ASTM D198-09

Standard Test Methods of Static Tests of Lumber in Structural Sizes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The flexural properties established by this test method provide:  
Data for use in development of grading rules and specifications;
Data for use in development of working stresses for structural members;
Data on the influence of imperfections on mechanical properties of structural members;
Data on strength properties of different species or grades in various structural sizes;
Data for use in checking existing equations or hypotheses relating to the structural behavior of beams;
Data on the effects of chemical or environmental conditions on mechanical properties;
Data on effects of fabrication variables such as depth, taper, notches, or type of end joint in laminations; and
Data on relationships between mechanical and physical properties.
Procedures are described here in sufficient detail to permit duplication in different laboratories so that comparisons of results from different sources will be valid. Special circumstances may require deviation from some details of these procedures. Any variations shall be carefully described in the report (see Section 11).
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of lumber in structural size by various testing procedures.
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:
  Sections  Flexure 4-11 Compression (Short Column)13-20 Compression (Long Member)21-28 Tension29-36 Torsion37-44 Shear Modulus45-52
1.3 Notations and symbols relating to the various testing procedures are given in Appendix X1.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Aug-2009
• ICS: 79.040 - Wood, sawlogs and sawn timber
• Technical Committee: D07 - Wood
• Drafting Committee: D07.01 - Fundamental Test Methods and Properties

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D198-08 - Standard Test Methods of Static Tests of Lumber in Structural Sizes
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2009
• Replaced By: ASTM D198-13 - Standard Test Methods of Static Tests of Lumber in Structural Sizes
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2013
• Referred By: ASTM D4761-19 - Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Properties of Lumber and Wood-Based Structural Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2009
• Referred By: ASTM D8391-22e1 - Standard Specification for Demonstrating Equivalent Fire Performance for Wood-Based Floor Framing Members to Unprotected 2 by 10 Dimension Lumber or Equal-Sized Structural Composite Lumber
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2009
• Referred By: ASTM D143-22 - Standard Test Methods for Small Clear Specimens of Timber
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2009
• Referred By: ASTM D4945-17 - Standard Test Method for High-Strain Dynamic Testing of Deep Foundations
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2009
• Referred By: ASTM D7341-21 - Standard Practice for Establishing Characteristic Values for Flexural Properties of Structural Glued Laminated Timber by Full-Scale Testing
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2009
• Referred By: ASTM D7381-07(2021)e1 - Standard Practice for Establishing Allowable Stresses for Round Timbers for Piles from Tests of Full-Size Material
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2009
• Referred By: ASTM D5456-21e1 - Standard Specification for Evaluation of Structural Composite Lumber Products
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2009
• Referred By: ASTM E2954-15(2022) - Standard Test Method for Axial Compression Test of Reinforced Plastic and Polymer Matrix Composite Vertical Members
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2009
• Referred By: ASTM D6874-22a - Standard Test Methods for Nondestructive Evaluation of the Stiffness of Wood and Wood-Based Materials Using Transverse Vibration or Stress Wave Propagation
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2009
• Referred By: ASTM D6815-22a - Standard Specification for Evaluation of Duration of Load and Creep Effects of Wood and Wood-Based Products
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2009
• Referred By: ASTM D1036-99(2017) - Standard Test Methods of Static Tests of Wood Poles
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2009
• Referred By: ASTM D3737-18e1 - Standard Practice for Establishing Allowable Properties for Structural Glued Laminated Timber (Glulam)
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2009
• Referred By: ASTM D6570-18a(2023)e1 - Standard Practice for Assigning Allowable Properties for Mechanically Graded Lumber
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2009

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D198 − 09
StandardTest Methods of
1
Static Tests of Lumber in Structural Sizes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D198; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Numerous evaluations of structural members of solid sawn lumber have been conducted in
accordance with Test Methods D198–27. While the importance of continued use of a satisfactory
standard should not be underestimated, the original standard (1927) was designed primarily for sawn
material, such as solid wood bridge stringers and joists. With the advent of laminated timbers,
wood-plywood composite members, and even reinforced and prestressed timbers, a procedure
adaptable to a wider variety of wood structural members is required.
Thepresentstandardexpandstheoriginalstandardtopermititsapplicationtowoodmembersofall
types. It provides methods of evaluation under loadings other than flexure in recognition of the
increasing need for improved knowledge of properties under such loadings as tension to reflect the
increasinguseofdimensionslumberinthelowerchordsoftrusses.Thestandardestablishespractices
that will permit correlation of results from different sources through the use of a uniform procedure.
Provision is made for varying the procedure to take account of special problems.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of lumber in 2.1 ASTM Standards:
structural size by various testing procedures. D9Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Prod-
ucts
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:
D1165Nomenclature of Commercial Hardwoods and Soft-
Sections
woods
Flexure 4-11
Compression (Short Column) 13-20 D2395Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Wood and
Compression (Long Member) 21-28
Wood-Based Materials
Tension 29-36
D2915Practice for Sampling and Data-Analysis for Struc-
Torsion 37-44
Shear Modulus 45-52 tural Wood and Wood-Based Products
D3737Practice for Establishing Allowable Properties for
1.3 Notations and symbols relating to the various testing
Structural Glued Laminated Timber (Glulam)
procedures are given in Appendix X1.
D4442Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-
1.4 Thevaluesstatedininch-poundunitsaretoberegarded
ment of Wood and Wood-Base Materials
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
D4761Test Methods for Mechanical Properties of Lumber
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
and Wood-Base Structural Material
and are not considered standard.
E4Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E6Terminology Relating to Methods of MechanicalTesting
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E83Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
someter Systems
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
E177Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ASTM Test Methods
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on
Wood and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.01 on Fundamental
2
Test Methods and Properties. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published September 2009. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1924. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D198–08. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D0198-09. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D198 − 09
3. Terminology intendedprimarilyforbeamsofrectangularcrosssectionbutis
alsoapplicabletobeamsofroundandirregularshapes,suchas
3.1 Definitions:
round posts, I-beams, or other special sections.
3.1.1 See Terminology E6, Terminology D9, and Nomen-
clature D1165. A few related terms not covered in these
5. Summary of Test Method
standards are as follows:
3.1.2 composite wood beam—a laminar construction com-
5.1 The structural member, usually a straight or a slightly
prising a combination of wood and other simple or complex
cambered beam of rectangular cross section, is subjected to a
materials assembled and intimately fixed in relation to each
bending moment
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D198–08 Designation: D 198 – 09
Standard Test Methods of
1
Static Tests of Lumber in Structural Sizes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 198; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Numerous evaluations of structural members of solid sawn lumber have been conducted in
accordance with Test Methods D 198 – 27. While the importance of continued use of a satisfactory
standard should not be underestimated, the original standard (1927) was designed primarily for sawn
material, such as solid wood bridge stringers and joists. With the advent of laminated timbers,
wood-plywood composite members, and even reinforced and prestressed timbers, a procedure
adaptable to a wider variety of wood structural members is required.
The present standard expands the original standard to permit its application to wood members of all
types. It provides methods of evaluation under loadings other than flexure in recognition of the
increasing need for improved knowledge of properties under such loadings as tension to reflect the
increasing use of dimensions lumber in the lower chords of trusses.The standard establishes practices
that will permit correlation of results from different sources through the use of a uniform procedure.
Provision is made for varying the procedure to take account of special problems.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of lumber in structural size by various testing procedures.
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:
Sections
Flexure 4-11
Compression (Short Column) 13-20
Compression (Long Member) 21-28
Tension 29-36
Torsion 37-44
Shear Modulus 45-52
1.3 Notations and symbols relating to the various testing procedures are given in Appendix X1.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D9 Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Products
D 1165 Nomenclature of Commercial Hardwoods and Softwoods
D 2395 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
D 2915 Practice for Evaluating Allowable Properties for Grades of Structural Lumber
D 3737 Practice for Establishing Allowable Properties for Structural Glued Laminated Timber (Glulam)
D 4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Base Materials
D 4761 Test Methods for Mechanical Properties of Lumber and Wood-Base Structural Material
1
ThesetestmethodsareunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD07onWoodandarethedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD07.01onFundamentalTestMethods
and Properties.
Current edition approved Oct.Sept. 1, 2008.2009. Published November 2008.September 2009. Originally approved in 1924. Last previous edition approved in 20052008
as D198–05a.D 198 – 08.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D198–09
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Extensometer Systems
E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—See Terminology E 6, Terminology D 9, and Nomenclature D 1165. A few related terms not covered in these
standards are as follows:
3.1.1 composite wood beam—a laminar construction comprising a combination of wood and other simple or complex materials
assembled and intimately fixed in relation to eac
...