ASTM E209-00(2005)

Standard Practice for Compression Tests of Metallic Materials at Elevated Temperatures with Conventional or Rapid Heating Rates and Strain Rates

ABSTRACT
This practice covers compression test in which the specimen is heated to a constant and uniform temperature and held at temperature while an axial force is applied at a controlled rate of strain. Machines used for compression testing shall conform to the requirements prescribed. The apparatus and method for heating the specimens are not specified. The procedure for temperature control, temperature measurement, strain rate during test, and strain measurement are presented in detail. The complete compression-test system consisting of jig, strain instrument, and recorders should be qualified, in accordance with the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers compression test in which the specimen is heated to a constant and uniform temperature and held at temperature while an axial force is applied at a controlled rate of strain.Note 1In metals with extremely high elastic limit or low modulus of elasticity it is conceivable that 1.5 percent total strain under load could be reached before the 0.2 percent-offset yield strength is reached. In this event the 0.2 percent-offset yield strength will be the end point of the test unless rupture occurs before that point.Note 2
For acceptable compression tests it is imperative that the specimens not buckle before the end point is reached. For this reason the equipment and procedures, as discussed in this recommended practice, must be designed to maintain uniform loading and axial alignment.
1.2 Preferred conditions of testing are recommended so that data from different sources conducting the tests will be comparable.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Nov-2005
• ICS: 77.040.10 - Mechanical testing of metals
• Technical Committee: E28 - Mechanical Testing
• Drafting Committee: E28.04 - Uniaxial Testing

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E209-00 - Standard Practice for Compression Tests of Metallic Materials at Elevated Temperatures with Conventional or Rapid Heating Rates and Strain Rates
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2005
• Replaced By: ASTM E209-00(2010) - Standard Practice for Compression Tests of Metallic Materials at Elevated Temperatures with Conventional or Rapid Heating Rates and Strain Rates
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2010
• Referred By: ASTM E633-21a - Standard Guide for Use of Thermocouples in Elevated-Temperature Mechanical Testing
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2005
• Referred By: ASTM E3097-23 - Standard Test Method for Uniaxial Constant Force Thermal Cycling of Shape Memory Alloys
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2005
• Referred By: ASTM E9-19 - Standard Test Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at Room Temperature
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2005
• Referred By: ASTM E2207-15(2021) - Standard Practice for Strain-Controlled Axial-Torsional Fatigue Testing with Thin-Walled Tubular Specimens
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2005
• Referred By: ASTM F3122-14(2022) - Standard Guide for Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Metal Materials Made via Additive Manufacturing Processes
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2005
• Referred By: ASTM E606/E606M-21 - Standard Test Method for Strain-Controlled Fatigue Testing
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2005
• Referred By: ASTM E3098-17 - Standard Test Method for Mechanical Uniaxial Pre-strain and Thermal Free Recovery of Shape Memory Alloys
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2005

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E209–00 (Reapproved 2005)
Standard Practice for
Compression Tests of Metallic Materials at Elevated
Temperatures with Conventional or Rapid Heating Rates
and Strain Rates
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E209; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
someter Systems
1.1 This practice covers compression test in which the
specimen is heated to a constant and uniform temperature and
3. Apparatus
held at temperature while an axial force is applied at a
3.1 TestingMachines—Machinesusedforcompressiontest-
controlled rate of strain.
ing shall conform to the requirements of Practices E4.
NOTE 1—In metals with extremely high elastic limit or low modulus of
3.2 Bearing Blocks and LoadingAdapters—Loadbothends
elasticity it is conceivable that 1.5 percent total strain under load could be
of the compression specimens through bearing blocks or
reached before the 0.2 percent-offset yield strength is reached. In this
through pin-type adapters that are part of the compression-
event the 0.2 percent-offset yield strength will be the end point of the test
testing assembly. Bearing blocks may be designed with flat
unless rupture occurs before that point.
bearing faces for sheet- or bar-type specimens. Sheet speci-
NOTE 2—For acceptable compression tests it is imperative that the
specimens not buckle before the end point is reached. For this reason the
mens may also be loaded through pin-type adapters that are
equipment and procedures, as discussed in this recommended practice,
clamped rigidly to the grip sections of specimens designed for
must be designed to maintain uniform loading and axial alignment. 4
theseadapters (1). Themainrequirementisthatthemethodof
1.2 Preferred conditions of testing are recommended so that applying the force be consistent with maintaining axial align-
data from different sources conducting the tests will be mentanduniformloadingonthespecimenthroughoutthetest.
comparable. When bearing blocks with flat faces are used, the load-bearing
1.3 Thevaluesstatedininch-poundunitsaretoberegarded surfacesshouldbesmoothandparallelwithinverycloselimits.
as the standard. Thetoleranceforparallelismforthesesurfacesshouldbeequal
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the to or closer than that specified for the loaded ends of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the specimens. The design of the equipment should provide
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- adequate rigidity so that parallelism is maintained during
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- heating and loading. The bearing blocks or pin-type adapters
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. should be made of a material that is sufficiently hard at the
testing temperature to resist plastic indentation at maximum
2. Referenced Documents
force. They should also be of a material or coated with a
2.1 ASTM Standards:
material that is sufficiently oxidation resistant at the maximum
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines testing temperature to prevent the formation of an oxide
E9 Test Methods for Compression Testing of Metallic
coating that would cause misalignment. In any compression
Materials at Room Temperature testitisimportantthatthespecimenbecarefullycenteredwith
E21 Test Methods for Elevated Temperature Tension Tests
respect to the bearing blocks, which in turn should be centered
of Metallic Materials with respect to the testing machine heads.
NOTE 3—Bearing blocks with straight cylindrical or threaded holes
depending on specimen design may be used for bar-type specimens
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE28onMechanical
providing the apparatus qualifies in accordance with Section 9.
TestingandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeE28.04onUniaxialTesting.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2005 Published December 2005. Originally NOTE 4—Bearing blocks of an adjustable type to provide parallel
´1
approved in 1963. Last previous edition, approved in 2000 as E209–00 . DOI:
loading surfaces are discussed inTest Methods E9. Bearing blocks with a
10.1520/E0209-00R05.
spherical seat for the upper block are also shown.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.3 Subpresses—A subpress or other alignment device is
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
necessary in order to maintain suitable alignment when testing
the ASTM website.
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
on www.astm.org. Boldface numbers in parentheses refer to references at the end of this practice.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E209–00 (2005)
specimens that are not laterally supported, unless the testing
machinehasbeendesignedspecificallyforaxialalignmentand
uniform application of force in elevated-temperature compres-
sion testing.Asubpress for room-temperature testing is shown
in Test Methods E9. For elevated-temperature compression
testing, the subpress must accommodate the heating and
loading devices and the temperature-sensing elements. The
design of the subpress is largely dependent on the size and
strength of the specimens, the temperatures to be used, the
environment, and other factors. It must be designed so the ram
does not jam or tilt the frame as a result of heating or
application of force. If the bearing faces of the subpress, the
opposite faces of both bearing blocks, and the ends of the
FIG. 1 Specimen Side Support Plates (Ref 4)
specimen are respectively plane and parallel within very close
limits, it is unnecessary to use adjustable or spherical seats. In
any case, the specimen should be properly centered in the
ofsmalltitaniumcarbideballsbackedupbyatitaniumcarbide
subpress.
plate. The balls protrude through holes in the front retaining
3.4 CompressionTestingJigs—Whentestingsheetmaterial,
plate.Theholesfortheballsarelargeenoughtoallowrotation
buckling of the specimen during application of compessive
andtranslationofeachballwhileatthesametimeretainingthe
forces must be prevented. This may be accomplished by using
balls in the plate assembly. The spacing of the balls, which is
a jig containing side-support plates that bear against the faces
normally about ⁄8 in. (3.2 mm), determines the minimum
of the specimen. The jig must afford a suitable combination of
specimen thickness that can be tested without buckling be-
lateral-support pressure and spring constant to prevent buck-
tween the balls. Rational values of the ball spacing can be
lingwithoutinterferingwithaxialdeformationofthespecimen
obtained from calculations based upon the plastic buckling of
(1). Although suitable combinations vary somewhat with
simply supported plates where the plate width can be taken as
variationsinspecimenmaterialandthickness,testingtempera-
the ball spacing. Another type of jig has a number of leaf-
ture, and accuracy of alignment, acceptable results can be
springsupportsoneachsideofthespecimen(3, 5).Thisdesign
obtained with rather wide ranges of lateral-support pressure
islimitedtoatemperaturerangeinwhichthemetalleaf-spring
and spring constant for any given test conditions. Generally,
elements can support the specimen satisfactorily. Jigs for use
the higher the spring constant of the jig, the lower the
with specimens that are heated by self resistance are discussed
lateral-support pressure that is required. Proper adjustment of
in Ref 1, 6 and 7, which also provide quantitative information
these test variables may be established in preliminary verifi-
on the effects of lubrication, lateral-support pressure, spring
cation tests for the equipment (Section 9).
constant, and misalignment.
3.4.1 This practice does not intend to designate specific 3.4.2 The side-support plates are assembled in a frame that
compressionjigsfortestingsheetmetals,butmerelytoprovide is part of the jig.Atypical frame and jig assembly is shown in
a few illustrations and references to jigs that have been used Fig.2.Afurnaceisplacedaroundthejigafterthespecimenand
successfully. Many other jigs are acceptable provided they extensometerareassembledinthejig.Theholesinthesupport
blocks are for auxiliary cartridge-type heaters.
prevent buckling and pass the qualification tests set forth in
Section 9. Satisfactory results have been obtained in room-
4. Heating Apparatus
temperature testing using the jigs illustrated in Test Methods
E9. These jigs usually require that the specimen be lubricated
4.1 Theapparatusandmethodforheatingthespecimensare
to permit normal compression on loading. For elevated- not specified, but in present practice the following are mainly
temperature testing, modified jigs that accommodate the heat- used.
ingandstrain-measuringequipmentaswellasthetemperature- 4.1.1 The resistance of the specimen gage length to the
sensing elements must be used. A number of compression- passage of an electric current,
testingjigshavebeenevaluatedspecificallyforperformancein 4.1.2 Resistance heating supplemented by radiant heating,
elevated-temperature tests (2, 3). The preferred type depends 4.1.3 Radiant heating,
on the material, its thickness, and the temperatures involved. 4.1.4 Induction heating, or
4.1.5 Convection heating with circulating-air furnace.
For moderately elevated temperatures, one of the room-
4.2 Theapparatusmustbesuitableforheatingthespecimen
temperaturedesignsmaybeusedinanoveninwhichtheairis
under the conditions specified in Section 5.
circulated to provide uniform heating. One design for side-
support plates that has been found satisfactory for use at
5. Test Specimen
temperatures up to 1000°F (538°C) when lubricated with
graphiteisshowninFig.1(a)(4).Longitudinalgroovesarecut 5.1 Thesizeandshapeofthetestspecimenshouldbebased
ineachplatewiththegroovesoffsetacrossthethicknessofthe
on three requirements as follows:
specimen.Theseplatesaremadeoftitaniumcarbide.Atypeof 5.1.1 The specimen should be representative of the material
side-support plate that has been used in compression jigs to being investigated and should be taken from the material
1800°F (982°C) is shown in Fig. 1(b) (4). This is an assembly produced in the form and condition in which it will be used,
E209–00 (2005)
unsupported. The end allowance (dimension between the gage
points and the adjacent end of the uniform section) should be
a minimum of one half the width of rectangular specimens or
one half the diameter of round specimens. Typical acceptable
specimens are illustrated in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4.
5.3 When the dimensions of the test material permit, round
specimens should be used. Round specimens should be de-
signed to be free from buckling up to the end point of the test
without lateral support. Rectangular specimens up to 0.250 in.
(6.35 mm) thick normally require lateral support; with greater
thicknesses lateral support may not be required in well-aligned
equipment. The methods covered by this specification are
normally satisfactory for testing sheet specimens down to
0.020 in. (0.51 mm) thick. With smaller thicknesses inaccura-
cies resulting from buckling and nonuniform straining tend to
increase; consequently, extra care in the design, construction,
and use of the test equipment is required to obtain valid results
for specimens in this thickness range. All compression speci-
mensshouldbeexaminedaftertheyaretested;anyevidenceof
buckling invalidates the results for that specimen.
5.4 The width and thickness of rectangular specimens and
diameter of round specimens at any point in the gage length
shouldnotvaryfromtheaveragebymorethan0.001in.(0.025
mm) for dimensions up to 1 in. (25.4 mm) or by more than 0.1
percent for dimensions above 1 in.
5.5 The ends of end-loaded specimens should be parallel
FIG. 2 Typical Compression Testing Jig for Sheet Specimens
within 0.00025 in. (0.0064 mm) for widths, thicknesses, and
Mounted on Support Jig (Ref 3)
diameters up to ⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) and within 0.05 percent for
widths, thicknesses, and diameters above ⁄2 in. The ends of
end-loaded specimens should be perpendicular to the sides
5.1.2 The specimen should be adapted to meet the require-
within ⁄4 of a degree. All machined surfaces should have an
ments on temperature control and rates of heating and strain-
average surface finish of 63 µ in. or better. Rectangular
ing, and
specimensshouldhaveawidthofmaterial,equaltoatleastthe
5.1.3 Thespecimenshouldbeconducivetothemaintenance
thickness of the specimen, machined from all sheared or
of axial alignment uniform application of force, and freedom
stamped edges.
from buckling when loaded to the end point in the apparatus
used. 5.6 Shoulderedspecimensmaybeusedinlieuofspecimens
with uniform width or diameter, provided the method of
5.2 The specimens are divided into two general classifica-
applying force is consistent with requirements of axial align-
tions: those with rectangular cross sections and those with
ment, uniform application of force, and freedom from buck-
round cross sections. The dimensions of the specimens are
ling.
optional.Thespecimenmustbelongenoughtobecompressed
to the required deformation without interference from a sup- 5.7 The surfaces of the rectangular specimens in contact
porting jig but not long enough to permit buckling where it is with the supporting jig should be lubricated to reduce friction.
Dimensions
Specimen 1 Specimen 2 Specimen 3
G.L.—Gage Length, in. (mm) 1.000 6 0.005 2.000 6 0.005 2.000 6 0.005
(25.46 0.13) (50.86 0.13) (50.86 0.13)
L—Uniform Section, in. (mm) 2.500 6 0.005 3.000 6 0.005 2.50 min
(63.56 0.13) (76.26 0.13) (63.5)
W—Width, in. (mm) 0.625 6 0.010 1.000 6 0.010 0.500 6 0.010
(15.96 0.25) (25.46 0.25) (12.76 0.25)
E.A.—End Allowance, in. (mm) 0.75 (19) 0.50 (12.7) 0.25 min (6.35)
FIG. 3 Dimensions of Typical Rectangular Specimens
E209–00 (2005)
Dimensions
Specimen 1 Specimen 2 Specimen 3
G.L.—Gage Length, in. 1.000 6 0.005 2.000 6 0.005 1.000 6 0.005
(25.46 0.13) (50.86 0.13) (25.46 0.13)
L—Uniform Section, in. 1.500 6 0.005 3.375 6 0.05 1.500 6 0.005
(38.16 0.13) (85.86 1.27) (38.16 0.13)
D—Diameter, in. 0.500 6 0.010 1.125 6 0.010 0.375 6 0.010
(12.76 0.25) (28.66 0.25) (9.56 0.25)
E.A.—End Allow
...