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ASTM D5304-06

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Assessing Middle Distillate Fuel Storage Stability by Oxygen Overpressure

Standard Test Method for Assessing Middle Distillate Fuel Storage Stability by Oxygen Overpressure

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The results of this test method are useful in ranking a specific fuel sample against other specific fuel samples or standards with or without stabilizer additives when tested under identical conditions. This test method is not meant to relate a specific fuel to specific field handling and storage conditions. The formation of insolubles is affected by the material present in the storage container and by the ambient conditions. Since this test method is conducted in glass under standardized conditions, the results from different fuels can be compared on a common basis.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for assessing the potential storage stability of middle distillate fuels such as Grade No. 1D and Grade No. 2D diesel fuels, in accordance with Specification D 975.
1.2 This test method is applicable to either freshly refined fuels or fuels already in storage.
1.3 This test method is suitable for fuels containing stabilizer additives as well as fuels containing no such additives.
1.4 Appendix X1 provides information on other suggested test times and temperatures for which this test method may be used.
1.5 The values stated in SI unts are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 4.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.4, 10.1, and 10.2.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2006
ICS
75.080 - Petroleum products in general
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.14 - Stability, Cleanliness and Compatibility of Liquid Fuels
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D5304-05 - Standard Test Method for Assessing Middle Distillate Fuel Storage Stability by Oxygen Overpressure
Effective Date
01-May-2006
Replaced By
ASTM D5304-11 - Standard Test Method for Assessing Middle Distillate Fuel Storage Stability by Oxygen Overpressure
Effective Date
01-Jun-2011
Referred By
ASTM D4054-23 - Standard Practice for Evaluation of New Aviation Turbine Fuels and Fuel Additives
Effective Date
01-May-2006
Referred By
ASTM D6469-20 - Standard Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel Systems
Effective Date
01-May-2006
Referred By
ASTM D975-23 - Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel
Effective Date
01-May-2006

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ASTM D5304-06 - Standard Test Method for Assessing Middle Distillate Fuel Storage Stability by Oxygen OverpressureASTM D5304-06 - Standard Test Method for Assessing Middle Distillate Fuel Storage Stability by Oxygen Overpressure
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ASTM D5304-06 - Standard Test Method for Assessing Middle Distillate Fuel Storage Stability by Oxygen Overpressure
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D5304–06
Standard Test Method for
Assessing Middle Distillate Fuel Storage Stability by
1
Oxygen Overpressure
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5304; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
Petroleum Products
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for assessing the
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for
potential storage stability of middle distillate fuels such as
Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
Grade No. 1D and Grade No. 2D diesel fuels, in accordance
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
with Specification D975.
1.2 This test method is applicable to either freshly refined
3. Terminology
fuels or fuels already in storage.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.3 This test method is suitable for fuels containing stabi-
3.1.1 membrane filter, n—a thin medium of closely con-
lizer additives as well as fuels containing no such additives.
trolled pore size through which a liquid is passed and on which
1.4 Appendix X1 provides information on other suggested
particulate matter in suspension is retained.
test times and temperatures for which this test method may be
3.1.2 oxygen overpressure—partial pressures of oxygen
used.
higher than that of air at atmospheric pressure.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1.3 potential storage stability—the tendency of a fuel to
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
form insolubles under the conditions of this test method.
only.
3.1.4 reactor—any vessel capable of sustaining pressures
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
and temperatures above ambient, sometimes designated pres-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
sure vessel or bomb.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.5 weighing assembly—a set of two filters and two
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
aluminum weighing dishes used to determine total insolubles
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
for each sample or blank.
warning statements, see 4.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.4, 10.1, and 10.2.
4. Summary of Test Method
2. Referenced Documents
2 4.1 A 100 mL aliquot of filtered fuel is placed in a
2.1 ASTM Standards:
borosilicate glass container. The container is placed in a
D525 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Gasoline
pressure vessel which has been preheated to 90°C. The
(Induction Period Method)
pressure vessel is pressurized with oxygen to 800 kPa (abso-
D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
lute) (100 psig) for the duration of the test.The pressure vessel
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
is placed in a forced air oven at 90°C for 16 h. (Warning—
Petroleum Products
Observe all normal precautions while using oxygen under
pressure and at high temperatures in the presence of combus-
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
tible liquids. Appropriate shielding should be used for any
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
containers under pressure. Pressurize and depressurize the
D02.14 on Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels.
containers slowly using appropriate personnel shielding. Never
Current edition approved May 1, 2006. Published May 2006. Originally
attempt to open the pressure vessel while it is pressurized. All
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D5304–05. DOI:
10.1520/D5304-06.
fuel and solvent handling should be done in an appropriate
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
fume hood only.) After aging and cooling, the total amount of
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
fuel insoluble products is determined gravimetrically and
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. corrected according to blank determinations.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5304–06
5. Significance and Use 6.3 Heater, capable of maintaining the test temperature at
90 6 1°C for the duration of the test. Ensure heater tempera-
5.1 The results of this test method are useful in ranking a
ture uniformi
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The bromine number is useful as a measure of aliphatic unsaturation in petroleum samples. When used in conjunction with the calculation procedure described in Annex A2, it can be used to estimate the percentage of olefins in petroleum distillates boiling up to approximately 315 °C (600 °F).  
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1.1 This test method3 covers the determination of the bromine number of the following materials:  
1.1.1 Petroleum distillates that are substantially free of material lighter than isobutane and that have 90 % distillation points (by Test Method D86) under 327 °C (626 °F). This test method is generally applicable to gasoline (including leaded, unleaded, and oxygenated fuels), kerosine, and distillates in the gas oil range that fall in the following limits:    
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Note 1: These limits are imposed since the precision of this test method has been determined only up to or within the range of these bromine numbers.  
1.2 The magnitude of the bromine number is an indication of the quantity of bromine-reactive constituents, not an identification of constituents; therefore, its application as a measure of olefinic unsaturation should not be undertaken without the study given in Annex A1.  
1.3 For petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures of bromine number less than 1.0, a more precise measure for bromine-reactive constituents can be obtained by using Test Method D2710. If the bromine number is less than 0.5, then Test Method D2710 or the comparable bromine index methods for industrial aromatic hydrocarbons, Test Methods D1492 or D5776 must be used in accordance with their respective scopes. The practice of using a factor of 1000 to convert bromine number to bromine index is not applicable for these lower values of bromine number.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
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5.1 The boiling range distribution of light and medium petroleum distillate fractions provides an insight into the composition of feed stocks and products related to petroleum refining process, This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for control of refining operations. This test method can be used for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
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5.3 Boiling range distributions obtained by this test method are theoretically equivalent to those obtained by true boiling point (TBP) distillation (see Test Method D2892). They are not equivalent to results from low efficiency distillation such as those obtained with Test Method D86 or D1160.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of petroleum products. This test method is applicable to petroleum distillates having an initial boiling point greater than 100 °C and a final boiling point less than 615 °C at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method.  
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5.1 Heat capacities obtained by this method are those at atmospheric pressure. However, because the temperature range is low, the calculated values are similar to saturated liquid heat capacities in the temperature-pressure range required for most engineering design.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of liquid heat capacity, Btu/lb · °F (kJ/kg · K), at atmospheric pressure, of petroleum fuels for which distillation data may be obtained in accordance with Test Method D86 without reaching a decomposition point prior to obtaining 90 % by volume distilled.  
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5.1 Many petroleum products, and some non-petroleum materials, are used as lubricants, and the correct operation of the equipment depends upon the appropriate viscosity of the liquid being used. In addition, the viscosity of many petroleum fuels is important for the estimation of optimum storage, handling, and operational conditions. Thus, the accurate determination of viscosity is essential to many product specifications.
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1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
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5.1 The solvent extractables in a wax may have significant effects on several of its properties such as strength, hardness, flexibility, scuff resistance, coefficient of friction, coefficient of expansion, melting point, and staining characteristics. Whether these effects are desirable or undesirable depends on the intended use of the wax.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of solvent extractables in petroleum waxes.  
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5.1 Determination of the color of petroleum products is used mainly for manufacturing control purposes and is an important quality characteristic since color is readily observed by the user of the product. In some cases the color may serve as an indication of the degree of refinement of the material. When the color range of a particular product is known, a variation outside the established range can indicate possible contamination with another product. However, color is not always a reliable guide to product quality and should not be used indiscriminately in product specifications.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the color of refined oils such as undyed motor and aviation gasoline, jet propulsion fuels, naphthas and kerosine, and, in addition, petroleum waxes and pharmaceutical white oils.  
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1.2 This test method reports results specific to this test method and recorded as, “Saybolt Color units.”  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units or in SI units and which are not in parentheses are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
Note 2: Oil tubes and apparatus used in this test method have traditionally been marked in inches, (the tube is required to be etched with 1/8 in. divisions.) The Saybolt Color Numbers are aligned with inch, 1/2 in., 1/4 in., and 1/8 in. changes in the depth of oil. These fractional inch changes do not readily correspond to SI equivalents and in view of the preponderance of apparatus already in use and marked in inches, the inch/pound unit is regarded as the standard. However the test method does use SI units of length when the length is not directly related to divisions on the oil tube and Saybolt Color Numbers. The test method uses SI units for temperature.  
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ASTM D7152-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Calculating Viscosity of a Blend of Petroleum Products

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5.1 Predicting the viscosity of a blend of components is a common problem. Both the Wright Blending Method and the ASTM Blending Method, described in this practice, may be used to solve this problem.  
5.2 The inverse problem, predicating the required blend fractions of components to meet a specified viscosity at a given temperature may also be solved using either the Inverse Wright Blending Method or the Inverse ASTM Blending Method.  
5.3 The Wright Blending Methods are generally preferred since they have a firmer basis in theory, and are more accurate. The Wright Blending Methods require component viscosities to be known at two temperatures. The ASTM Blending Methods are mathematically simpler and may be used when viscosities are known at a single temperature.  
5.4 Although this practice was developed using kinematic viscosity and volume fraction of each component, the dynamic viscosity or mass fraction, or both, may be used instead with minimal error if the densities of the components do not differ greatly. For fuel blends, it was found that viscosity blending using mass fractions gave more accurate results. For base stock blends, there was no significant difference between mass fraction and volume fraction calculations.  
5.5 The calculations described in this practice have been computerized as a spreadsheet and are available as an adjunct.3
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for calculating the estimated kinematic viscosity of a blend of two or more petroleum products, such as lubricating oil base stocks, fuel components, residual fuel oil with kerosene, crude oils, and related products, from their kinematic viscosities and blend fractions.  
1.2 This practice allows for the estimation of the fraction of each of two petroleum products needed to prepare a blend meeting a specific viscosity.  
1.3 This practice may not be applicable to other types of products, or to materials which exhibit strong non-Newtonian properties, such as viscosity index improvers, additive packages, and products containing particulates.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 Logarithms may be either common logarithms or natural logarithms, as long as the same are used consistently. This practice uses common logarithms. If natural logarithms are used, the inverse function, exp(×), must be used in place of the base 10 exponential function, 10×, used herein.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D2887-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The boiling range distribution of petroleum fractions provides an insight into the composition of feedstocks and products related to petroleum refining processes. The gas chromatographic simulation of this determination can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for control of refining operations. This test method can be used for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Boiling range distributions obtained by this test method are essentially equivalent to those obtained by true boiling point (TBP) distillation (see Test Method D2892). They are not equivalent to results from low efficiency distillations such as those obtained with Test Method D86 or D1160.  
5.3 Procedure B was tested with biodiesel mixtures and reports the Boiling Point Distribution of FAME esters of vegetable and animal origin mixed with ultra low sulfur diesel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of petroleum products. The test method is applicable to petroleum products and fractions having a final boiling point of 538 °C (1000 °F) or lower at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method. This test method is limited to samples having a boiling range greater than 55.5 °C (100 °F), and having a vapor pressure sufficiently low to permit sampling at ambient temperature.
Note 1: Since a boiling range is the difference between two temperatures, only the constant of 1.8 °F/°C is used in the conversion of the temperature range from one system of units to another.  
1.1.1 Procedure A (Sections 6 – 14)—Allows a larger selection of columns and analysis conditions such as packed and capillary columns as well as a Thermal Conductivity Detector in addition to the Flame Ionization Detector. Analysis times range from 14 min to 60 min.  
1.1.2 Procedure B (Sections 15 – 23)—Is restricted to only 3 capillary columns and requires no sample dilution. In addition, Procedure B is used not only for the sample types described in Procedure A but also for the analysis of samples containing biodiesel mixtures B5, B10, and B20. The analysis time, when using Procedure B (Accelerated D2887), is reduced to about 8 min.  
1.2 This test method is not to be used for the analysis of gasoline samples or gasoline components. These types of samples must be analyzed by Test Method D7096.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D4952-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for Active Sulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sulfur present as mercaptans or as hydrogen sulfide in distillate fuels and solvents can attack many metallic and non-metallic materials in fuel and other distribution systems. A negative result in the doctor test ensures that the concentration of these compounds is insufficient to cause such problems in normal use.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers and is intended primarily for the detection of mercaptans in motor fuel, kerosine, and similar petroleum products. This method may also provide information on hydrogen sulfide and elemental sulfur that may be present in these sample types.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For specific warning statements, see 7.3.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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