ASTM D3941-20
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Flash Point by the Equilibrium Method With a Closed-Cup Apparatus
Standard Test Method for Flash Point by the Equilibrium Method With a Closed-Cup Apparatus
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method, using a slow rate of heating, provides a uniform temperature throughout the specimen. The slow rate of heating is necessary because of the low thermal conductivity of some liquids such as paints, resins, and related products, and also because of the poor heat transfer by convection in high-viscosity products. Since the specimen is being heated at a reduced rate, the longer time interval between each determination is necessary to reestablish after each flash test the saturation concentration of vapor in the air space above the specimen.
Note 1: ISO 1523 is used in United Nations Recommendations for Transportation of Dangerous Goods and in the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) regulations and for similar regulations in the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) code. Test Method D3941, which is similar to ISO 1523, is used in the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) regulations. The ICAO and IMDG codes are used for transshipment of hazardous materials through the United States to other countries.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flash point of liquids in which the specimen and the air/vapor mixture above it are approximately in temperature equilibrium.
1.2 This test method is limited to a temperature range from 0 to 110°C (32 to 230°F).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D3941 − 20
Standard Test Method for
Flash Point by the Equilibrium Method With a Closed-Cup
1
Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3941; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
Test Methods D56 and D93 describe procedures using the Tag Closed Tester and the Pensky-
Martens Tester, respectively. Both test methods depend on a definite rate of temperature increase to
control the precision of the test method. The rate of heating may not in all cases give the accuracy
expected because of low thermal conductivity of certain materials. To reduce this effect, ISO/TC 35,
Paints and Varnishes, and ISO/TC 28, Petroleum Products and Lubricants, have issued ISO 1523 in
which the heating rate is considerably slower. This test method is similar to ISO 1523, but uses
standard ASTM cups, style, and format. Due to the slower heating rate, the time required to make a
determination of a flash point is considerably longer than for Test Methods D56 and D93 but the
accuracy is improved.
1. Scope flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself
incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flash
assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under
point of liquids in which the specimen and the air/vapor
actual fire conditions.
mixture above it are approximately in temperature equilibrium.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.2 This test method is limited to a temperature range from
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
0 to 110°C (32 to 230°F).
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
only.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.4 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regu-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
latory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-
containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data
2. Referenced Documents
Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both,
D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
legality of sales in their location.
Closed Cup Tester
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and
E1137 SpecificationforIndustrialPlatinumResistanceTher-
mometers
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
2
Subcommittee D01.21 on Chemical Analysis of Paints and Paint Materials. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved June 1, 2020. Published June 2020. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D3941 – 14. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D3941-20. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D3941 − 20
E2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom- 6.2 Liquid Bath—Any suitable liquid bath capable of being
eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids adjusted to the required temperature and of adequate heat
E2877 Guide for Digital Contact Thermometers capacity to meet
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D3941 − 14 D3941 − 20
Standard Test Method for
Flash Point by the Equilibrium Method With a Closed-Cup
1
Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3941; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
Test Methods D56 and D93 describe procedures using the Tag Closed Tester and the Pensky-
Martens Tester, respectively. Both test methods depend on a definite rate of temperature increase to
control the precision of the test method. The rate of heating may not in all cases give the accuracy
expected because of low thermal conductivity of certain materials. To reduce this effect, ISO/TC 35,
Paints and Varnishes, and ISO/TC 28, Petroleum Products and Lubricants, have issued ISO 1523 in
which the heating rate is considerably slower. This test method is similar to ISO 1523, but uses
standard ASTM cups, style, and format. Due to the slower heating rate, the time required to make a
determination of a flash point is considerably longer than for Test Methods D56 and D93 but the
accuracy is improved.
1. Scope*Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flash point of liquids in which the specimen and the air/vapor mixture above
it are approximately in temperature equilibrium.
1.2 This test method is limited to a temperature range from 0 to 110°C (32 to 230°F).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious
medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution
when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional
information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national
law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies
as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous
to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the
applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for details and EPA’s website, http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm, for additional
information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be
prohibited by law.
1.5 This standard should be is used to measure and describe the propertiesresponse of material,materials, products, or
assemblies in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise
theconditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials,
products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment
which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.21 on Chemical Analysis of Paints and Paint Materials.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2014June 1, 2020. Published January 2015June 2020. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 20072014 as
D3941 – 90 (2007).D3941 – 14. DOI: 10.1520/D3941-14.10.1520/D3941-20.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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