005
(38.1 ± 0.13) (85.8 ± 1.27) (38.1 ± 0.13)
D—Diameter, in. 0.500 ± 0.010 1.125 ± 0.010 0.375 ± 0.010
(12.7 ± 0.25) (28.6 ± 0.25) (9.5 ± 0.25)
E.A.—End Allowance, in. 0.25 (6.35) 0.69 (17.5) 0.25 (6.35)
NOTE 1—Specimen 3, because of its smaller diameter, is especially suitable for tests in which rapid heating is desired.
FIG. 4 Dimensions of Typical Round Specimens
specimensshouldhaveawidthofmaterial,equaltoatleastthe bothtypesoftestsshouldbethesame.Theheatingandholding
thickness of the specimen, machined from all sheared or time actually used should be reported.
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