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ASTM D1655-11a

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels

Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels

ABSTRACT
This specification covers purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies. This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for reciprocating aviation turbine engines, but rather, defines the following specific types of aviation fuel for civil use: Jet A; and Jet A-1. The fuels shall be sampled and tested appropriately to examine their conformance to detailed requirements as to composition, volatility, fluidity, combustion, corrosion, thermal stability, contaminants, and additives.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract.
1.2 This specification defines specific types of aviation turbine fuel for civil use in the operation and certification of aircraft and describes fuels found satisfactory for the operation of aircraft and engines. The specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuels from the refinery to the aircraft.
1.3 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.
1.4 Aviation turbine fuels defined by this specification may be used in other than turbine engines that are specifically designed and certified for this fuel.
1.5 This specification no longer includes wide-cut aviation turbine fuel (Jet B). FAA has issued a Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin which now approves the use of Specification D6615 to replace Specification D1655 as the specification for Jet B and refers users to this standard for reference.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Jul-2011
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.J0.01 - Jet Fuel Specifications
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D1655-11 - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
Effective Date
15-Jul-2011
Referred By
ASTM D7095-17 - Standard Test Method for Rapid Determination of Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products Using a Disposable Copper Foil Strip
Effective Date
15-Jul-2011
Referred By
ASTM D7619-22 - Standard Test Method for Sizing and Counting Particles in Light and Middle Distillate Fuels, by Automatic Particle Counter
Effective Date
15-Jul-2011
Referred By
ASTM D2386-19 - Standard Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
Effective Date
15-Jul-2011
Referred By
ASTM D3241-23 - Standard Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability of Aviation Turbine Fuels
Effective Date
15-Jul-2011
Referred By
ASTM D8147-17(2023) - Standard Specification for Special-Purpose Test Fuels for Aviation Compression-Ignition Engines
Effective Date
15-Jul-2011
Referred By
ASTM E1259-23 - Standard Practice for Evaluation of Antimicrobials in Liquid Fuels Boiling Below 390 °C
Effective Date
15-Jul-2011
Referred By
ASTM D130-19 - Standard Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip Test
Effective Date
15-Jul-2011
Referred By
ASTM D4529-17 - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
Effective Date
15-Jul-2011
Referred By
ASTM D6615-22 - Standard Specification for Jet B Wide-Cut Aviation Turbine Fuel
Effective Date
15-Jul-2011
Referred By
ASTM D2276-22 - Standard Test Method for Particulate Contaminant in Aviation Fuel by Line Sampling
Effective Date
15-Jul-2011
Referred By
ASTM D7224-23 - Standard Test Method for Determining Water Separation Characteristics of Kerosine-Type Aviation Turbine Fuels Containing Additives by Portable Separometer
Effective Date
15-Jul-2011
Referred By
ASTM D8166-22 - Standard Test Method for Sizing and Counting Particulates in Middle Distillate Fuels and Biodiesel Blend (B6 to B20) Using Continuous Flow and Bottle Sampler Particle Contamination Monitors
Effective Date
15-Jul-2011
Referred By
ASTM D1319-20a - Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
Effective Date
15-Jul-2011
Referred By
ASTM D8194-18e1 - Standard Practice for Evaluation of Suitability of 37 mm Filter Monitors and 47 mm Filters Used to Determine Particulate Contaminant in Aviation Turbine Fuels
Effective Date
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation: D1655 – 11a
Standard Specification for
1
Aviation Turbine Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1655; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
eral Bomb Method)
1.1 Thisspecificationcoverstheuseofpurchasingagencies
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Pe-
in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine
troleum Products by Copper Strip Test
fuel under contract.
D156 TestMethodforSayboltColorofPetroleumProducts
1.2 This specification defines specific types of aviation
(Saybolt Chromometer Method)
turbine fuel for civil use in the operation and certification of
D240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid
aircraftanddescribesfuelsfoundsatisfactoryfortheoperation
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
of aircraft and engines. The specification can be used as a
D323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
standardindescribingthequalityofaviationturbinefuelsfrom
ucts (Reid Method)
the refinery to the aircraft.
D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-
1.3 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory
ration
for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
characteristics than is shown by this specification.
ity)
1.4 Aviation turbine fuels defined by this specification may
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
be used in other than turbine engines that are specifically
(Lamp Method)
designed and certified for this fuel.
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
1.5 This specification no longer includes wide-cut aviation
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
turbine fuel (Jet B). FAA has issued a Special Airworthiness
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
Information Bulletin which now approves the use of Specifi-
D1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid
cation D6615 to replace Specification D1655 as the specifica-
Petroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
tion for Jet B and refers users to this standard for reference.
D1322 Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosine and
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Aviation Turbine Fuel
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
D1405 TestMethodforEstimationofNetHeatofCombus-
standard.
tion of Aviation Fuels
2. Referenced Documents D1660 Method of Test for Thermal Stability of Aviation
3
2
Turbine Fuels
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1840 TestMethodforNaphthaleneHydrocarbonsinAvia-
D56 Test Method for Flash Point byTag Closed CupTester
tion Turbine Fuels by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at
D2276 TestMethodforParticulateContaminantinAviation
Atmospheric Pressure
Fuel by Line Sampling
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
Closed Cup Tester
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D2624 TestMethodsforElectricalConductivityofAviation
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
and Distillate Fuels
PetroleumProductsandLubricantsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee
D2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of
D02.J0.01 on Jet Fuel Specifications.
Current edition approved July 15, 2011. Published August 2011. Originally
Petroleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography
approved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D1655–11. DOI:
D2892 Test Method for Distillation of Crude Petroleum
10.1520/D1655-11A.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
the ASTM website. on www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1655 – 11a
(15-Theoretical Plate Column) D5452 Test Method for Particulate Contamination inAvia-
tion Fuels by Laboratory Filtration
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately,ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:D1655–11 Designation: D1655 – 11a
Standard Specification for
1
Aviation Turbine Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1655; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine fuel
under contract.
1.2 Thisspecificationdefinesspecifictypesofaviationturbinefuelforciviluseintheoperationandcertificationofaircraftand
describesfuelsfoundsatisfactoryfortheoperationofaircraftandengines.Thespecificationcanbeusedasastandardindescribing
the quality of aviation turbine fuels from the refinery to the aircraft.
1.3 Thisspecificationdoesnotincludeallfuelssatisfactoryforaviationturbineengines.Certainequipmentorconditionsofuse
may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.
1.4 Aviation turbine fuels defined by this specification may be used in other than turbine engines that are specifically designed
and certified for this fuel.
1.5 This specification no longer includes wide-cut aviation turbine fuel (Jet B). FAA has issued a Special Airworthiness
Information Bulletin which now approves the use of Specification D6615 to replace Specification D1655 as the specification for
Jet B and refers users to this standard for reference.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (General Bomb Method)
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip Test
D156 Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Products (Saybolt Chromometer Method)
D240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
D323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)
D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)
D1298 TestMethodforDensity,RelativeDensity(SpecificGravity),orAPIGravityofCrudePetroleumandLiquidPetroleum
Products by Hydrometer Method
D1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
D1322 Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosine and Aviation Turbine Fuel
D1405 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
D1660 Method of Test for Thermal Stability of Aviation Turbine Fuels
D1840 Test Method for Naphthalene Hydrocarbons in Aviation Turbine Fuels by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry
D2276 Test Method for Particulate Contaminant in Aviation Fuel by Line Sampling
D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.J0.01
on Jet Fuel Specifications.
Current edition approved June 1,July 15, 2011. Published JulyAugust 2011. Originally approved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 20102011 as
D1655–10.D1655–11. DOI: 10.1520/D1655-11A.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1655 – 11a
D2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviation and Distillate Fuels
D2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Fractions by Gas Chromat
...

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1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the Cummins ISB Test, covers the utilization of a modern, 5.9 L, diesel engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and is used to evaluate oil performance with regard to valve-train wear.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—SI units are provided for all parameters except where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source of supply equipment specification.  
1.2.2 See also A7.1 for clarification; it does not supersede 1.2 and 1.2.1.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.  
1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5001-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Lubricity of Aviation Turbine Fuels by the Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator (BOCLE)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
5.2 The relationship of test results to aviation fuel system component distress due to wear has been demonstrated for some fuel/hardware combinations where boundary lubrication is a factor in the operation of the component.  
5.3 The wear scar generated in the ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator (BOCLE) test is sensitive to contamination of the fluids and test materials, the presence of oxygen and water in the atmosphere, and the temperature of the test. Lubricity measurements are also sensitive to trace materials acquired during sampling and storage. Containers specified in Practice D4306 shall be used.  
5.4 The BOCLE test method may not directly reflect operating conditions of engine hardware. For example, some fuels that contain a high content of certain sulfur compounds can give anomalous test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers assessment of the wear aspects of the boundary lubrication properties of aviation turbine fuels on rubbing steel surfaces.  
1.1.1 This test method incorporates two procedures, one using a semi-automated instrument and the second a fully automated instrument. Either of the two instruments may be used to carry out the test.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4808-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Hydrogen Content of Light Distillates, Middle Distillates, Gas Oils, and Residua by Low-Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The hydrogen content represents a fundamental quality of a petroleum product that has been correlated with many of the performance characteristics of that product.  
5.2 This test method provides a simple and more precise alternative to existing test methods, specifically combustion techniques (Test Methods D5291) for determining the hydrogen content on a range of petroleum products.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the hydrogen content of petroleum products ranging from atmospheric distillates to vacuum residua using a continuous wave, low-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. (Test Method D3701 is the preferred method for determining the hydrogen content of aviation turbine fuels using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.)  
1.2 Three test methods are included here that account for the special characteristics of different petroleum products and apply to the following distillation ranges:    
Test Method  
Petroleum Products  
Boiling Range, °C (°F)
(approximate)  
A  
Light Distillates  
15–260 (60–500)  
B  
Middle Distillates  
200–370 (400–700)  
Gas Oils  
370–510 (700–950)  
C  
Residua  
510+ (950+ )  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. The preferred units are mass %.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Sections 7.2 and 7.4.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8252-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Vanadium and Nickel in Crude and Residual Oil by X-ray Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a rapid and precise elemental measurement with simple sample preparation. Typical analysis times are approximately 4 min to 5 min per sample with a preparation time of approximately 1 min to 3 min per sample.  
5.2 The quality of crude oil is related to the amount of sulfur present. Knowledge of the vanadium and nickel concentration is necessary for processing purposes as well as contractual agreements.  
5.3 The presence of vanadium and nickel presents significant risks for contamination of the cracking catalysts in the refining process.  
5.4 This test method provides a means of determining whether the vanadium and nickel content of crude meets the operational limits of the refinery and whether the metal content will have a deleterious effect on the refining process or when used as a fuel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of total vanadium and nickel in crude and residual oil in the concentration ranges shown in Table 1 using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry.  
1.2 Sulfur is measured for analytical purposes only for the compensation of X-ray absorption matrix effects affecting the vanadium and nickel X-rays. For measurement of sulfur by standard test method use Test Methods D4294, D2622 or other suitable standard test method for sulfur in crude and residual oils.  
1.3 This test method is limited to the use of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometers employing an X-ray tube for excitation in conjunction with wavelength dispersive detection system or energy dispersive high resolution semiconductor detector with the ability to separate signals of adjacent and near-adjacent elements.  
1.4 This test method uses inter-element correction factors calculated from XRF theory, the fundamental parameters (FP) approach, or best fit regression.  
1.5 Samples containing higher concentrations than shown in Table 1 must be diluted to bring the elemental concentration of the diluted material within the scope of this test method.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6.1 The preferred concentrations units are mg/kg for vanadium and nickel.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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