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ASTM C297/C297M-04(2010)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Flatwise Tensile Strength of Sandwich Constructions

Standard Test Method for Flatwise Tensile Strength of Sandwich Constructions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
In a sandwich panel, core-to-facing bond integrity is necessary to maintain facing stability and permit load transfer between the facings and core. This test method can be used to provide information on the strength and quality of core-to-facing bonds. It can also be used to produce flatwise tensile strength data for the core material. While it is primarily used as a quality control test for bonded sandwich panels, it can also be used to produce flatwise tensile strength data for structural design properties, material specifications, and research and development applications.
Factors that influence the flatwise tensile strength and shall therefore be reported include the following: facing material, core material, adhesive material, methods of material fabrication, facing stacking sequence and overall thickness, core geometry (cell size), core density, adhesive thickness, specimen geometry, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment, loading procedure, speed of testing, facing void content, adhesive void content, and facing volume percent reinforcement. Properties that may be derived from this test method include flatwise tensile strength.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the flatwise tensile strength of the core, the core-to-facing bond, or the facing of an assembled sandwich panel. Permissible core material forms include those with continuous bonding surfaces (such as balsa wood and foams) as well as those with discontinuous bonding surfaces (such as honeycomb).
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2010
ICS
83.120 - Reinforced plastics
Technical Committee
D30 - Composite Materials
Drafting Committee
D30.09 - Sandwich Construction
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C297/C297M-04 - Standard Test Method for Flatwise Tensile Strength of Sandwich Constructions
Effective Date
01-Oct-2010
Replaced By
ASTM C297/C297M-15 - Standard Test Method for Flatwise Tensile Strength of Sandwich Constructions
Effective Date
01-Apr-2015
Referred By
ASTM E2570/E2570M-07(2019) - Standard Test Methods for Evaluating Water-Resistive Barrier (WRB) Coatings Used under Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS) or EIFS with Drainage
Effective Date
01-Oct-2010
Referred By
ASTM D7793-21 - Standard Specification for Insulated Vinyl Siding
Effective Date
01-Oct-2010
Referred By
ASTM D4762-18 - Standard Guide for Testing Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
Effective Date
01-Oct-2010
Referred By
ASTM C481-99(2016) - Standard Test Method for Laboratory Aging of Sandwich Constructions
Effective Date
01-Oct-2010
Referred By
ASTM E1307-18 - Standard Practice for Surface Preparation and Structural Adhesive Bonding of Precured, Nonmetallic Composite Facings to Structural Core for Flat Shelter Panels
Effective Date
01-Oct-2010
Referred By
ASTM D5687/D5687M-20 - Standard Guide for Preparation of Flat Composite Panels with Processing Guidelines for Specimen Preparation
Effective Date
01-Oct-2010
Referred By
ASTM E874-19 - Standard Practice for Adhesive Bonding of Aluminum Facings to Nonmetallic Honeycomb Core for Shelter Panels
Effective Date
01-Oct-2010
Referred By
ASTM E1556-20 - Standard Specification for Epoxy Resin System for Composite Skin, Honeycomb Sandwich Panel Repair
Effective Date
01-Oct-2010
Referred By
ASTM E865-20 - Standard Specification for Structural Film Adhesives for Honeycomb Sandwich Panels
Effective Date
01-Oct-2010
Referred By
ASTM E2568-17a - Standard Specification for PB Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems
Effective Date
01-Oct-2010
Referred By
ASTM D7446-09(2017) - Standard Specification for Structural Insulated Panel (SIP) Adhesives for Laminating Oriented Strand Board (OSB) to Rigid Cellular Polystryene Thermal Insulation Core Materials
Effective Date
01-Oct-2010
Referred By
ASTM C1167-22 - Standard Specification for Clay Roof Tiles
Effective Date
01-Oct-2010

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ASTM C297/C297M-04(2010) - Standard Test Method for Flatwise Tensile Strength of Sandwich ConstructionsASTM C297/C297M-04(2010) - Standard Test Method for Flatwise Tensile Strength of Sandwich Constructions
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ASTM C297/C297M-04(2010) - Standard Test Method for Flatwise Tensile Strength of Sandwich Constructions
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C297/C297M − 04(Reapproved 2010)
Standard Test Method for
1
Flatwise Tensile Strength of Sandwich Constructions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C297/C297M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
D5229/D5229M TestMethodforMoistureAbsorptionProp-
1.1 This test method determines the flatwise tensile strength
erties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix
of the core, the core-to-facing bond, or the facing of an
Composite Materials
assembled sandwich panel. Permissible core material forms
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
include those with continuous bonding surfaces (such as balsa
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
wood and foams) as well as those with discontinuous bonding
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With
surfaces (such as honeycomb).
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
Lot or Process
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in
ASTM Test Methods
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
must be used independently of the other. Combining values
E1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced
from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the
Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases
standard.
E1434 Guide for Recording Mechanical Test Data of Fiber-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the Reinforced Composite Materials in Databases
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E1471 Guide for Identification of Fibers, Fillers, and Core
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Materials in Computerized Material Property Databases
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3. Terminology
2. Referenced Documents 3.1 Definitions—Terminology D3878 defines terms relating
2 to high-modulus fibers and their composites. Terminology
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C274 defines terms relating to structural sandwich construc-
C274 Terminology of Structural Sandwich Constructions
tions. Terminology D883 defines terms relating to plastics.
D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-
Terminology E6 defines terms relating to mechanical testing.
tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
Terminology E456 and Practice E177 define terms relating to
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
statistics.Intheeventofaconflictbetweenterms,Terminology
D2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced
D3878 shall have precedence over the other terminologies.
Resins
D2734 TestMethodsforVoidContentofReinforcedPlastics
3.2 Symbols:
D3039/D3039M Test Method for Tensile Properties of Poly-
A = cross-sectional area of a test specimen
mer Matrix Composite Materials
CV = coefficient of variation statistic of a sample population
D3171 Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite
for a given property (in percent)
Materials
ftu
F = ultimate flatwise tensile strength
z
P = maximum force carried by test specimen before
max
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on
failure
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.09 on
Sandwich Construction.
S = standard deviation statistic of a sample population for
n-1
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010. Published December 2010. Originally
a given property
approved in 1952. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C297/C297M – 04.
DOI: 10.1520/C0297_C0297M-04R10. x = test result for an individual specimen from the sample
1
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
population for a given property
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
x¯ = mean or average (estimate of mean) of a sample popu-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. lation for a given property
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C297/C297M − 04 (2010)
4. Summary of Test Method 6.3 Geometry—Specific geometric factors that affect sand-
wich flatwise tensile str
...

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5.1 Refer to Guide D8509.
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1.1 This test method determines the open-hole tensile strength of multidirectional polymer matrix composite laminates reinforced by high-modulus fibers. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber (tape or fabric, or both) reinforced composites in which the laminate is balanced and symmetric with respect to the test direction. The range of acceptable test laminates and thicknesses are described in 8.2.1.  
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Standard Test Method for Measuring the Damage Resistance of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Matrix Composite to a Concentrated Quasi-Static Indentation Force

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Susceptibility to damage from concentrated out-of-plane forces is one of the major design concerns of many structures made of advanced composite laminates. Knowledge of the damage resistance properties of a laminated composite plate is useful for product development and material selection.  
5.2 QSI testing can serve the following purposes:  
5.2.1 To simulate the force-displacement relationships of impacts governed by boundary conditions (1-7).5 These are typically relatively large-mass low-velocity hard-body impacts on plates with a relatively small unsupported region. Since the test is run slowly in displacement control, the desired damage state can be obtained in a controlled manner. Associating specific damage events with a force during a drop-weight impact test is often difficult due to the oscillations in the force history. In addition, a specific sequence of damage events may be identified during quasi-static loading while the final damage state is only identifiable after a drop-weight impact test.  
5.2.2 To provide an estimate of the impact energy required to obtain a similar damage state for drop-weight impact testing if all others parameters are held constant.  
5.2.3 To establish quantitatively the effects of stacking sequence, fiber surface treatment, variations in fiber volume fraction, and processing and environmental variables on the damage resistance of a particular composite laminate to a concentrated indentation force.  
5.2.4 To compare quantitatively the relative values of the damage resistance parameters for composite materials with different constituents. The damage response parameters can include dent depth, damage dimensions and through-thickness locations, Fmax , Ea, and Emax, as well as the force versus indenter displacement curve.  
5.2.5 To impart damage in a specimen for subsequent damage tolerance tests, such as Test Method D7137/D7137M.  
5.2.6 To measure the indentation response of the specimen with and without bending us...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the damage resistance of multidirectional polymer matrix composite laminated plates subjected to a concentrated indentation force (Fig. 1). Procedures are specified for determining the damage resistance for a test specimen supported over a circular opening and for a rigidly-backed test specimen. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites, with the range of acceptable test laminates and thicknesses defined in 8.2. This test method may prove useful for other types and classes of composite materials.
FIG. 1 Quasi-Static Indentation Test  
1.1.1 Instructions for modifying these procedures to determine damage resistance properties of sandwich constructions are provided in Practice D7766/D7766M.  
1.2 A flat, square composite plate is subjected to an out-of-plane, concentrated force by slowly pressing a hemispherical indenter into the surface. The damage resistance is quantified in terms of a critical contact force to cause a specific size and type of damage in the specimen.  
1.3 The test method may be used to screen materials for damage resistance, or to inflict damage into a specimen for subsequent damage tolerance testing. The indented plate can be subsequently tested in accordance with Test Method D7137/D7137M to measure residual strength properties. Drop-weight impact per Test Method D7136/D7136M may be used as an alternate method of creating damage from an out-of-plane force and measuring damage resistance properties.  
1.4 The damage resistance properties generated by this test method are highly dependent upon several factors, which include specimen geometry, layup, indenter geometry, force, and boundary conditions. Thus, results are generally not scalable to other configurations, and are particular to the combination of geometric and physical conditions tested.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound u...

  • Standard
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  • Standard
    11 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off