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ASTM C201-93(2009)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Refractories

Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Refractories

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The thermal conductivity of refractories is a property required for selecting their thermal transmission characteristics. Users select refractories to provide specified conditions of heat loss and cold face temperature, without exceeding the temperature limitation of the refractory. This test method establishes the testing for thermal conductivity of refractories using the calorimeter.
This procedure requires a large thermal gradient and steady state conditions. The results are based upon a mean temperature.  
The data from this test method are suitable for specification acceptance, and design of multi-layer refractory construction.  
The use of these data requires consideration of the actual application environment and conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the comparative thermal conductivity of refractories under standardized conditions of testing. This test method is designed for refractories having a conductivity factor of not more than 200 Btu·in./h·ft2·°F (2818 W/m·K), for a thickness of 1 in. (25 mm).  
1.2 Detailed ASTM test methods to be used in conjunction with this procedure in testing specific types of refractory materials are as follows: Test Method C 182, Test Method C 202, Test Method C 417, and Test Method C 767.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
28-Feb-2009
ICS
81.080 - Refractories
Technical Committee
C08 - Refractories
Drafting Committee
C08.02 - Thermal Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C201-93(2004) - Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Refractories
Effective Date
01-Mar-2009
Replaced By
ASTM C201-93(2013) - Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Refractories
Effective Date
01-Sep-2013
Referred By
ASTM C1058/C1058M-10(2023) - Standard Practice for Selecting Temperatures for Evaluating and Reporting Thermal Properties of Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
01-Mar-2009
Referred By
ASTM C1685-15(2021) - Standard Specification for Pneumatically Applied High-Temperature Fiber Thermal Insulation for Industrial Applications
Effective Date
01-Mar-2009
Referred By
ASTM C202-19 - Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Refractory Brick
Effective Date
01-Mar-2009
Referred By
ASTM C892-19 - Standard Specification for High-Temperature Fiber Blanket Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
01-Mar-2009
Referred By
ASTM C1470-20 - Standard Guide for Testing the Thermal Properties of Advanced Ceramics
Effective Date
01-Mar-2009
Referred By
ASTM C767-20 - Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Refractories
Effective Date
01-Mar-2009
Referred By
ASTM C1676/C1676M-23 - Standard Specification for Microporous Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
01-Mar-2009
Referred By
ASTM C1113/C1113M-09(2019) - Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Refractories by Hot Wire (Platinum Resistance Thermometer Technique)
Effective Date
01-Mar-2009
Referred By
ASTM C182-19 - Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Insulating Firebrick
Effective Date
01-Mar-2009
Referred By
ASTM C417-21 - Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Unfired Monolithic Refractories
Effective Date
01-Mar-2009

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ASTM C201-93(2009) - Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Refractories
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C201 − 93(Reapproved 2009)
Standard Test Method for
Thermal Conductivity of Refractories
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C201; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E220Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By
Comparison Techniques
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the com-
parative thermal conductivity of refractories under standard-
3. Significance and Use
ized conditions of testing. This test method is designed for
3.1 The thermal conductivity of refractories is a property
refractories having a conductivity factor of not more than 200
required for selecting their thermal transmission characteris-
Btu·in./h·ft ·°F(2818W/m·K),forathicknessof1in.(25mm).
tics.Usersselectrefractoriestoprovidespecifiedconditionsof
1.2 Detailed ASTM test methods to be used in conjunction
heat loss and cold face temperature, without exceeding the
with this procedure in testing specific types of refractory
temperature limitation of the refractory. This test method
materials are as follows: Test Method C182, Test Method
establishes the testing for thermal conductivity of refractories
C202, Test Method C417, and Test Method C767.
using the calorimeter.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
3.2 This procedure requires a large thermal gradient and
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
steady state conditions. The results are based upon a mean
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
temperature.
and are not considered standard.
3.3 The data from this test method are suitable for specifi-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
cation acceptance, and design of multi-layer refractory con-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
struction.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.4 Theuseofthesedatarequiresconsiderationoftheactual
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
application environment and conditions.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Apparatus
2. Referenced Documents
4.1 The apparatus shall conform in close detail with that
2.1 ASTM Standards:
shown in the approved drawings. The equipment is shown in
C134Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements,
Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, and the essential parts are as follows:
and Bulk Density of Refractory Brick and Insulating
4.1.1 Heating Chamber—Aheating chamber, shown in Fig.
Firebrick
3, shall be capable of being heated electrically over a tempera-
C155Classification of Insulating Firebrick
ture range from 400 to 2800°F (205 to 1540°C) in a neutral or
C182Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Insulating
oxidizingatmosphere.Thetemperatureoftheheatingunitshall
Firebrick
be controlled by a mechanism capable of maintaining the
C202Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Refractory
temperatureinthechamberconstanttowithin 65°F(63°C).A
Brick
siliconcarbideslab13 ⁄2by9by1in.(342by228by25mm),
C417Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Unfired
with the 13 ⁄2 by 9-in. (342 by 228 mm) faces plane and
Monolithic Refractories
parallel, shall be placed above the sample for the purpose of
C767Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Carbon
providing uniform heat distribution. A layer of insulation
Refractories
equivalent at least to 1 in. (25 mm) of Group 20 insulating
1 firebrick (see Classification C155) shall be placed below the
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.02 on Thermal
calorimeter and guard plates.
Properties.
Current edition approved March 1, 2009. Published April 2009. Originally
approved in 1945. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C201–93 (2004). The complete set of approved drawings necessary for the construction of the
DOI: 10.1520/C0201-93R09. apparatus and suggested operating instructions, each of which requires too much
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or space to be included with this test method, were originally drafted by the Insulating
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Products Division of Babcock and Wilcox Co. ASTM has been advised that these
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on drawings are no longer available. Subcommittee C08.05 currently is taking this
the ASTM website. issue under advisement.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C201 − 93 (2009)
4.1.4 Instruments for Measuring Temperature of Specimen
—Calibrated thermocouples shall be embedded in the test
specimen for measuring the temperature. The electromotive
force (emf) for the temperature readings shall be taken with a
potentiometer having an instrument error of not more than
60.05 mV, and the cold junctions of the thermocouples shall
be immersed in a mixture of ice and water.
4.1.5 Instrument for Measuring Temperature Rise in Calo-
rimeter Water—A multiple differential thermocouple shall be
used for measuring within an accuracy of not less than 1% of
the temperature rise of the water flowing through the calorim-
eter. The thermocouple shall be immersed at least 3 ⁄2 in. (89
mm)intheinletandoutletconnections,andthejunctionsshall
be not more than ⁄4 in. (6 mm) distant from the bottom of the
calorimeter. A calibrated differential 10X copper-constantan
thermocouple shall be used, and the millivolt readings shall be
taken with a potentiometer having an instrument error of not
more than 60.01 mV in the range between 0 and 2 mV.
4.1.6 Instruments for Measuring Temperature Difference
BetweenCalorimeterandInnerGuard—Calibrateddifferential
10X copper-constantan thermocouples shall be located in the
calorimeter and inner guard for measuring the temperature
differences between the calorimeter and inner guard. The
temperature difference during a test shall be maintained at a
value less than 60.05°F (60.03°C). The thermocouple junc-
tions shall be placed in the four wells provided for that
purpose, and millivolt readings shall be taken with a potenti-
ometerhavinganinstrumenterrorofnotmorethan 60.01mV
in the range between 0 and 2 mV.
NOTE 1—The upper half of the heating chamber has been raised to
permit introduction of the test samples.
5. Test Sample and Its Preparation
FIG. 1 Photograph of Thermal Conductivity Apparatus
5.1 TestSample—Thetestsampleshallconsistofthree9-in.
1 1
(228-mm)straightbrickandsix9by2 ⁄2by2 ⁄4-in.(228by64
4.1.2 Calorimeter Assembly—A copper calorimeter assem-
by 57-mm) soap brick (Note 2) that are representative of the
bly, of the design shown in Fig. 4, shall be used for measuring
material being tested. These brick shall be selected for unifor-
the quantity of heat flowing through the test specimen. The
mity of structure and bulk density, and they shall be free of
water circulation is such that adjacent passages contain incom-
broken corners or edges. One brick shall be used as the test
ing and outgoing streams of water. The calorimeter shall be 3
specimen, and one each of the other two brick shall be used as
by3in.(76by76mm)squareandshallhaveoneinletandone
guard brick on either side of the specimen. The six soap brick
outlet water connection. The inner guard surrounding the
shallbeplacedaroundtheedgesofthetestspecimenandguard
calorimeter shall be 13 ⁄2 by 9 in. (342 by 228 mm) and shall
bricktopreventsideflowofheat.Thetestspecimenandguard
have two inlet and two outlet water connections. The outer
brick shall cover an area of approximately 18 by 13 ⁄2 in. (456
guardshallextend2in.(51mm)laterallyfromtheinnerguard
by 342 mm).
and shall extend vertically to the member comprising the
NOTE 1—A total of nine 9-in. (228-mm) straight brick may be
bottom of the heating chamber (see Fig. 3). The separation
1 submitted for test, six of which would be cut to obtain the soap brick.
betweenthecalorimeterandtheinnerguardshallbe ⁄32in.(0.8
mm). 5.2 Preparation of Test Sample—The9by4 ⁄2-in. (228 by
4.1.3 Water-Circulating
...

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2.3 The degree of correlation between this test method and service performance is not fully determinable. This is intended to be an accelerated test method that generates a substantial degree of reaction in a relatively short amount of time. This acceleration may be accomplished by changing the composition and/or concentration of the reactants, increasing temperatures, or by performing the test in an isothermal environment.  
2.4 Since the test method may not accurately simulate the service environment, observed results of this test method may not be representative of those found in service. It is imperative that the user understand and consider how the results of this test method may differ from those encountered in service. This is particularly likely if the reaction products, their nature, or their degree differ from those normally found in the actual service environment.  
2.5 It is incumbent upon the user to understand that this is an aggressive, accelerated test method and to be careful in interpreting the results. If, for example, the reaction species have never been found in a real-world furnace, then this test method should not necessarily be considered valid to evaluate the refractory in question.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for comparing the behavior of refractories in contact with vapors under conditions intended to simulate the environment within a glass-melting or other type of furnace when refractories are exposed to vapors from raw batch, molten glass, fuel, fuel contaminants, or other sources. This procedure is intended to accelerate service conditions for the purpose of determining in a relatively short time the interval resistance to fluxing, bloating, shrinkage, expansion, mineral conversion, disintegration, or other physical changes that may occur.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1407-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Calculating Areas, Volume, and Linear Change of Refractory Shapes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Fireclay steel-teeming nozzles and sleeves are classified by volume reheat change. Bloating of some refractories results in irregular reheat dimensions, which are difficult to measure. This practice determines the volume without depending upon physical linear measurements.  
3.2 Blast furnace checkers that have irregular cross-sections are classified by “creep properties.” This practice determines the average cross-sectional area.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the methods of calculating areas, volumes, and linear changes of irregularly shaped refractory specimens.  
1.2 The specimens must have a constant cross-sectional area over a length (L).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    2 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    2 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off