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ASTM D198-13

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods of Static Tests of Lumber in Structural Sizes

Standard Test Methods of Static Tests of Lumber in Structural Sizes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 The flexural properties established by this test method provide:  
6.1.1 Data for use in development of grading rules and specifications;  
6.1.2 Data for use in development of working stresses for structural members;  
6.1.3 Data on the influence of imperfections on mechanical properties of structural members;  
6.1.4 Data on strength properties of different species or grades in various structural sizes;  
6.1.5 Data for use in checking existing equations or hypotheses relating to the structural behavior of beams;  
6.1.6 Data on the effects of chemical or environmental conditions on mechanical properties;  
6.1.7 Data on effects of fabrication variables such as depth, taper, notches, or type of end joint in laminations; and  
6.1.8 Data on relationships between mechanical and physical properties.  
6.2 Procedures are described here in sufficient detail to permit duplication in different laboratories so that comparisons of results from different sources will be valid. Special circumstances may require deviation from some details of these procedures. Any variations shall be carefully described in the report (see Section 11).
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of lumber in structural size by various testing procedures.  
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:    
Sections    
Flexure  
4 – 11  
Compression (Short Column)  
13 – 20  
Compression (Long Member)  
21 – 28  
Tension  
29 – 36  
Torsion  
37 – 44  
Shear Modulus  
45 – 52
1.3 Notations and symbols relating to the various testing procedures are given in Appendix X1.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2013
ICS
79.040 - Wood, sawlogs and sawn timber
Technical Committee
D07 - Wood
Drafting Committee
D07.01 - Fundamental Test Methods and Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D198-09 - Standard Test Methods of Static Tests of Lumber in Structural Sizes
Effective Date
01-Oct-2013
Replaced By
ASTM D198-14 - Standard Test Methods of Static Tests of Lumber in Structural Sizes
Effective Date
01-Feb-2014
Referred By
ASTM D5055-19e1 - Standard Specification for Establishing and Monitoring Structural Capacities of Prefabricated Wood I-Joists
Effective Date
01-Oct-2013
Referred By
ASTM D7199-20 - Standard Practice for Establishing Characteristic Values for Reinforced Glued Laminated Timber (Glulam) Beams Using Mechanics-Based Models
Effective Date
01-Oct-2013
Referred By
ASTM D8391-22e1 - Standard Specification for Demonstrating Equivalent Fire Performance for Wood-Based Floor Framing Members to Unprotected 2 by 10 Dimension Lumber or Equal-Sized Structural Composite Lumber
Effective Date
01-Oct-2013
Referred By
ASTM D6874-22a - Standard Test Methods for Nondestructive Evaluation of the Stiffness of Wood and Wood-Based Materials Using Transverse Vibration or Stress Wave Propagation
Effective Date
01-Oct-2013
Referred By
ASTM D7469-22 - Standard Test Methods for End Joints in Structural Wood Products
Effective Date
01-Oct-2013
Referred By
ASTM D6570-18a(2023)e1 - Standard Practice for Assigning Allowable Properties for Mechanically Graded Lumber
Effective Date
01-Oct-2013
Referred By
ASTM E2954-15(2022) - Standard Test Method for Axial Compression Test of Reinforced Plastic and Polymer Matrix Composite Vertical Members
Effective Date
01-Oct-2013
Referred By
ASTM D7381-07(2021)e1 - Standard Practice for Establishing Allowable Stresses for Round Timbers for Piles from Tests of Full-Size Material
Effective Date
01-Oct-2013
Referred By
ASTM D1990-19 - Standard Practice for Establishing Allowable Properties for Visually-Graded Dimension Lumber from In-Grade Tests of Full-Size Specimens
Effective Date
01-Oct-2013
Referred By
ASTM D7672-19 - Standard Specification for Evaluating Structural Capacities of Rim Board Products and Assemblies
Effective Date
01-Oct-2013
Referred By
ASTM D4761-19 - Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Properties of Lumber and Wood-Based Structural Materials
Effective Date
01-Oct-2013
Referred By
ASTM D7341-21 - Standard Practice for Establishing Characteristic Values for Flexural Properties of Structural Glued Laminated Timber by Full-Scale Testing
Effective Date
01-Oct-2013
Referred By
ASTM D3737-18e1 - Standard Practice for Establishing Allowable Properties for Structural Glued Laminated Timber (Glulam)
Effective Date
01-Oct-2013

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ASTM D198-13 - Standard Test Methods of Static Tests of Lumber in Structural SizesASTM D198-13 - Standard Test Methods of Static Tests of Lumber in Structural Sizes
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ASTM D198-13 - Standard Test Methods of Static Tests of Lumber in Structural Sizes
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D198 − 13
StandardTest Methods of
1
Static Tests of Lumber in Structural Sizes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D198; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Numerous evaluations of structural members of solid sawn lumber have been conducted in
accordance with Test Methods D198–27. While the importance of continued use of a satisfactory
standard should not be underestimated, the original standard (1927) was designed primarily for sawn
material, such as solid wood bridge stringers and joists. With the advent of laminated timbers,
wood-plywood composite members, and even reinforced and prestressed timbers, a procedure
adaptable to a wider variety of wood structural members is required.
Thepresentstandardexpandstheoriginalstandardtopermititsapplicationtowoodmembersofall
types. It provides methods of evaluation under loadings other than flexure in recognition of the
increasing need for improved knowledge of properties under such loadings as tension to reflect the
increasinguseofdimensionslumberinthelowerchordsoftrusses.Thestandardestablishespractices
that will permit correlation of results from different sources through the use of a uniform procedure.
Provision is made for varying the procedure to take account of special problems.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of lumber in 2.1 ASTM Standards:
structural size by various testing procedures. D9Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Prod-
ucts
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:
D1165Nomenclature of Commercial Hardwoods and Soft-
Sections
woods
Flexure 4–11
Compression (Short Column) 13–20 D2395Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Wood and
Compression (Long Member) 21–28
Wood-Based Materials
Tension 29–36
D2915Practice for Sampling and Data-Analysis for Struc-
Torsion 37–44
Shear Modulus 45–52 tural Wood and Wood-Based Products
D3737Practice for Establishing Allowable Properties for
1.3 Notations and symbols relating to the various testing
Structural Glued Laminated Timber (Glulam)
procedures are given in Appendix X1.
D4442Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
ment of Wood and Wood-Base Materials
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
D4761Test Methods for Mechanical Properties of Lumber
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
and Wood-Base Structural Material
and are not considered standard.
D7438Practice for Field Calibration and Application of
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Hand-Held Moisture Meters
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E4Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E6Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
E83Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
someter Systems
E177Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
ASTM Test Methods
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on
Wood and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.01 on Fundamental
2
Test Methods and Properties. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2013. Published October 2013. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1924. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D198–09. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D0198-13. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D198 − 13
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to FLEXURE
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
4. Scope
E2309Practices forVerification of Displacement Measuring
Systems and Devices Used in Material Testing Machines 4.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationoftheflexural
properties of structural beams made of solid or laminated
3. Terminology wood, or of composite constructions. This test method is
intendedprimarilyforbeamsofrectangularcrosssectionbutis
3.1 Definitions:
alsoapplicabletobeamsofroundandirregularshapes,suchas
3.1.1 See Terminology E6, Terminology D9, and Nomen-
round posts, I-beams, or other special sections.
clature D1165. A few related term
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D198 − 09 D198 − 13
Standard Test Methods of
1
Static Tests of Lumber in Structural Sizes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D198; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Numerous evaluations of structural members of solid sawn lumber have been conducted in
accordance with Test Methods D198 – 27. While the importance of continued use of a satisfactory
standard should not be underestimated, the original standard (1927) was designed primarily for sawn
material, such as solid wood bridge stringers and joists. With the advent of laminated timbers,
wood-plywood composite members, and even reinforced and prestressed timbers, a procedure
adaptable to a wider variety of wood structural members is required.
The present standard expands the original standard to permit its application to wood members of all
types. It provides methods of evaluation under loadings other than flexure in recognition of the
increasing need for improved knowledge of properties under such loadings as tension to reflect the
increasing use of dimensions lumber in the lower chords of trusses. The standard establishes practices
that will permit correlation of results from different sources through the use of a uniform procedure.
Provision is made for varying the procedure to take account of special problems.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of lumber in structural size by various testing procedures.
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:
Sections
Flexure 4 – 11
Compression (Short Column) 13 – 20
Compression (Long Member) 21 – 28
Tension 29 – 36
Torsion 37 – 44
Shear Modulus 45 – 52
1.3 Notations and symbols relating to the various testing procedures are given in Appendix X1.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D9 Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Products
D1165 Nomenclature of Commercial Hardwoods and Softwoods
D2395 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
D2915 Practice for Sampling and Data-Analysis for Structural Wood and Wood-Based Products
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Wood and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.01 on Fundamental Test Methods
and Properties.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009Oct. 1, 2013. Published September 2009October 2013. Originally approved in 1924. Last previous edition approved in 20082009
as D198 – 08.D198 – 09. DOI: 10.1520/D0198-09.10.1520/D0198-13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D198 − 13
D3737 Practice for Establishing Allowable Properties for Structural Glued Laminated Timber (Glulam)
D4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Base Materials
D4761 Test Methods for Mechanical Properties of Lumber and Wood-Base Structural Material
D7438 Practice for Field Calibration and Application of Hand-Held Moisture Meters
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Extensometer Systems
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
E2309 Practices for Verification of Displacement Measuring Systems and Devices Used in Material Testing Machines
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 See Terminology E6, Termino
...

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1.2 Because of the importance of planing, some of the variables that affect the results of this operation are explored with a view to determining optimum conditions. In most of the other tests, however, it is necessary to limit the work to one set of fairly typical commercial conditions in which all the different woods are treated alike.  
1.3 Several factors enter into any complete appraisal of the machining properties of a given wood or wood-base panel. Quality of finished surface is recommended as the basis for evaluation of machining properties. Rate of dulling of cutting tools and power consumed in cutting are also important considerations but are beyond the scope of these test methods.  
1.4 Although the methods presented include the results of progressive developments in the evaluation of machining properties, further improvements are anticipated. For example, by present procedures, quality of the finished surface is evaluated by visual inspection, but as new mechanical or physical techniques become available that will afford improved precision of evaluation, they should be employed.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5124-96(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Testing and Use of a Random Number Generator in Lumber and Wood Products Simulation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Computer simulation is known to be a very powerful analytical tool for both practitioners and researchers in the area of wood products and their applications in structural engineering. Complex structural systems can be analyzed by computer with the computer generating the system components, given the probability distribution of each component. Frequently the components are single boards for which a compatible set of strength and stiffness properties are needed. However, the entire structural simulation process is dependent upon the adequacy of the standard uniform number generator required to generate random observations from prescribed probability distribution functions.  
4.2 The technological capabilities and wide availability of microcomputers has encouraged their increased use for simulation studies. Tests of random number generators in commonly available microcomputers have disclosed serious deficiencies (1).3 Adequacy may be a function of intended end-use. This practice is concerned with generation of sets of random numbers, as may be required for simulations of large populations of material properties for simulation of complex structures. For more demanding applications, the use of packaged and pretested random number generators is encouraged.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice gives a minimum testing procedure of computer generation routines for the standard uniform distribution. Random observations from the standard uniform distribution, RU, range from zero to one with every value between zero and one having an equal chance of occurrence.  
1.2 The tests described in this practice only support the basic use of random number generators, not their use in complex or extremely precise simulations.  
1.3 Simulation details for the normal, lognormal, 2-parameter Weibull and 3-parameter Weibull probability distributions are presented.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.See specific warning statement in 5.5.3.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2915-17(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling and Data-Analysis for Structural Wood and Wood-Based Products

ABSTRACT
This practice covers sampling and analysis procedures for the investigation and evaluation of allowable properties of specified populations of stress-graded structural lumber. This practice generally assumes that the population is sufficiently large so that, for sampling purposes, it may be considered infinite. The population shall be clearly defined where it may be necessary to specify the following: (1) grade name and description, (2) geographical area over which sampling will take place, (3) species or species group, (4) time span for sampling (5) lumber size, and (6) moisture content. Two statistical techniques are described under this practice, namely: parametric and nonparametric analysis. The sampling methods include: (1) random sampling, (2) sampling with unequal probabilities, and (3) sequential sampling. Selection and method of determining sample size are detailed. The results of the tests performed shall be presented as (1) a set of summarizing statistics, and (2) an appendix of unadjusted individual test specimen results. The procedures and requirements for analysis of results are detailed and includes the following: (1) adjustment factors used to reduce the test statistics to the level of allowable properties, (2) formula for calculating apparent modulus of elasticity, sample mean, sample standard deviation, and confidence interval for the mean (3) sample nonparametric percent point estimate, (4) nonparametric lower tolerance limit, (5) parametric point estimate, (6) lower parametric tolerance limit, and (7) histogram and empirical cumulative distribution function. This practice does not specify the action to be taken after the results have been analyzed.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers sampling and analysis procedures for the investigation of specified populations of wood and wood-based structural products referred to in this standard as products. Appropriate product standards should be referenced for presentation requirements for data. Depending on the interest of the user, the population from which samples are taken may range from the products produced at a specific manufacturing site to all the products produced in a particular grade from a particular geographic area, during some specified interval of time. This practice generally assumes that the population is sufficiently large so that, for sampling purposes, it may be considered infinite. Where this assumption is inadequate, that is, the population is assumed finite, many of the provisions of this practice may be employed but the sampling and analysis procedure must be designed to reflect a finite population. The statistical techniques embodied in this practice provide procedures to summarize data so that logical judgments can be made. This practice does not specify the action to be taken after the results have been analyzed. The action to be taken depends on the particular requirements of the user of the product.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This practice does not purport to address the adjustment factors needed to adjust test data to standardized mechanical and environmental conditions (that is, temperature, moisture, test span, or load duration). Additionally, it provides a basis for statistical estimates that will typically require further adjustment to determine design values for use with an accepted design methodology (that is, allowable stress, limit states, or load and resistance factor design). It shall be the responsibility of the user to seek out the appropriate adjustments in specific product standards.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental prac...

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ASTM
ASTM D245-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Establishing Structural Grades and Related Allowable Properties for Visually Graded Lumber

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Need for Lumber Grading:  
3.1.1 Individual pieces of lumber, as they come from the saw, represent a wide range in quality and appearance with respect to freedom from knots, cross grain, shakes, and other characteristics. Such random pieces likewise represent a wide range in strength, utility, serviceability, and value. One of the obvious requirements for the orderly marketing of lumber is the establishment of grades that permit the procurement of any required quality of lumber in any desired quantity. Maximum economy of material is obtained when the range of quality-determining characteristics in a grade is limited and all pieces are utilized to their full potential. Many of the grades are established on the basis of appearance and physical characteristics of the piece, but without regard for mechanical properties. Other grades, called structural or stress grades, are established on the basis of features that relate to mechanical properties. The latter designate near-minimum strength and near-average stiffness properties on which to base structural design.  
3.1.2 The development of this practice is based on extensive research covering tests of small clear specimens and of full-sized structural members. Detailed studies have included the strength and variability of clear wood, and the effect on strength from various factors such as density, knots (See Terminology D9), and other defects, seasoning, duration of stress, and temperature.  
3.2 How Visual Grading is Accomplished—Visual grading is accomplished from an examination of all four faces and the ends of the piece, in which the location as well as the size and nature of the knots and other features appearing on the surfaces are evaluated over the entire length. Basic principles of structural grading have been established that permit the evaluation of any piece of stress-graded lumber in terms of a strength ratio for each property being evaluated. The strength ratio of stress-graded lumber is the hypothet...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice (1, 2)2 covers the basic principles for establishing related unit stresses and stiffness values for design with visually-graded solid sawn structural lumber. This practice starts with property values from clear wood specimens and includes necessary procedures for the formulation of structural grades of any desired strength ratio.  
1.2 The grading provisions used as illustrations herein are not intended to establish grades for purchase, but rather to show how stress-grading principles are applied. Detailed grading rules for commercial stress grades which serve as purchase specifications are established and published by agencies which formulate and maintain such rules and operate inspection facilities covering the various species.  
1.3 The material covered in this practice appears in the following order:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Significance and Use  
3  
Basic Principles of Strength Ratios  
4  
Estimation and Limitation of Growth Characteristics  
5  
Allowable Properties for Timber Design  
6  
Modification of Allowable Properties for Design Use  
7  
Example of Stress-Grade Development  
8  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trad...

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