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ASTM E1349-06

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45:0 or 0:45) Geometry

Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45:0 or 0:45) Geometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental measurement using spectrophotometers or spectrocolorimeters with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring systems. This test method provides procedures for such measurement by spectrophotometry using a bidirectional (0:45 or 45:0) optical measuring system. The method for color and color difference measurement using filter colorimeters is contained in Test Method E 1347.
This test method is especially suitable for measurement of the following types of specimens for the indicated uses (see also Guide E 179 and Practice E 805):
5.2.1 Object-color specimens of any gloss level for color assessment.
5.2.2 Object-color specimens with physically flat, smooth surfaces from which to obtain data for use in computer colorant formulation.
5.2.3 Retroreflective specimens.
Note 1—To ensure inter-instrument agreement in the measurement of specimens with intermediate gloss, for formulation, or of retroreflective specimens, significantly tighter tolerances than those given in Practice E 1164, Influx and Efflux Conditions, 45°:Normal (45:0) and Normal:45° (0:45) Reflectance Factor section, may be required for the instrument angles of illumination and viewing. Information on the required tolerances is being developed.
This test method is not recommended for measurement of specimens with bare metal surfaces for color assessment, for which the use of hemispherical measurement geometry, as with an integrating-sphere type instrument, is preferable (see Guide E 179).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the instrumental measurement of the reflection properties and color of object-color specimens by use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a bidirectional optical measuring system, such as annular, circumferential, or uniplanar 45:0 or 0:45 geometry.
1.2 This test method is generally suitable for any non-fluorescent, flat object-color specimen. It is especially recommended for measuring retroreflective specimens and specimens of intermediate gloss.
1.3 Procedures required for the measurement of fluorescent object color are given in Practice E 991 and Practice E 2153.
1.4 Procedures required for the measurement of color using filter colorimeters are contained in Test Method E 1347 and this standard does not address those instruments.
. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
28-Feb-2006
ICS
17.180.20 - Colours and measurement of light
Technical Committee
E12 - Color and Appearance
Drafting Committee
E12.02 - Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1349-90(1998) - Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional Geometry
Effective Date
01-Mar-2006
Replaced By
ASTM E1349-06(2013) - Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45°:0° or 0°:45°) Geometry
Effective Date
01-Jan-2013
Referred By
ASTM D2457-21 - Standard Test Method for Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and Solid Plastics
Effective Date
01-Mar-2006
Referred By
ASTM D5215-93(2021) - Standard Test Method for Instrumental Evaluation of Staining of Vinyl Flooring by Adhesives
Effective Date
01-Mar-2006
Referred By
ASTM D5382-02(2017) - Standard Guide to Evaluation of Optical Properties of Powder Coatings
Effective Date
01-Mar-2006
Referred By
ASTM D2805-11(2023) - Standard Test Method for Hiding Power of Paints by Reflectometry
Effective Date
01-Mar-2006
Referred By
ASTM D8514/D8514M-23 - Standard Specification for Flexible, Retroreflective Sheeting for Use in High Visibility Vehicle Markings
Effective Date
01-Mar-2006
Referred By
ASTM D2066-07(2020) - Standard Test Methods for Relative Tinting Strength of Paste-Type Printing Ink Dispersions
Effective Date
01-Mar-2006
Referred By
ASTM E313-20 - Standard Practice for Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness Indices from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
Effective Date
01-Mar-2006
Referred By
ASTM D6441-05(2016) - Standard Test Methods for Measuring the Hiding Power of Powder Coatings
Effective Date
01-Mar-2006
Referred By
ASTM D6290-19 - Standard Test Method for Color Determination of Plastic Pellets
Effective Date
01-Mar-2006
Referred By
ASTM D2205-20 - Standard Guide for Selection of Tests for Traffic Paints
Effective Date
01-Mar-2006
Referred By
ASTM D4303-10(2022) - Standard Test Methods for Lightfastness of Colorants Used in Artists' Materials
Effective Date
01-Mar-2006
Referred By
ASTM D3134-15(2019) - Standard Practice for Establishing Color and Gloss Tolerances
Effective Date
01-Mar-2006
Referred By
ASTM E1247-12(2017) - Standard Practice for Detecting Fluorescence in Object-Color Specimens by Spectrophotometry
Effective Date
01-Mar-2006

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ASTM E1349-06 - Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45:0 or 0:45) GeometryASTM E1349-06 - Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45:0 or 0:45) Geometry
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ASTM E1349-06 - Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45:0 or 0:45) Geometry
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E1349 −06
StandardTest Method for
Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using
1
Bidirectional (45°:0° or 0°:45°) Geometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1349; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E694 Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric Appa-
ratus
1.1 This test method covers the instrumental measurement
E805 Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of
of the reflection properties and color of object-color specimens
Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
by use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a
E991 Practice for Color Measurement of Fluorescent Speci-
bidirectional optical measuring system, such as annular,
mens Using the One-Monochromator Method
circumferential, or uniplanar 45:0 or 0:45 geometry.
E1164 PracticeforObtainingSpectrometricDataforObject-
1.2 This test method is generally suitable for any non-
Color Evaluation
fluorescent, flat object-color specimen. It is especially recom-
E1345 Practice for Reducing the Effect of Variability of
mendedformeasuringretroreflectivespecimensandspecimens
Color Measurement by Use of Multiple Measurements
of intermediate gloss.
E1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-
surement by Tristimulus Colorimetry
1.3 Procedures required for the measurement of fluorescent
object color are given in Practice E991 and Practice E2153. E1767 Practice for Specifying the Geometries of Observa-
tion and Measurement to Characterize the Appearance of
1.4 Procedures required for the measurement of color using
Materials
filter colorimeters are contained inTest Method E1347 and this
E2153 Practice for Obtaining Bispectral Photometric Data
standard does not address those instruments.
for Evaluation of Fluorescent Color
1.5 . This standard does not purport to address all of the
E2214 Practice for Specifying and Verifying the Perfor-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
mance of Color-Measuring Instruments
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3. Terminology
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 ThedefinitionscontainedinGuideE179,Terminology
2. Referenced Documents
E284, Practice E1164, Practice E1767, and Practice E2214 are
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
applicable to this test method.
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and
4. Summary of Test Method
Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color
Coordinates 4.1 Thistestmethodprovidesaprocedureformeasuringthe
E179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for
reflectance factors of reflecting object-color specimens by
Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties usingaspectrophotometerorspectrocolorimeterequippedwith
of Materials a bidirectional optical measuring system.
E284 Terminology of Appearance
4.2 When the specimens exhibit directionality, and an in-
E308 PracticeforComputingtheColorsofObjectsbyUsing
strument with uniplanar geometry is used, information on
the CIE System
directionality may be obtained by measuring the specimens at
more than one rotation angle, typically at two angles 90° apart
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color
as described in Practice E1345. When such information is not
and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.02 on
required, these measurements may be averaged, or an instru-
Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry.
ment with annular or circumferential geometry may be used.
Current edition approved March 1, 2006. Published April 2006. Originally
However, even with annular or circumferential influx or efflux
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as E1349 – 90 (1998).
DOI: 10.1520/E1349-06.
optics, some of the variability induced by specimen — optical
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
system interactions may remain and the application of the
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
methods in Practice E1345 may help to further reduce those
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. measurement errors.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1349−06
4.3 This test method includes procedures for standardizing 6.2.3 Verification Standards (recommended)—(See Practice
the instrument or verifying its sta
...

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ASTM E1247-12(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Detecting Fluorescence in Object-Color Specimens by Spectrophotometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Several standards, including Practices E991, E1164, and Test Methods E1331, E1348 and E1349, require either the presence or absence of fluorescence exhibited by the specimen for correct application. This practice provides spectrophotometric procedures for identifying the presence of fluorescence in materials.  
4.2 This practice is applicable to all object-color specimens, whether opaque, translucent, or transparent, meeting the requirements for specimens in the appropriate standards listed in 2.1. Translucent specimens should be measured by reflectance, with a standard non-fluorescent backing material, usually but not necessarily black, placed behind the specimen during measurement.  
4.3 This practice requires the use of a spectrophotometer in which the spectral distribution of the illumination on the specimen can be altered by the user in one of several ways. The modification of the illumination can either be by the insertion of optical filters between the illuminating source and the specimen, without interfering with the detection of the radiation from the specimen, or by interchange of the illuminating and detecting systems of the instrument or by scanning of both the illuminating energy and detection output as in the two-monochromator method.  
4.4 The confirmation of the presence of fluorescence is made by the comparison of spectral curves, color difference, or single parameter difference such as ΔY between the measurements.
Note 2: In editions of E1247 – 92 and earlier, the test of fluorescence was the two sets of spectral transmittances or radiance factor (reflectance factors) differ by 1 % of full scale at the wavelength of greatest difference.  
4.5 Either bidirectional or hemispherical instrument geometry may be used in this practice. The instrument must be capable of providing either broadband (white light) irradiation on the specimen or monochromatic irradiation and monochromatic detection.  
4.6 This practice describes methods to detect the...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides spectrophotometric methods for detecting the presence of fluorescence in object-color specimens.
Note 1: Since the addition of fluorescing agents (colorants, whitening agents, etc.) is often intentional by the manufacturer of a material, information on the presence or absence of fluorescent properties in a specimen may often be obtained from the maker of the material.  
1.2 This practice requires the use of a spectrophotometer that both irradiates the specimen over the wavelength range from 340 nm to 700 nm and allows the spectral distribution of illumination on the specimen to be altered as desired.  
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ASTM E1331-15(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental measurement using spectrophotometers or colorimeters with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring systems. This test method provides procedures for such measurement by reflectance spectrophotometry using a hemispherical optical measuring system.  
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5.2.1 All types of object-color specimens to obtain data for use in computer colorant formulation.  
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5.2.2.1 For the measurement of plane-surface high-gloss specimens, the specular component should generally be excluded during the measurement.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acoustical materials are often used as the entire ceiling of rooms and are therefore an important component of the lighting system. The luminous reflectance of all important components must be known in order to predict the level of illumination that will be obtained.  
5.2 The reflecting properties of a surface are measured relative to those of a standard reflector, the perfect reflecting diffuser, to provide a reflectance factor. The luminous reflectance factor is calculated for a standard illuminant, and a standard observer, for the standard hemispherical (integrating-sphere) geometry of illumination and viewing, in which all reflected radiation from an area of the surface is collected. In this way the reflecting properties of an acoustical material can be represented by a single number measured and calculated under standard conditions.  
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ASTM E1349-06(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45°:0° or 0°:45°) Geometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental measurement using spectrophotometers or spectrocolorimeters with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring systems. This test method provides procedures for such measurement by spectrophotometry using a bidirectional (0:45 or 45:0) optical measuring system. The method for color and color difference measurement using filter colorimeters is contained in Test Method E1347.  
5.2 This test method is especially suitable for measurement of the following types of specimens for the indicated uses (see also Guide E179 and Practice E805):  
5.2.1 Object-color specimens of any gloss level for color assessment.  
5.2.2 Object-color specimens with physically flat, smooth surfaces from which to obtain data for use in computer colorant formulation.  
5.2.3 Retroreflective specimens.
Note 1: To ensure inter-instrument agreement in the measurement of specimens with intermediate gloss, for formulation, or of retroreflective specimens, significantly tighter tolerances than those given in Practice E1164, Influx and Efflux Conditions, 45°:Normal (45:0) and Normal:45° (0:45) Reflectance Factor section, may be required for the instrument angles of illumination and viewing. Information on the required tolerances is being developed.  
5.3 This test method is not recommended for measurement of specimens with bare metal surfaces for color assessment, for which the use of hemispherical measurement geometry, as with an integrating-sphere type instrument, is preferable (see Guide E179).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the instrumental measurement of the reflection properties and color of object-color specimens by use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a bidirectional optical measuring system, such as annular, circumferential, or uniplanar 45:0 or 0:45 geometry.  
1.2 This test method is generally suitable for any non-fluorescent, flat object-color specimen. It is especially recommended for measuring retroreflective specimens and specimens of intermediate gloss.  
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5.2 The CIE 1931 (2°) standard observer is used to calculate the colorimetric properties of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and markings used in daytime high visibility traffic control and personal safety applications because in practice these materials are primarily viewed from a distance where they subtend less than 4° of the visual field.  
5.3 This test method is applicable to object-color specimens of any gloss level.  
5.4 Due to the retroreflective properties of these materials the colorimetric data may not be suitable for use in computer colorant formulation.  
5.5 This test method is suitable for quality control testing of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials.
Note 1: Separation of the fluorescence and reflectance components from the total colorimetric properties provides useful and meaningful information to evaluate independently the luminescent and diffuse reflective efficiency and consistency of these materials.  
5.6 This test method is the referee method for determining the conformance of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials to standard daytime colorimetric specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the colorimetric properties (CIE tristimulus values, luminance factors, and chromaticity coordinates) of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials when illuminated by daylight.  
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to any sheeting or marking material having combined fluorescent and retroreflective properties used for daytime high visibility traffic control and personal safety applications.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
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ASTM
ASTM E179-17(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for use in selecting terminology, measurement scales, and instrumentation for describing or evaluating such appearance characteristics as glossiness, opacity, lightness, transparency, and haziness in terms of reflected or transmitted light. This guide does not consider the spectral variations responsible for color, but the geometric variables described herein can importantly affect instrumentally measured values of color. This guide is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    8 pages
    English language
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