ASTM D6045-96
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Color of Petroleum Products by the Automatic Tristimulus Method
Standard Test Method for Color of Petroleum Products by the Automatic Tristimulus Method
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the automatic determination of color of a wide variety of petroleum products such as undyed motor and aviation gasoline, aviation turbine fuels, naphthas, kerosine, pharmaceutical white oils, diesel fuel oils, heating oils, and lubricating oils by the automatic tristimulus method. This test method correlates to Test Method D 156 and Test Method D 1500 as calculated by the instrumentation.
Note 1 - With the appropriate sample handling, this test method would apply to petroleum waxes, but they were not used in the round robin, and the precision of this test method with regard to waxes is unknown.
1.2 This test method reports results in terms of Test Method D 156 or Test Method D 1500.
1.3 This test method has a one-to-one correlation for the entire range of Test Method D 1500 ASTM Color and for the range from 0 to +30 for Test Method D 156 Saybolt color.
1.4 This test method does not apply to solid samples, petroleum products containing dye, and petroleum products having extreme fluorescence.
1.5 This test method does not apply to cloudy samples. Such samples shall be filtered so they are clear before measuring.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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An American National Standard
Designation: D 6045 – 96
Standard Test Method for
Color of Petroleum Products by the Automatic Tristimulus
Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6045; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Prod-
ucts
1.1 This test method covers the automatic determination of
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
color of a wide variety of petroleum products such as undyed
Petroleum Products
motor and aviation gasoline, aviation turbine fuels, naphthas,
E 284 Terminology of Appearance
kerosine, pharmaceutical white oils, diesel fuel oils, heating
E 308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by
oils, and lubricating oils by the automatic tristimulus method.
Using the CIE System
This test method correlates to Test Method D 156 and Test
2.2 Institute of Petroleum Standard:
Method D 1500 as calculated by the instrumentation.
IP 17 Determination of Colour—Lovibond Tintometer
NOTE 1—With the appropriate sample handling, this test method would
apply to petroleum waxes, but they were not used in the round robin, and
3. Terminology
the precision of this test method with regard to waxes is unknown.
3.1 Definitions:
1.2 This test method reports results in terms of Test Method
3.1.1 ASTM color—the name of an empirical scale of
D 156 or Test Method D 1500.
expressing of the color of a petroleum liquid darker than
1.3 This test method has a one-to-one correlation for the
Saybolt color based on a scale of 0.5 (lightest) to 8.0 Dil
entire range of Test Method D 1500 ASTM Color and for the
(darkest) and determined by Test Method D 1500.
range from 0 to +30 for Test Method D 156 Saybolt color.
3.1.2 CIE—the abbreviation for the French title of the
1.4 This test method does not apply to solid samples,
International Commission on Illumination, or Commission
petroleum products containing dye, and petroleum products
Internationale de l’Eclairage. E 284
having extreme fluorescence.
3.1.3 CIE Standard Illuminant C—Colorimetric illuminant,
1.5 This test method does not apply to cloudy samples. Such
representing daylight with a correlated color temperature of
samples shall be filtered so they are clear before measuring.
6774 K, defined by the CIE in terms of a relative spectral
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
power distribution. E 284
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.4 CIE 1931 standard observer—ideal colorimetric ob-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
server with color matching functions x(l), y(l), z(l) corre-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
sponding to a field of view subtending a 2° angle on the retina;
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
commonly called the“ 2° Standard Observer” E 284
3.1.5 saybolt color—the name of an empirical scale for
2. Referenced Documents
expressing of the color of a clear petroleum liquid based on a
2.1 ASTM Standards:
scale of −16 (darkest) to +30 (lightest) and determined by Test
D 156 Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Prod-
Method D 156.
ucts (Saybolt Chronometer Method)
3.1.6 Tristimulus Values—The amounts of three specified
D 938 Test Method for Congealing Point of Petroleum
stimuli required to match a color.
Waxes, Including Petrolatum
3.1.6.1 Discussion—In the CIE system, they are assigned
D 1193 Specifications for Reagent Water
the symbols X, Y, and Z. E 284
D 1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Prod-
ucts (ASTM Color Scale) 4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The sample is poured into the glass sample container,
and the container is placed into the light path of the automatic
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-2 on Petroleum
Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.05 on
The Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1996. Published February 1997. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
2 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
3 6
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01. Institute of Petroleum, London, “Methods for Analysis Testing.”
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 6045
7,8
instrument. A transmittance measurement is performed in order cally computing ASTM color or Saybolt values, or both.
to determine the CIE tristimulus values (under CIE Standard 6.1.3 Sample Cell—Sample cell shall be clean, clear, color-
Illuminant C and the CIE 1931 Standard Observer) of the less, and unaffected by the petroleum product being measured.
sample in question. These are then converted instrumentally by Cells with path lengths of 33 mm have been found suitable for
the appropriate algorithm to Saybolt color or ASTM color measuring ASTM color, and cells with path lengths of 100 mm
values. have been found suitable for measuring Saybolt values. The
4.2 The color of the sample is reported in either Test Method operator shall follow the instrument manufacturer’s procedures
D 156 or Test Method D 1500 values, as appropriate. and recommendations.
7. Reagents and Materials
5. Significance and Use
7.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
5.1 Determination of the color of petroleum products is used
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
mainly for manufacturing control purposes and is an important
all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-
quality characteristic because color is readily observed by the
tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society
user of the product. In some cases the color may serve as an
where such specifications are available. Other grades may be
indication of the degree of refinement of the material. When the
used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of
color range of a particular product is known, a variation outside
sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the
the established range may indicate possible contamination with
accuracy of the determination.
another product. However, color is not always a reliable guide
7.2 Diluent—Kerosine (Warning—See Note 2) having a
to product quality and should not be used indiscriminately in
color of +21 saybolt color or lighter by this test method or Test
product specifications.
Method D 156, or 1.5 by method B of IP 17. This material is
used for diluting dark samples to be measured for ASTM color.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Either instrument described in 6.1.1 or 6.1.2 may be
NOTE 2—Warning: Combustible Vapor Harmful.
used in this test method.
8. Sampling
6.1.1 Spectrophotometer—The spectrophotometer used in
the measurement shall satisfy the following specifications: 8.1 Samples shall be taken in accordance with Practice
6.1.1.1 Wavelength Range—380–780 nm. D 4057.
6.1.1.2 Effective Wavelength Width—The effective wave-
9. Preparation of Sample
length width of the radiant flux from the slit of the spectro-
9.1 Liquid Petroleum Products such as Lubricating Oils—If
photometer shall be 10 6 2nmor5 6 1 nm.
the sample is not clear, heat it 6°C (10°F) above its cloud point
6.1.1.3 Linearity—60.5 % of full scale. Photometric
(see Test Method D 2500) and observe the color at that
reproducibility—60.2 %.
temperature. When the sample is darker than ASTM Color 8,
6.1.1.4 Wavelength Accuracy—61 nm.
mix 15 volumes of the sample into 85 volumes of the solvent
6.1.1.5 Geometrical Conditions—Normal illumination and
kerosine, and test the mixture.
collection. The illumination light flux shall not include a ray
which has an angle of five or more degrees toward the central
10. Procedure
line. The angle of the center line inclination of the illumination
10.1 Calibration—Prepare the spectrophotometer or tris-
flux shall be 0 6 2° toward the normal line of the sample
timulus filter colorimeter for operation following the manufac-
surface.
turer’s instructions.
6.1.1.6 The spectrophotometer shall have the capability to
10.1.1 Periodic measurement of suitable Test Method
compute tristimulus values (CIE XYZ) using CIE Standard
D 1500 or Test Method D 156, or both, comparative samples
Illuminant C and the CIE 1931 Standard Observer.
would verify instrumental performance. Refer to the manufac-
6.1.1.7 A spectrophotometer that gives results comparable
turer’s documentation for specific details. A method for creat-
to those of the instrument described in 6.1.1.1-6.1.1.6 shall be
ing suitable samples is included in Appendix X1.
satisfactory.
10.1.2 Basic calibration procedures are given in Appendix
6.1.2 Tristimulus Filter Colorimeter—Instrument designed
X2.
for high precision color measurement of clear liquids. The
10.2 Measurement—Place the cell filled with the sample in
instrument shall be capable of converting the light transmitted
the instrument, and measure according to the manufacturer’s
by a sample (under normal illumination/normal detection) into
instructions.
tristimulus values (CIE XYZ) using the CIE Standard Illumi-
nant C and the CIE 1931 Standard Observer using Practice
The Minolta CT320 tristimulus transmission colorimeter has been found to be
E 308. A correlation between measured tristimulus values and
a suitable instrument.
Test Method D 1500 and Test Method D 156 numbers shall be 8
Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor
used to yield an equivalent instrumental ASTM color and/or
Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. Request RR: D02-1356.
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American
Saybolt value. The instrument shall be capable of automati-
Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not
listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory
Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,
MD.
D 6045
10.3 Record the ASTM color value or Saybolt number as 12.2 Precision—The precision of this test method as ob-
appropriate. tained by statistical examination of interlaboratory test results
is as follows:
11. Report
12.2.1 Repeatability—The difference between successive
11.1 Report the following information:
test results obtained by the same operator with the same
11.1.1 The color of the sample as either Saybolt color to the
apparatus under constant operating conditions on identical test
nearest whole number or ASTM color according to the
material would, in the long run, in the normal and correct
following procedure: (1) for results with decimal numerical
operation of the test method, exceed the following value only
values of x.1 to x.4, precede the value with the capital letter
in one case in twenty):
“L” and change the decimal value to x.5 (for example, for
12.2.1.1 r = 0.14 Saybolt color units (Test Method D 156).
3.1–3.4, report L3.5 ASTM color); (2) for results with decimal
12.2.1.2 r = 0.10 ASTM color units (Test Method D 1500).
numerical values of x.5, report as stated (for example, for 3.5,
12.2.2 Reproducibility—The difference between two single
report 3.5 ASTM color); (3) for results with decimal numerical
and independent test results obtained by different operators
values x.6–x.9, precede the value with the capital letter “L” and
working in different laboratories on identical test material
round up to the next larger whole value (for example, for
would, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation of
3.6–3.9, report as L4 ASTM color); (4) for results with decimal
the test method, exceed the following value only in one case in
numerical values of x.0, report as stated (for example, for 4.0
twenty:
report as 4.0 ASTM color); (5) for results greater than 8.0,
12.2.2.1 R = 1.24 (correlation with Test Method D 156).
report D 8 ASTM color.
11.1.2 If the sample has been diluted with kerosine, report 12.2.2.2 R = 0.48 (correlation with Test Method D 1500).
the color of the mixture followed by the abbreviation Dil.
12.3 Bias:
11.1.3 When the sample has been filtered, add the words“
12.3.1 There is no bias in the correlation between this test
(sample filtered)”.
method and Test Method D 1500.
12.3.2 There is no bias in the correlation between this test
12. Precision and Bias
method and Test Method D 156 in the range from 0 to +30.
12.1 A correlation has been derived between the manual
There is a bias for the range from 0 to −16.
Test Method D 156 Saybolt color and the manual Test Method
D 1500 ASTM color, and this automatic method in a coopera-
13. Keywords
tive program involving five laboratories and ten petroleum
materials. Data were generated in 1993 and details and 13.1 ASTM color; automatic colorimeter; color measure-
statistical analyses are on file at ASTM Headquarters. ment; petroleum products color; Saybolt; tristimulus
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. PREPARATION PROCEDURE OF THE COLOR STANDARD SAMPLES
INTRODUCTION
This appendix is an explanation about preparation of color standard samples referred to in RR:
D02-1356. It is also an example of the preparation of possible standard samples that can be used for
periodic checks (see 10.1.1).
X1.1 Scope K 0510 High Purity Dodecane
X1.1.1 This appendix describes the preparation procedure
X1.3 Apparatus
of the Saybolt color standard samples and ASTM color
X1.3.1 The apparatus shall conform to the specifications set
standard samples.
forth in 6.1–6.1.7.
X1.2 Referenced Documents X1.3.1.1 Cells—The optical path lengths shall be 10 mm,
33 mm, and 100 mm.
X1.2.1 IEC Standard:
X1.3.1.2 Balance—The balance shall have a readability of
IEC 867 Insulating Liquids—Specifications for Unused
0.1 mg or better.
Liquids Based on Synthetic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
X1.3.1.3 Pipette—The capacity shall be 2 mL.
X1.2.2 Japanese Industrial Standard:
10 11
Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd St., 13th Available from Japanese Standards Association, 1-24, Akasaka 4, Minato-ku,
Floor, New York, NY 10036. Tokyo 107, Japan.
D 6045
X1.3.1.4 Volumetric Flasks—The capacity shall be 200 mL (b) Repeat the above procedure for Orange EX dye and
and 250 mL. Blue SB dye. Hereinafter these solutions are called Orange EX
X1.3.1.5 Erlenmeyer Flasks with Standard Taper Joint— Dye Solution and Blue SB Dye Solution.
...
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