ASTM C1028-07e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining the Static Coefficient of Friction of Ceramic Tile and Other Like Surfaces by the Horizontal Dynamometer Pull-Meter Method (Withdrawn 2014)
Standard Test Method for Determining the Static Coefficient of Friction of Ceramic Tile and Other Like Surfaces by the Horizontal Dynamometer Pull-Meter Method (Withdrawn 2014)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The horizontal dynamometer pull meter and heel assemblies are designed to determine the static coefficient of friction of tile and like materials.
The measurement made by this apparatus is believed to be one important factor relative to slip resistance. Other factors can affect slip resistance, such as the degree of wear on the shoe and flooring material; presence of foreign material, such as water, oil, and dirt; the length of the human stride at the time of slip; type of floor finish; and the physical and mental condition of humans. Therefore, this test method should be used for the purpose of developing a property of the flooring surface under laboratory conditions, and should not be used to determine slip resistance under field conditions unless those conditions are fully described.
Because many variables may enter into the evaluation of slip resistance of a particular surface, this test method is designed to evaluate these surfaces under both laboratory and actual site installation conditions.
The static coefficient of friction is determined under both wet and dry conditions with Neolite heel assemblies over both unprepared and prepared (cleaned) test surfaces.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of static coefficient of friction of ceramic tile or other surfaces under both wet and dry conditions while utilizing Neolite heel assemblies. This test method can be used in the laboratory or in the field.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers the measurement of static coefficient of friction of ceramic tile or other surfaces under both wet and dry conditions while utilizing Neolite heel assemblies. This test method can be used in the laboratory or in the field.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee C21 on Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products, this test method was withdrawn in February 2014. This standard is being withdrawn without replacement due to its limited use by industry.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
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Designation: C1028 − 07
StandardTest Method for
Determining the Static Coefficient of Friction of Ceramic Tile
and Other Like Surfaces by the Horizontal Dynamometer
Pull-Meter Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1028; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—14.1 was editorially revised in February 2010.
1. Scope overcome friction to the vertical component of the object
weight or normal force applied through the object which tends
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of static
to cause the friction.
coefficient of friction of ceramic tile or other surfaces under
3.1.2 friction—the resistance developed between the physi-
both wet and dry conditions while utilizing Neolite heel
cal contacting surface of two bodies when there is movement
assemblies. This test method can be used in the laboratory or
or tendency for movement of one body relative to the other
in the field.
parallel to the plane of contact.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
3.1.3 static coeffıcient of friction—the ratio of the horizontal
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
component of force applied to a body that just overcomes the
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
friction or resistance to slipping to the vertical component of
and are not considered standard.
the weight of the object or force applied to it.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 4. Significance and Use
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.1 The horizontal dynamometer pull meter and heel assem-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
blies are designed to determine the static coefficient of friction
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
of tile and like materials.
4.2 The measurement made by this apparatus is believed to
2. Referenced Documents
be one important factor relative to slip resistance. Other factors
2.1 Rubber Manufacturing Association (RMA) Standard:
can affect slip resistance, such as the degree of wear on the
HS-3 Method of Test for Evaluating Adhesive Bondability
shoe and flooring material; presence of foreign material, such
of Shoe Soling Materials (1975)
as water, oil, and dirt; the length of the human stride at the time
of slip; type of floor finish; and the physical and mental
3. Terminology
condition of humans. Therefore, this test method should be
3.1 Definitions:
used for the purpose of developing a property of the flooring
3.1.1 coeffıcient of friction—the ratio of the horizontal
surface under laboratory conditions, and should not be used to
componentofforcerequiredtoovercomeorhaveatendencyto
determine slip resistance under field conditions unless those
conditions are fully described.
4.3 Becausemanyvariablesmayenterintotheevaluationof
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeC21onCeramic
Whitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
slip resistance of a particular surface, this test method is
C21.06 on Ceramic Tile.
designed to evaluate these surfaces under both laboratory and
Current edition approved July 15, 2007. Published July 2007. Originally
actual site installation conditions.
approved in 1984, (formerly P 155). Last previous edition approved in 1996 as
C1028 – 96, which was withdrawn in 2004 and reinstated in 2006. DOI: 10.1520/
4.4 The static coefficient of friction is determined under
C1028-07E01.
both wet and dry conditions with Neolite heel assemblies over
Neolite or an equivalent has been found satisfactory. Neolite is a registered
both unprepared and prepared (cleaned) test surfaces.
trademark of the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., Shoe Product Division, Windsor,
VT 05089 and may be obtained from Smithers Scientific Services, Inc., 425 W.
5. Apparatus
MarketSt.,Akron,OH44303(Attn:TechnicalDirector).Specify“Neolite(Break-in
Compound),” RMA Spec. HS-3, Size 36 by 44 in., 6 irons, Color: Natural 11,
5.1 Dynamometer Pull Meter, horizontal capable of measur-
Specific Gravity 1.27 6 0.02, Hardness Shore A93-96.
ing 100 lbs.-force (lbf.), accurate to 0.1 lbf., and capable of
Available from Rubber Manufacturers Association, 1901 Pennsylvania Ave.,
NW, Washington, DC 20006. RMA Specification #HS-3. holding the peak value. (see Fig. 1).
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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C1028 − 07
FIG. 2 Test Assembly
5.3.1 Two assemblies, constructed from 8 by 8 by ⁄4-in.
6061-T6 aluminum plate or similar material, with 3 by 3 by
⁄8-in. Neolite material attached to the aluminum plate with
contact adhesive.
5.3.2 Sheen must be removed from the Neolite surface prior
to use. To prepare the assembly surface prior to initial use:
5.3.2.1 Place a sheet of 400 grit wet or dry silicon carbide
paper (attached to a flat surface, such as a piece of float glass)
on a flat and stable surface.
5.3.2.2 Sand Neolite material by moving the assembly once
(a)
across the sandpaper towards the operator for a distance of
about 4 in. (102 mm) while applying between 15-20 lbs-force
to the assembly,
5.3.2.3 Remove the sled assembly and brush off any accu-
mulated Neolite dust from the silicon carbide paper and sled
assembly using a dry brush; brush to be such that it effectively
removes the Neolite dust but causes no damage to the silicon
carbide paper or the Neolite on the sled assembly.
5.3.2.4 Rotate the sled 90° (clockwise) and sand the Neolite
again with the same procedure (one single pull towards the
operator followed by removing the Neolite dust is considered
one stroke).
5.3.2.5 Repeat sanding in this fashion (rotating the sled
assembly by 90°, clockwise, and brushing off the Neolite dust
eachtimebetweenstrokes)foratotalofeight(8)strokes.Eight
strokes equals one (1) resurfacing cycle.
5.3.2.6 Continue sanding the Neolite until all the sheen
(b)
(glossy surface produced during the manufacturing process) is
removed, usually no more than 500 strokes.
FIG. 1 Dynamometer Pull Meters
5.4 Standard Tile. Standard tiles were manufactured under
controlled conditions, assigned a unique identifying number
5.2 Weight, 50-lb (22-kg) Weight shall be either cylindrical
and are available from the Tile Council of North America.
(approximately 6 in. in diameter and approximately 8 in. tall)
or of rectangular dimensions with the base measuring approxi-
mately 6 by 8 in. Weight must be stable, and have a uniform 4
The sole source of supply of the standard tile known to the committee at this
distribution of weight. (see Fig. 2). time is Tile Council of NorthAmerica, 100 Clemson Research Blvd.Anderson, SC
29625. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to
5.3 Standard Neolite Sled Assemblies, two, one to be used
ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-
for each of the wet and dry conditions. ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
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C1028 − 07
6. Reagents and Materials 8.5 Under no conditions should additional tiles be tested
without performing a new calibration.
6.1 Silicon Carbide Paper, wet or dry, 400 grit.
6.2 Renovator, 9. Calibration (Wet)
6.3 Neolite, Standard Neolite Cement Liner (see 2.1). 9.1 Immerse the Neolite portion of the sled assembly in
water for a minimum of 5 min. after resurfacing the sled per
6.4 Rags, Sponge, or Paper Towels.
7.2. (See 5.3.)
6.5 Water, distilled.
9.2 It is important that the operator calibrates the assembly
surfaceeachtimethetestisperformed.Repeattheprocedurein
7. Calibration (Dry)
7.2-7.5 with one exception: Saturate the surface with distilled
7.1 Because many variables are associated with this test
water and repeat the calibration with the surface wet, keeping
procedure, it is important that the operator
...
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