C08.02 - Thermal Properties

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The deformation and end point of a cone corresponds to a certain heat-work condition due to the effects of time, temperature, and atmosphere.  
5.2 The precision of this test method is subject to many variables that are difficult to control. Therefore, an experienced operator may be necessary where PCE values are being utilized for specification purposes.  
5.3 PCE values are used to classify fireclay and high-alumina refractories.  
5.4 This is an effective method of identifying fireclay variations, mining control, and developing raw material specifications.  
5.5 Although not recommended, this test method is sometimes applied to materials other than fireclay and high alumina. Such practice should be limited to in-house laboratories and never be used for specification purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the pyrometric cone equivalent (PCE) of fire clay, fireclay brick, high-alumina brick, and silica fire clay refractory mortar by comparison of test cones with standard pyrometric cones under the conditions prescribed in this test method.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—Certain weights are in SI units with inch-pound in parentheses. Also, certain figures have SI units without parentheses. These SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method indicates the ability of a refractory product to withstand the stress generated by sudden changes in temperature.  
3.2 Because the recommended furnace temperature of this cycling test is 1200 °C (2190 °F), this test method may not indicate the ability of a refractory product to withstand cycling at higher or lower temperatures, especially if the existing morphology of the refractory product changes.  
3.3 This test method is useful for research and development, as well as for comparing refractory products. The precision should be considered when using this test for specification purposes.  
3.4 Ruggedness tests found the following variables to be rugged:    
Temperature  
+5 °C    
Hot spacing  
1/2 to 3/4 in. (12.77 to 19 mm)    
Cold spacing  
1/2 to 3/4 in. (12.77 to 19 mm)    
Center versus end gripping of the bars    
Hot hold time  
10 to 15 min    
Cold hold time  
10 to 15 min    
Operator air speed  
0 to 2 mi/h (0 to 3.2 km/h)    
Initially cold or heated samples    
Last in, first out (LIFO); or first in, first out (FIFO)
removal from the furnace  
Sawed or original surface as tensile face during MOR testing    
Bar thickness  
0.96 to 1.04 in. (24.5 to 26.4 mm)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used for determining the strength loss or reduction in continuity, or both, of prism-shaped specimens which are cut from refractory brick or shapes and subjected to thermal cycling.  
1.2 The strength loss is measured by the difference in modulus of rupture (MOR) between uncycled specimens and the specimens subjected to thermal cycling.  
1.3 The reduction in structural continuity is estimated by the difference in sonic velocity before and after thermal cycling.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The thermal conductivity of monolithic refractories is a property required for selecting their thermal transmission characteristics. Users select monolithic refractories to provide specified conditions of heat loss and cold face temperature, without exceeding the temperature limitation of the monolithic refractory. This test method establishes placement of thermocouples and positioning of test specimens in the calorimeter.  
3.2 This procedure must be used with Test Method C201 and requires a large thermal gradient and steady-state conditions. The results are based upon a mean temperature.  
3.3 The data from this test method are suitable for specification acceptance, estimating heat loss and surface temperature, and the design of multi-layer refractory construction.  
3.4 The use of these data requires consideration of the actual application environment and conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method supplements Test Method C201, and shall be used in conjunction with that test method for determining the thermal conductivity of unfired monolithic refractories.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The thermal conductivity of carbon refractories is a property required for selecting their thermal transmission characteristics. Users select carbon refractories to provide specified conditions of heat loss and cold-face temperature without exceeding the temperature limitation of the carbon refractory. This test method establishes placement of thermocouples and positioning of test specimens in the calorimeter.  
3.2 This procedure must be used with Test Method C201 and requires a large thermal gradient and steady state conditions. The results are based upon a mean temperature.  
3.3 The data from this test method is suitable for specification acceptance, estimating heat loss and surface temperature, and the design of multi-layer refractory construction.  
3.4 The use of these data requires consideration of the actual application environment and conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method supplements Test Method C201, and shall be used in conjunction with that test method to determine the thermal conductivity of carbon or carbon-bearing refractories. This test method is designed for refractories having a conductivity factor of not more than 200 Btu·in./h·ft2·°F (28.8 W/m·K).  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The thermal conductivity of refractory brick is a property required for selecting their thermal transmission characteristics. Users select refractory brick to provide specified conditions of heat loss and cold face temperature, without exceeding the temperature limitation of the brick. This test method establishes placement of thermocouples and positioning of test specimens in the calorimeter.  
3.2 This procedure must be used with Test Method C201 and requires a large thermal gradient and steady-state conditions. The results are based upon a mean temperature.  
3.3 The data from this test method are suitable for specification acceptance, estimating heat loss and surface temperature, and design of multi-layer refractory construction.  
3.4 The use of these data requires consideration of the actual application environment and conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method supplements Test Method C201, and shall be used in conjunction with that test method to determine the thermal conductivity of refractory brick with the exception of insulating firebrick (use Test Method C182) and carbon refractories (use Test Method C767). This test method is designed for refractories having a conductivity factor of not more than 200 Btu·in./h·ft2·°F (28.8 W/m·K).  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The thermal conductivity of insulating firebrick (IFB) is a property required for the selection of IFB for a specific thermal performance. Users select brick to provide a specified heat-loss and cold-face temperature without exceeding the temperature limitation of the brick. This test method establishes placement of thermocouples and the positioning of test specimens in the calorimeter. This test method must be used with Test Method C201.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method supplements Test Method C201, and shall be used in conjunction with that test method to determine the thermal conductivity of insulating firebrick.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The thermal conductivity of refractories is a property required for selecting their thermal transmission characteristics. Users select refractories to provide specified conditions of heat loss and cold face temperature, without exceeding the temperature limitation of the refractory. This test method establishes the testing for thermal conductivity of refractories using the calorimeter.  
3.2 This procedure requires a large thermal gradient and steady-state conditions. The results are based upon a mean temperature.  
3.3 The data from this test method are suitable for specification acceptance and design of multi-layer refractory construction.  
3.4 The use of these data requires consideration of the actual application environment and conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the comparative thermal conductivity of refractories under standardized conditions of testing. This test method is designed for refractories having a conductivity factor of not more than 200 Btu·in./h·ft2·°F (28.8 W/m·K), for a thickness of 1 in. (25 mm).  
1.2 Detailed ASTM test methods to be used in conjunction with this procedure in testing specific types of refractory materials are as follows: Test Method C182, Test Method C202, Test Method C417, and Test Method C767.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The k-values determined at one or more temperatures can be used for ranking products in relative order of their thermal conductivities.  
5.2 Estimates of heat flow, interface temperatures, and cold face temperatures of single and multi-component linings can be calculated using k-values obtained over a wide temperature range.  
5.3 The k-values determined are “at temperature” measurements rather than “mean temperature” measurements. Thus, a wide range of temperatures can be measured, and the results are not averaged over the large thermal gradient inherent in water-cooled calorimeters.  
5.4 The k-values measured are the combination of the k-values for the width and thickness of the sample, as the heat flow from the hot wire is in both of those directions. The water-cooled calorimeter measures k-value in one direction, through the sample thickness.  
5.5 The test method used should be specified when reporting k-values, as the results obtained may vary with the type of test method that is used. Data obtained by the hot wire method are typically 10 to 30 % higher than data obtained by the water calorimeter method given in Test Method C201.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of thermal conductivity of non-carbonacious, dielectric refractories.  
1.2 Applicable refractories include refractory brick, refractory castables, plastic refractories, ramming mixes, powdered materials, granular materials, and refractory fibers.  
1.3 Thermal conductivity k-values can be determined from room temperature to 1500 °C [2732 °F], or the maximum service limit of the refractory, or to the temperature at which the refractory is no longer dielectric.  
1.4 This test method is applicable to refractories with k-values less than 15 W/m·K [100 Btu·in./h·ft2·°F].  
1.5 In general it is difficult to make accurate measurements of anisotropic materials, particularly those containing fibers, and the use of this test method for such materials should be agreed between the parties concerned.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The thermal conductivity of refractories is a property required for selecting their thermal transmission characteristics. Users select refractories to provide specified conditions of heat loss and cold face temperature, without exceeding the temperature limitation of the refractory. This test method establishes the testing for thermal conductivity of refractories using the calorimeter.  
3.2 This procedure requires a large thermal gradient and steady-state conditions. The results are based upon a mean temperature.  
3.3 The data from this test method are suitable for specification acceptance and design of multi-layer refractory construction.  
3.4 The use of these data requires consideration of the actual application environment and conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the comparative thermal conductivity of refractories under standardized conditions of testing. This test method is designed for refractories having a conductivity factor of not more than 200 Btu·in./h·ft2·°F (2818 W/m·K), for a thickness of 1 in. (25 mm).  
1.2 Detailed ASTM test methods to be used in conjunction with this procedure in testing specific types of refractory materials are as follows: Test Method C182, Test Method C202, Test Method C417, and Test Method C767.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The deformation and end point of a cone corresponds to a certain heat-work condition due to the effects of time, temperature, and atmosphere.  
5.2 The precision of this test method is subject to many variables that are difficult to control. Therefore, an experienced operator may be necessary where PCE values are being utilized for specification purposes.  
5.3 PCE values are used to classify fireclay and high-alumina refractories.  
5.4 This is an effective method of identifying fireclay variations, mining control, and developing raw material specifications.  
5.5 Although not recommended, this test method is sometimes applied to materials other than fireclay and high alumina. Such practice should be limited to in-house laboratories and never be used for specification purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the pyrometric cone equivalent (PCE) of fire clay, fireclay brick, high-alumina brick, and silica fire clay refractory mortar by comparison of test cones with standard pyrometric cones under the conditions prescribed in this test method.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—Certain weights are in SI units with inch-pound in parentheses. Also, certain figures have SI units without parentheses. These SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method indicates the ability of a refractory product to withstand the stress generated by sudden changes in temperature.  
3.2 Because the recommended furnace temperature of this cycling test is 1200°C (2190°F), this test method may not indicate the ability of a refractory product to withstand cycling at higher or lower temperatures, especially if the existing morphology of the refractory product changes.  
3.3 This test method is useful for research and development, as well as for comparing refractory products. The precision should be considered when using this test for specification purposes.  
3.4 Ruggedness tests found the following variables to be rugged:    
temperature  
+5°C    
hot spacing  
1/2 to 3/4 in. (12.77 to 19 mm)    
cold spacing  
1/2 to 3/4 in. (12.77 to 19 mm)    
center vs. end gripping of the bars    
hot hold time  
10 to 15 min    
cold hold time  
10 to 15 min    
operator air speed  
0 to 2 mi/h (0 to 3.2 km/h)    
initially cold or heated samples    
last in, first out (LIFO); or first in, first out (FIFO)
removal from the furnace    
sawed or original surface as tensile face during MOR testing    
bar thickness  
0.96 to 1.04 in. (24.5 to 26.4 mm)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used for determining the strength loss or reduction in continuity, or both, of prism-shaped specimens which are cut from refractory brick or shapes and subjected to thermal cycling.  
1.2 The strength loss is measured by the difference in modulus of rupture (MOR) between uncycled specimens and the specimens subjected to thermal cycling.  
1.3 The reduction in structural continuity is estimated by the difference in sonic velocity before and after thermal cycling.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The thermal conductivity of monolithic refractories is a property required for selecting their thermal transmission characteristics. Users select monolithic refractories to provide specified conditions of heat loss and cold face temperature, without exceeding the temperature limitation of the monolithic refractory. This test method establishes placement of thermocouples and positioning of test specimens in the calorimeter.  
3.2 This procedure must be used with Test Method C201 and requires a large thermal gradient and steady state conditions. The results are based upon a mean temperature.  
3.3 The data from this test method are suitable for specification acceptance, estimating heat loss and surface temperature, and the design of multi-layer refractory construction.  
3.4 The use of these data requires consideration of the actual application environment and conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method supplements Test Method C201, and shall be used in conjunction with that test method for determining the thermal conductivity of unfired monolithic refractories.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method indicates the ability of a refractory product to withstand the stress generated by sudden changes in temperature.  
3.2 Because the recommended furnace temperature of this cycling test is 1200°C (2190°F), this test method may not indicate the ability of a refractory product to withstand cycling at higher or lower temperatures, especially if the existing morphology of the refractory product changes.  
3.3 This test method is useful for research and development, as well as for comparing refractory products. The precision should be considered when using this test for specification purposes.  
3.4 Ruggedness tests found the following variables to be rugged:    
temperature  
+5°C    
hot spacing  
1/2 to 3/4 in. (12.77 to 19 mm)    
cold spacing  
1/2 to 3/4 in. (12.77 to 19 mm)    
center vs. end gripping of the bars    
hot hold time  
10 to 15 min    
cold hold time  
10 to 15 min    
operator air speed  
0 to 2 mi/h (0 to 3.2 km/h)    
initially cold or heated samples    
last in, first out (LIFO); or first in, first out (FIFO)
removal from the furnace    
sawed or original surface as tensile face during MOR testing    
bar thickness  
0.96 to 1.04 in. (24.5 to 26.4 mm)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used for determining the strength loss or reduction in continuity, or both, of prism-shaped specimens which are cut from refractory brick or shapes and subjected to thermal cycling.  
1.2 The strength loss is measured by the difference in modulus of rupture (MOR) between uncycled specimens and the specimens subjected to thermal cycling.  
1.3 The reduction in structural continuity is estimated by the difference in sonic velocity before and after thermal cycling.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The thermal conductivity of refractory brick is a property required for selecting their thermal transmission characteristics. Users select refractory brick to provide specified conditions of heat loss and cold face temperature, without exceeding the temperature limitation of the brick. This test method establishes placement of thermocouples and positioning of test specimens in the calorimeter.  
3.2 This procedure must be used with Test Method C201 and requires a large thermal gradient and steady state conditions. The results are based upon a mean temperature.  
3.3 The data from this test method are suitable for specification acceptance, estimating heat loss and surface temperature, and design of multi-layer refractory construction.  
3.4 The use of these data requires consideration of the actual application environment and conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method supplements Test Method C201 and shall be used in conjunction with that test method to determine the thermal conductivity of refractory brick with the exception of insulating firebrick (use Test Method C182), and carbon refractories. This test method is designed for refractories having a conductivity factor of not more than 200 Btu·in./h·ft2·°F (28.8 W/m·K).  
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—Certain flow and weight measurements are expressed in SI units only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The thermal conductivity of insulating firebrick (IFB) is a property required for the selection of IFB for a specific thermal performance. Users select brick to provide a specified heat-loss and cold-face temperature without exceeding the temperature limitation of the brick. This test method establishes placement of thermocouples and the positioning of test samples in the calorimeter. This test method must be used with Test Method C201.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method supplements Test Method C201, and shall be used in conjunction with that test method to determine the thermal conductivity of insulating firebrick.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The deformation and end point of a cone corresponds to a certain heat-work condition due to the effects of time, temperature, and atmosphere.  
5.2 The precision of this test method is subject to many variables that are difficult to control. Therefore, an experienced operator may be necessary where PCE values are being utilized for specification purposes.  
5.3 PCE values are used to classify fireclay and high alumina refractories.  
5.4 This is an effective method of identifying fireclay variations, mining control, and developing raw material specifications.  
5.5 Although not recommended, this test method is sometimes applied to materials other than fireclay and high alumina. Such practice should be limited to in-house laboratories and never be used for specification purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Pyrometric Cone Equivalent (PCE) of fire clay, fireclay brick, high alumina brick, and silica fire clay refractory mortar by comparison of test cones with standard pyrometric cones under the conditions prescribed in this test method.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—Certain weights are in SI units with inch-pound in parenthesis. Also, certain figures have SI units without parenthesis. These SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The thermal conductivity of refractories is a property required for selecting their thermal transmission characteristics. Users select refractories to provide specified conditions of heat loss and cold face temperature, without exceeding the temperature limitation of the refractory. This test method establishes the testing for thermal conductivity of refractories using the calorimeter.  
3.2 This procedure requires a large thermal gradient and steady state conditions. The results are based upon a mean temperature.  
3.3 The data from this test method are suitable for specification acceptance, and design of multi-layer refractory construction.  
3.4 The use of these data requires consideration of the actual application environment and conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the comparative thermal conductivity of refractories under standardized conditions of testing. This test method is designed for refractories having a conductivity factor of not more than 200 Btu·in./h·ft2·°F (2818 W/m·K), for a thickness of 1 in. (25 mm).  
1.2 Detailed ASTM test methods to be used in conjunction with this procedure in testing specific types of refractory materials are as follows: Test Method C182, Test Method C202, Test Method C417, and Test Method C767.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The k-values determined at one or more temperatures can be used for ranking products in relative order of their thermal conductivities.  
5.2 Estimates of heat flow, interface temperatures, and cold face temperatures of single, and multi-component linings can be calculated using k-values obtained over a wide temperature range.  
5.3 The k-values determined are “at temperature” measurements rather than “mean temperature” measurements. Thus, a wide range of temperatures can be measured, and the results are not averaged over the large thermal gradient inherent in water-cooled calorimeters.  
5.4 The k-values measured are the combination of the k-values for the width and thickness of the sample, as the heat flow from the hot wire is in both of those directions. The water-cooled calorimeter measures k-value in one direction, through the sample thickness.  
5.5 The test method used should be specified when reporting k-values, as the results obtained may vary with the type of test method that is used. Data obtained by the hot wire method are typically 10 to 30 % higher than data obtained by the water calorimeter method given in Test Method C201.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of thermal conductivity of non-carbonacious, dielectric refractories.  
1.2 Applicable refractories include refractory brick, refractory castables, plastic refractories, ramming mixes, powdered materials, granular materials, and refractory fibers.  
1.3 Thermal conductivity k-values can be determined from room temperature to 1500°C [2732°F], or the maximum service limit of the refractory, or to the temperature at which the refractory is no longer dielectric.  
1.4 This test method is applicable to refractories with k-values less than 15 W/m·K [100 Btu·in./h·ft 2·°F].  
1.5 In general it is difficult to make accurate measurements of anisotropic materials, particularly those containing fibers, and the use of this test method for such materials should be agreed between the parties concerned.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with it's use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The thermal conductivity of carbon refractories is a property required for selecting their thermal transmission characteristics. Users select carbon refractories to provide specified conditions of heat loss and cold face temperature, without exceeding the temperature limitation of the carbon refractory. This test method establishes placement of thermocouples and positioning of test specimens in the calorimeter.  
3.2 This procedure must be used with Test Method C201 and requires a large thermal gradient and steady state conditions. The results are based upon a mean temperature.  
3.3 The data from this test method is suitable for specification acceptance, estimating heat loss and surface temperature, and the design of multi-layer refractory construction.  
3.4 The use of these data requires consideration of the actual application environment and conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method supplements Test Method C201, and shall be used in conjunction with that procedure to determine the thermal conductivity of carbon or carbon-bearing refractories. This test method is designed for refractories having a conductivity factor of not more than 200 Btu·in./h·ft 2·°F (28.8 W/m·K).  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method indicates the ability of a refractory product to withstand the stress generated by sudden changes in temperature.
Because the recommended furnace temperature of this cycling test is 1200°C (2190°F), this test method may not indicate the ability of a refractory product to withstand cycling at higher or lower temperatures, especially if the existing morphology of the refractory product changes.
This test method is useful for research and development, as well as for comparing refractory products. The precision should be considered when using this test for specification purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used for determining the strength loss or reduction in continuity, or both, of prism-shaped specimens which are cut from refractory brick or shapes and subjected to thermal cycling.
1.2 The strength loss is measured by the difference in modulus of rupture (MOR) between uncycled specimens and the specimens subjected to thermal cycling.
1.3 The reduction in structural continuity is estimated by the difference in sonic velocity before and after thermal cycling.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The thermal conductivity of monolithic refractories is a property required for selecting their thermal transmission characteristics. Users select monolithic refractories to provide specified conditions of heat loss and cold face temperature, without exceeding the temperature limitation of the monolithic refractory. This test method establishes placement of thermocouples and positioning of test specimens in the calorimeter.
This procedure must be used with Test Method C201 and requires a large thermal gradient and steady state conditions. The results are based upon a mean temperature.
The data from this test method are suitable for specification acceptance, estimating heat loss and surface temperature, and the design of multi-layer refractory construction.
The use of these data requires consideration of the actual application environment and conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method supplements Test Method C201, and shall be used in conjunction with that test method for determining the thermal conductivity of unfired monolithic refractories.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The thermal conductivity of refractories is a property required for selecting their thermal transmission characteristics. Users select refractories to provide specified conditions of heat loss and cold face temperature, without exceeding the temperature limitation of the refractory. This test method establishes the testing for thermal conductivity of refractories using the calorimeter.
This procedure requires a large thermal gradient and steady state conditions. The results are based upon a mean temperature.  
The data from this test method are suitable for specification acceptance, and design of multi-layer refractory construction.  
The use of these data requires consideration of the actual application environment and conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the comparative thermal conductivity of refractories under standardized conditions of testing. This test method is designed for refractories having a conductivity factor of not more than 200 Btu·in./h·ft2·°F (2818 W/m·K), for a thickness of 1 in. (25 mm).  
1.2 Detailed ASTM test methods to be used in conjunction with this procedure in testing specific types of refractory materials are as follows: Test Method C 182, Test Method C 202, Test Method C 417, and Test Method C 767.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The thermal conductivity of insulating firebrick (IFB) is a property required for the selection of IFB for a specific thermal performance. Users select brick to provide a specified heat-loss and cold-face temperature without exceeding the temperature limitation of the brick. This test method establishes placement of thermocouples and the positioning of test samples in the calorimeter. This test method must be used with Test Method C 201.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method supplements Test Method C 201, and shall be used in conjunction with that test method to determine the thermal conductivity of insulating firebrick.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The k-values determined at one or more temperatures can be used for ranking products in relative order of their thermal conductivities.  
Estimates of heat flow, interface temperatures, and cold face temperatures of single, and multi-component linings can be calculated using k-values obtained over a wide temperature range.
The k-values determined are “at temperature” measurements rather than “mean temperature” measurements. Thus, a wide range of temperatures can be measured, and the results are not averaged over the large thermal gradient inherent in water-cooled calorimeters.
The k-values measured are the combination of the k-values for the width and thickness of the sample, as the heat flow from the hot wire is in both of those directions. The water-cooled calorimeter measures k-value in one direction, through the sample thickness.
The test method used should be specified when reporting k-values, as the results obtained may vary with the type of test method that is used. Data obtained by the hot wire method are typically 10 to 30 % higher than data obtained by the water calorimeter method given in Test Method C 201.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of thermal conductivity of non-carbonacious, dielectric refractories.
1.2 Applicable refractories include refractory brick, refractory castables, plastic refractories, ramming mixes, powdered materials, granular materials, and refractory fibers.
1.3 Thermal conductivity k-values can be determined from room temperature to 1500°C [2732°F], or the maximum service limit of the refractory, or to the temperature at which the refractory is no longer dielectric.
1.4 This test method is applicable to refractories with k-values less than 15 W/m·K [100 Btu·in./h·ft2·°F].
1.5 In general it is difficult to make accurate measurements of anisotropic materials, particularly those containing fibers, and the use of this test method for such materials should be agreed between the parties concerned.
1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with it's use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The thermal conductivity of refractory brick is a property required for selecting their thermal transmission characteristics. Users select refractory brick to provide specified conditions of heat loss and cold face temperature, without exceeding the temperature limitation of the brick. This test method establishes placement of thermocouples and positioning of test specimens in the calorimeter.  
This procedure must be used with Test Method C 201 and requires a large thermal gradient and steady state conditions. The results are based upon a mean temperature.  
The data from this test method are suitable for specification acceptance, estimating heat loss and surface temperature, and design of multi-layer refractory construction.  
The use of these data requires consideration of the actual application environment and conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method supplements Test Method C 201 and shall be used in conjunction with that test method to determine the thermal conductivity of refractory brick with the exception of insulating firebrick (use Test Method C 182), and carbon refractories. This test method is designed for refractories having a conductivity factor of not more than 200 Btu·in./h·ft2·°F (28.8 W/m·K).  
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.2.1 Exception—Certain flow and weight measurements are expressed in SI units only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The thermal conductivity of carbon refractories is a property required for selecting their thermal transmission characteristics. Users select carbon refractories to provide specified conditions of heat loss and cold face temperature, without exceeding the temperature limitation of the carbon refractory. This test method establishes placement of thermocouples and positioning of test specimens in the calorimeter.  
This procedure must be used with Test Method C 201 and requires a large thermal gradient and steady state conditions. The results are based upon a mean temperature.  
The data from this test method is suitable for specification acceptance, estimating heat loss and surface temperature, and the design of multi-layer refractory construction.  
The use of these data requires consideration of the actual application environment and conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method supplements Test Method C 201, and shall be used in conjunction with that procedure to determine the thermal conductivity of carbon or carbon-bearing refractories. This test method is designed for refractories having a conductivity factor of not more than 200 Btu·in./h·ft2·°F (28.8 W/m·K).  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The deformation and end point of a cone corresponds to a certain heat-work condition due to the effects of time, temperature, and atmosphere.  
The precision of this test method is subject to many variables that are difficult to control. Therefore, an experienced operator may be necessary where PCE values are being utilized for specification purposes.  
PCE values are used to classify fireclay and high alumina refractories.  
This is an effective method of identifying fireclay variations, mining control, and developing raw material specifications.
Although not recommended, this test method is sometimes applied to materials other than fireclay and high alumina. Such practice should be limited to in-house laboratories and never be used for specification purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Pyrometric Cone Equivalent (PCE) of fire clay, fireclay brick, high alumina brick, and silica fire clay refractory mortar by comparison of test cones with standard pyrometric cones under the conditions prescribed in this test method.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—Certain weights are in SI units with inch-pound in parenthesis. Also, certain figures have SI units without parenthesis. These SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.3   This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The deformation and end point of a cone corresponds to a certain heat-work condition due to the effects of time, temperature, and atmosphere.  
The precision of this test method is subject to many variables that are difficult to control. Therefore, an experienced operator may be necessary where PCE values are being utilized for specification purposes.  
PCE values are used to classify fireclay and high alumina refractories.  
This is an effective method of identifying fireclay variations, mining control, and developing raw material specifications.
Although not recommended, this test method is sometimes applied to materials other than fireclay and high alumina. Such practice should be limited to in-house laboratories and never be used for specification purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Pyrometric Cone Equivalent (PCE) of fire clay, fireclay brick, high alumina brick, and silica fire clay refractory mortar by comparison of test cones with standard pyrometric cones under the conditions prescribed in this test method.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The thermal conductivity of monolithic refractories is a property required for selecting their thermal transmission characteristics. Users select monolithic refractories to provide specified conditions of heat loss and cold face temperature, without exceeding the temperature limitation of the monolithic refractory. This test method establishes placement of thermocouples and positioning of test specimens in the calorimeter.
This procedure must be used with Test Method C 201 and requires a large thermal gradient and steady state conditions. The results are based upon a mean temperature.
The data from this test method are suitable for specification acceptance, estimating heat loss and surface temperature, and the design of multi-layer refractory construction.
The use of these data requires consideration of the actual application environment and conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method supplements Test Method C201, and shall be used in conjunction with that test method for determining the thermal conductivity of unfired monolithic refractories.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method indicates the ability of a refractory product to withstand the stress generated by sudden changes in temperature.
Because the recommended furnace temperature of this cycling test is 1200°C (2190°F), this test method may not indicate the ability of a refractory product to withstand cycling at higher or lower temperatures, especially if the existing morphology of the refractory product changes.
This test method is useful for research and development, as well as for comparing refractory products. The precision should be considered when using this test for specification purposes.
Ruggedness tests found the following variables to be rugged:
temperature +5°C  hot spacing ½ to 3/4in. (12.77 to 19 mm)  cold spacing ½ to 3/4 in. (12.77 to 19 mm)  center vs. end gripping of the bars
  hot hold time 10 to 15 min  cold hold time 10 to 15 min  operator air speed 0 to 2 mi/h (0 to 3.2 km/h)  initially cold or heated samples
  last in, first out (LIFO); or first in, first out (FIFO)
removal from the furnace
  sawed or original surface as tensile face during MOR testing  bar thickness 0.96 to 1.04 in. (24.5 to 26.4 mm)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used for determining the strength loss or reduction in continuity, or both, of prism-shaped specimens which are cut from refractory brick or shapes and subjected to thermal cycling.
1.2 The strength loss is measured by the difference in modulus of rupture (MOR) between uncycled specimens and the specimens subjected to thermal cycling.
1.3 The reduction in structural continuity is estimated by the difference in sonic velocity before and after thermal cycling.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in parentheses are for information only.
1.5This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The thermal conductivity of refractory brick is a property required for selecting their thermal transmission characteristics. Users select refractory brick to provide specified conditions of heat loss and cold face temperature, without exceeding the temperature limitation of the brick. This test method establishes placement of thermocouples and positioning of test specimens in the calorimeter.  
This procedure must be used with Test Method C 201 and requires a large thermal gradient and steady state conditions. The results are based upon a mean temperature.  
The data from this test method are suitable for specification acceptance, estimating heat loss and surface temperature, and design of multi-layer refractory construction.  
The use of these data requires consideration of the actual application environment and conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method supplements Test Method C 201 and shall be used in conjunction with that test method to determine the thermal conductivity of refractory brick with the exception of insulating firebrick (use Test Method C 182), and carbon refractories. This test method is designed for refractories having a conductivity factor of not more than 200 Btuin./hft2°F (28.8 W/mK).
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The thermal conductivity of insulating firebrick (IFB) is a property required for the selection of IFB for a specific thermal performance. Users select brick to provide a specified heat-loss and cold-face temperature without exceeding the temperature limitation of the brick. This test method establishes placement of thermocouples and the positioning of test samples in the calorimeter. This test method must be used with Test Method C 201.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method supplements Test Method C201, and shall be used in conjunction with that test method to determine the thermal conductivity of insulating firebrick.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The thermal conductivity of refractories is a property required for selecting their thermal transmission characteristics. Users select refractories to provide specified conditions of heat loss and cold face temperature, without exceeding the temperature limitation of the refractory. This test method establishes the testing for thermal conductivity of refractories using the calorimeter.
This procedure requires a large thermal gradient and steady state conditions. The results are based upon a mean temperature.  
The data from this test method are suitable for specification acceptance, and design of multi-layer refractory construction.  
The use of these data requires consideration of the actual application environment and conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the comparative thermal conductivity of refractories under standardized conditions of testing. This test method is designed for refractories having a conductivity factor of not more than 200 Btuin./hft2F (2818 W/mK), for a thickness of 1 in. (25 mm).
1.2 Detailed ASTM test methods to be used in conjunction with this procedure in testing specific types of refractory materials are as follows: Test Method C 182, Test Method C 202, Test Method C 417, and Test Method C 767.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The thermal conductivity of carbon refractories is a property required for selecting their thermal transmission characteristics. Users select carbon refractories to provide specified conditions of heat loss and cold face temperature, without exceeding the temperature limitation of the carbon refractory. This test method establishes placement of thermocouples and positioning of test specimens in the calorimeter.  
This procedure must be used with Test Method C 201 and requires a large thermal gradient and steady state conditions. The results are based upon a mean temperature.  
The data from this test method is suitable for specification acceptance, estimating heat loss and surface temperature, and the design of multi-layer refractory construction.  
The use of these data requires consideration of the actual application environment and conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method supplements Test Method C 201, and shall be used in conjunction with that procedure to determine the thermal conductivity of carbon or carbon-bearing refractories. This test method is designed for refractories having a conductivity factor of not more than 200 Btuin./hft2F (28.8 W/mK).
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The k-values determined at one or more temperatures can be used for ranking products in relative order of their thermal conductivities.  
Estimates of heat flow, interface temperatures, and cold face temperatures of single, and multi-component linings can be calculated using k-values obtained over a wide temperature range.
The k-values determined are “at temperature” measurements rather than “mean temperature” measurements. Thus, a wide range of temperatures can be measured, and the results are not averaged over the large thermal gradient inherent in water-cooled calorimeters.
The k-values measured are the combination of the k-values for the width and thickness of the sample, as the heat flow from the hot wire is in both of those directions. The water-cooled calorimeter measures k-value in one direction, through the sample thickness.
The test method used should be specified when reporting k-values, as the results obtained may vary with the type of test method that is used. Data obtained by the hot wire method are typically 10 to 30 % higher than data obtained by the water calorimeter method given in Test Method C 201.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of thermal conductivity of non-carbonacious, dielectric refractories.
1.2 Applicable refractories include refractory brick, refractory castables, plastic refractories, ramming mixes, powdered materials, granular materials, and refractory fibers.
1.3 Thermal conductivity k-values can be determined from room temperature to 1500°C (2732°F), or the maximum service limit of the refractory, or to the temperature at which the refractory is no longer dielectric.
1.4 This test method is applicable to refractories with k-values less than 15 W/mK (100 Btuin./hft 2F).
1.5 In general it is difficult to make accurate measurements of anisotropic materials, particularly those containing fibers, and the use of this test method for such materials should be agreed between the parties concerned.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with it's use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used for determining the strength loss or reduction in continuity, or both, of prism-shaped specimens which are cut from refractory brick or shapes and subjected to thermal cycling.
1.2 The strength loss is measured by the difference in modulus of rupture (MOR) between uncycled specimens and the specimens subjected to thermal cycling.
1.3 The reduction in structural continuity is estimated by the difference in sonic velocity before and after thermal cycling.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Refractory brick and shapes of different compositions exhibit unique permanent linear changes after heating or reheating. This test method provides a standard procedure for heating various classes of refractories with appropriate heating schedules.  
Linear reheat changes obtained by this test method are suitable for use in research and development, also often used to establish written specifications between producers and consumers.  
Care should be exercised in selecting samples that are representative of the product being tested and that the schedule selected is appropriate to the product.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the permanent linear change of refractory brick when heated under prescribed conditions.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
Note 1—Test methods incorporating additional provisions pertinent to specific refractory materials are given in the following Test Methods: C 179, C 210, and C 605.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Pyrometric Cone Equivalent (PCE) of fire clay, fireclay brick, high alumina brick, and silica fire clay refractory mortar by comparison of test cones with standard pyrometric cones under the conditions prescribed in this test method.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the thermal conductivity of non-carbonaceous, dielectric refractories.
1.2 Applicable refractories include refractory brick, refractory castables, plastic refractories, ramming mixes, powdered materials, granular materials, and refractory fibers.
1.3 Thermal conductivity k-values can be determined from room temperature to 1500°C, or the maximum service temperature limit of the refractory, or to the temperature at which the refractory is no longer dielectric.
1.4 This test method is applicable to refractories with k-values less than 15 W/m[dot]K (100 Btu[dot]in./h[dot]ft2[dot]°F).
1.5 In general it is difficult to make accurate measurements on anistropic materials, particularly those containing fibers, and the use of this test method for such materials should be agreed between the parties concerned.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method supplements Test Method C201, and shall be used in conjunction with that test method for determining the thermal conductivity of unfired monolithic refractories.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method supplements Test Method C201, and shall be used in conjunction with that test method to determine the thermal conductivity of insulating firebrick.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the comparative thermal conductivity of refractories under standardized conditions of testing. This test method is designed for refractories having a conductivity factor of not more than 200 Btu[dot]in./h[dot]ft [dot]°F (2818 W/m[dot]K), for a thickness of 1 in. (25 mm).  
1.2 Detailed ASTM test methods to be used in conjunction with this procedure in testing specific types of refractory materials are as follows: Test Method C182, Test Method C202, Test Method C417, and Test Method C767.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method supplements Test Method C201, and shall be used in conjunction with that procedure to determine the thermal conductivity of carbon or carbon-bearing refractories. This test method is designed for refractories having a conductivity factor of not more than 200 Btu[dot]in./h[dot]ft [dot]°F (28.8 W/m[dot]K).  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method supplements Test Method C201 and shall be used in conjunction with that test method to determine the thermal conductivity of refractory brick with the exception of insulating firebrick (use Test Method C182), and carbon refractories. This test method is designed for refractories having a conductivity factor of not more than 200 Btu[dot]in./h[dot]ft [dot]°F (28.8 W/m[dot]K).  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the permanent linear change of refractory brick when heated under prescribed conditions.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  Note 1-Test methods incorporating additional provisions pertinent to specific refractory materials are given in the following Test Methods: C179, C210, C436, and C605.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used for determining the strength loss or reduction in continuity, or both, of prism-shaped specimens which are cut from refractory brick or shapes and subjected to thermal cycling.
1.2 The strength loss is measured by the difference in modulus of rupture (MOR) between uncycled specimens and the specimens subjected to thermal cycling.
1.3 The reduction in structural continuity is estimated by the difference in sonic velocity before and after thermal cycling.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the relative resistance of fired fireclay and high alumina refractories to thermal shock conditions resulting from specified heating and cooling cycles. The equipment specified is based on test units currently in use at several industrial laboratories.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers the procedure for determining the relative resistance of fired fireclay and high alumina refractories to thermal shock conditions resulting from specified heating and cooling cycles. The equipment specified is based on test units currently in use at several industrial laboratories.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee C08 on Refractories, this test method was withdrawn in May 2005 in accordance with section 10.5.3.1 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.