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ASTM E2281-15(2020)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Process Capability and Performance Measurement

Standard Practice for Process Capability and Performance Measurement

ABSTRACT
This practice provides guidance for determining process capability and performance under several common scenarios of use including: normal distribution-based capability and performance indices such as Cp, Cpk, Pp, and Ppk; process capability using attribute data for non-conforming units and non-conformities per unit type variables; and additional methods in working with process capability or performance.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Process Capability—Process capability can be defined as the natural or inherent behavior of a stable process that is in a state of statistical control (1).4 A “state of statistical control” is achieved when the process exhibits no detectable patterns or trends, such that the variation seen in the data is believed to be random and inherent to the process. Process capability is linked to the use of control charts and the state of statistical control. A process must be studied to evaluate its state of control before evaluating process capability.  
4.2 Process Control—There are many ways to implement control charts, but the most popular choice is to achieve a state of statistical control for the process under study. Special causes are identified by a set of rules based on probability theory. The process is investigated whenever the chart signals the occurrence of special causes. Taking appropriate actions to eliminate identified special causes and preventing their reappearance will ultimately obtain a state of statistical control. In this state, a minimum level of variation may be reached, which is referred to as common cause or inherent variation. For the purpose of this standard, this variation is a measure of the uniformity of process output, typically a product characteristic.  
4.3 Process Capability Indices—The behavior of a process (as related to inherent variability) in the state of statistical control is used to describe its capability. To compare a process with customer requirements (or specifications), it is common practice to think of capability in terms of the proportion of the process output that is within product specifications or tolerances. The metric of this proportion is the percentage of the process spread used up by the specification. This comparison becomes the essence of all process capability measures. The manner in which these measures are calculated defines the different types of capability indices and their use. Two process capability i...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides guidance for determining process capability and performance under several common scenarios of use including: (a) normal distribution based capability and performance indices such as Cp, Cpk, Pp, and Ppk; (b) process capability using attribute data for non-conforming units and non-conformities per unit type variables, and (c) additional methods in working with process capability or performance.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Sep-2020
ICS
25.040.40 - Industrial process measurement and control
Technical Committee
E11 - Quality and Statistics
Drafting Committee
E11.30 - Statistical Quality Control
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E2281-15(2020) - Standard Practice for Process Capability and Performance MeasurementASTM E2281-15(2020) - Standard Practice for Process Capability and Performance Measurement
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ASTM E2281-15(2020) - Standard Practice for Process Capability and Performance Measurement
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2281 − 15 (Reapproved 2020) An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
1
Process Capability and Performance Measurement
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2281; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1.1 Discussion—A long period of time may be defined
as shifts, weeks, or months, etc.
1.1 Thispracticeprovidesguidancefordeterminingprocess
capabilityandperformanceunderseveralcommonscenariosof 3.1.2 process capability, PC, n—statistical estimate of the
use including: (a) normal distribution based capability and
outcome of a characteristic from a process that has been
performance indices such as C , C , P , and P ;(b) process demonstrated to be in a state of statistical control.
p pk p pk
capability using attribute data for non-conforming units and
3.1.3 process capability index, C,n—an index describing
p
non-conformities per unit type variables, and (c) additional
process capability in relation to specified tolerance.
methods in working with process capability or performance.
3.1.4 process performance, PP, n—statisticalmeasureofthe
1.2 This international standard was developed in accor-
outcome of a characteristic from a process that may not have
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
been demonstrated to be in a state of statistical control.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1.5 process performance index, P,n—index describing
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- p
process performance in relation to specified tolerance.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.6 short term standard deviation, σ ,n—the inherent
ST
variation present when a process is operating in a state of
2. Referenced Documents
statistical control, expressed in terms of standard deviation.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.6.1 Discussion—This may also be stated as the inherent
E456Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
process variation.
E2334PracticeforSettinganUpperConfidenceBoundfora
3.1.7 stable process, n—process in a state of statistical
Fraction or Number of Non-Conforming items, or a Rate
control; process condition when all special causes of variation
of Occurrence for Non-Conformities, Using Attribute
have been removed.
Data, When There is a Zero Response in the Sample
3.1.7.1 Discussion—Observed variation can then be attrib-
2.2 Other Document:
uted to random (common) causes. Such a process will gener-
MNL 7Manual on Presentation of Data and Control Chart
3
ally behave as though the results are simple random samples
Analysis
from the same population.
3. Terminology
3.1.7.2 Discussion—This state does not imply that the
random variation is large or small, within or outside of
3.1 Definitions—Unlessotherwisenotedinthisstandard,all
specification, but rather that the variation is predictable using
terms relating to quality and statistics are defined in Terminol-
statistical techniques.
ogy E456.
3.1.7.3 Discussion—The process capability of a stable pro-
3.1.1 long term standard deviation,σ ,n—samplestandard
LT
deviation of all individual (observed) values taken over a long cess is usually improved by fundamental changes that reduce
or remove some of the random causes present or adjusting the
period of time.
mean towards the preferred value, or both.
1 3.1.7.4 Discussion—Continual adjustment of a stable pro-
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE11onQualityand
Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.30 on Statistical
cess will increase variation.
Quality Control.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2020. Published October 2020. Originally
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as E2281–15. DOI:
3.2.1 lower process capability index, C ,n—indexdescrib-
pkl
10.1520/E2281-15R20.
ing process capability in relation to the lower specification
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
limit.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
3.2.2 lower process performance index, P ,n—index de-
pkl
the ASTM website.
3 scribing process performance in relation to the lower specifi-
Available from ASTM Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, W.
Conshohocken, PA 19428. cation limit.
...

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Test Method for Shrinkage Temperature of Wet Blue and Wet White

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to determine the temperature at which the Wet Blue or Wet White specimen experiences shrinkage. In this test method, shrinkage occurs as a result of hydrothermal denaturation of the collagen protein molecules which make up the fiber structure of the Wet Blue or Wet White. The shrinkage temperature of Wet Blue or Wet White is influenced by many different factors, most of which appear to affect the number and nature of crosslinking interactions between adjacent polypeptide chains of the collagen protein molecules. The value of the shrinkage temperature of Wet Blue or Wet White is commonly used as an indicator of the type of tannage or the degree of tannage, or both, of that particular Wet Blue or Wet White (especially for the more hydrothermally stable tannages such as chrome tannage).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the shrinkage temperature of all types of Wet Blue and Wet White. The heating medium is water when the shrinkage temperature is at or below 98 °C. The heating medium is a glycerine-water solution when the shrinkage temperature is above 98 °C.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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