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ASTM F2437-06

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Compressible-Washer-Type Direct Tension Indicators for Use with Cap Screws, Bolts, Anchors, and Studs

Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Compressible-Washer-Type Direct Tension Indicators for Use with Cap Screws, Bolts, Anchors, and Studs

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for carbon and alloy steel compressible-washer-type direct tension indicators (DTIs) capable of indicating a specified bolt tension in cap screws, bolts, anchors, and studs. These DTIs are intended for installation under a bolt or cap screw head, a hex nut, or against a hardened washer or other flat hardened surface. The following are two types of DTIs: Type 1 DTIs are suitable for comparatively large bearing surfaces and Type 2 DTIs are suitable for comparatively smaller bearing surfaces. DTIs shall have a configuration produced by extrusion, punching, pressing, or similar forming to permit a measurable decrease in thickness when placed in compression. The design shall be such that the degree of plastic deformation of the protrusions shall indicate the tension in a tightened cap screw, bolt, anchor, or stud. The process used for heat treatment of DTIs, if required, shall be through-hardening by heating to a temperature above the upper transformation temperature, quenching in oil, and then tempering by reheating to a suitable temperature to attain desired mechanical/performance properties. Protective coatings, platings, or finishes may be applied on the DTIs if specified. Compression load and hardness of the DTIs shall be determined by performing mechanical tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for carbon and alloy steel compressible-washer-type direct tension indicators capable of indicating a specified bolt tension in cap screws, bolts, anchors, and studs.
1.2 Direct tension indicators in nominal diameter sizes 1/4 through 21/2 in. are covered.
1.3 There are two Types of DTIs covered by this specification, Type 1 and Type 2.
1.3.1 Type 1 DTIs are suitable for comparatively large bearing surfaces. Type 1 DTIs are available in Grades 55 and 105, which differ in the amount of tension they indicate at a prescribed gap (see ).
1.3.2 Type 2 DTIs are suitable for comparatively smaller bearing surfaces. Type 2 DTIs are available in Grades 5 and 8, which differ in the amount of tension they indicate at a prescribed gap (see ).
1.4 Direct tension indicators are intended for installation under a bolt or cap screw head, a hex nut, or against a hardened washer or other flat hardened surface.
The following precautionary statement pertains only to the test method portions, Section and Appendix XI of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Aug-2006
ICS
21.060.01 - Fasteners in general
Technical Committee
F16 - Fasteners
Drafting Committee
F16.02 - Steel Bolts, Studs and Nuts
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM F2437-11 - Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Compressible-Washer-Type Direct Tension Indicators for Use with Cap Screws, Bolts, Anchors, and Studs
Effective Date
01-May-2011

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ASTM F2437-06 - Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Compressible-Washer-Type Direct Tension Indicators for Use with Cap Screws, Bolts, Anchors, and StudsASTM F2437-06 - Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Compressible-Washer-Type Direct Tension Indicators for Use with Cap Screws, Bolts, Anchors, and Studs
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ASTM F2437-06 - Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Compressible-Washer-Type Direct Tension Indicators for Use with Cap Screws, Bolts, Anchors, and Studs
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F2437 – 06
Standard Specification for
Carbon and Alloy Steel Compressible-Washer-Type Direct
Tension Indicators for Use with Cap Screws, Bolts, Anchors,
1
and Studs
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2437; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope A193/A193M Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless
Steel Bolting Materials for High Temperature or High
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for carbon
Pressure Service and Other Special Purpose Applications
and alloy steel compressible-washer-type direct tension indi-
A194/A194M Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel
cators capable of indicating a specified bolt tension in cap
Nuts for Bolts for High Pressure or High Temperature
screws, bolts, anchors, and studs.
1 Service, or Both
1.2 Direct tension indicators in nominal diameter sizes ⁄4
1 A307 Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, 60
through 2 ⁄2 in. are covered.
000 PSI Tensile Strength
1.3 There are two Types of DTIs covered by this specifica-
A325 SpecificationforStructuralBolts,Steel,HeatTreated,
tion, Type 1 and Type 2.
120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength
1.3.1 Type 1 DTIs are suitable for comparatively large
2
A354 SpecificationforQuenchedandTemperedAlloySteel
bearing surfaces. Type 1 DTIs are available in Grades 55 and
Bolts, Studs, and Other Externally Threaded Fasteners
105, which differ in the amount of tension they indicate at a
A449 Specification for Hex Cap Screws, Bolts and Studs,
prescribed gap (see Table 1).
Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105/90 ksi Minimum Tensile
1.3.2 Type 2 DTIs are suitable for comparatively smaller
3
Strength, General Use
bearing surfaces. Type 2 DTIs are available in Grades 5 and 8,
A563 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts
which differ in the amount of tension they indicate at a
B633 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Zinc
prescribed gap (see Table 1).
on Iron and Steel
1.4 Direct tension indicators are intended for installation
B695 Specification for Coatings of Zinc Mechanically De-
underaboltorcapscrewhead,ahexnut,oragainstahardened
posited on Iron and Steel
washer or other flat hardened surface.
F436 Specification for Hardened Steel Washers
1.5 The following precautionary statement pertains only to
F606 Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Prop-
the test method portions, Section 12 and Appendix XI of this
erties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners,
specification: This standard does not purport to address all of
Washers, Direct Tension Indicators, and Rivets
the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
F1470 Practice for Fastener Sampling for Specified Me-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
chanical Properties and Performance Inspection
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
F1554 Specification for Anchor Bolts, Steel, 36, 55, and
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
105-ksi Yield Strength
2. Referenced Documents F1941 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings on
4
Threaded Fasteners (Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN/
2.1 ASTM Standards:
UNR))
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 on
Fasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.02 on Steel Bolts,
Nuts, Rivets, and Washers.
Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2006. Published September 2006. DOI:
10.1520/F2437-06.
2
Examples of a comparatively large bearing surface would include heavy hex
bolts, heavy hex nuts, and so forth.
3
Examples of a comparatively small bearing surface would include a hex cap
screw, hex nut, and so forth.
4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F2437 – 06
A
TABLE 1 Acceptable Range of Compression Load
B C
DTI Mean Compression Load Range Mean Compression Load Range
Nominal in Pounds (lbs) in Pounds (lbs)
Diameter
Grade 5 Grade 8 Grade 55 Grade 105
(in.)
1
⁄4 2200 to 2450 3100 to 3450 . . . . . .
5
⁄16 3500 to 3850 4950 to 5500 . . . . . .
3
⁄8 5300 to 5850 7500 to 8300 . . . . . .
7
⁄16 7200 to 7900 10 100 to 11 200 . . . . . .
1
⁄2 9700 to 10 700 13 700 to 15 340 4450 to 4900 8500 to 9400
9
⁄16 12 350 to 13 600 17 400 to 19 200 5700 to 6300 10 900 to 12 050
5
⁄8 15 550 to 17 200 21 850 to 24 200 7050
...

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ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for carbon and alloy steel compressible-washer-type direct tension indicators (DTIs) capable of indicating a specified bolt tension in cap screws, bolts, anchors, and studs. These DTIs are intended for installation under a bolt or cap screw head, a hex nut, or against a hardened washer or other flat hardened surface. The following are two types of DTIs: Type 1 DTIs are suitable for comparatively large bearing surfaces and Type 2 DTIs are suitable for comparatively smaller bearing surfaces. DTIs shall have a configuration produced by extrusion, punching, pressing, or similar forming to permit a measurable decrease in thickness when placed in compression. The design shall be such that the degree of plastic deformation of the protrusions shall indicate the tension in a tightened cap screw, bolt, anchor, or stud. The process used for heat treatment of DTIs, if required, shall be through-hardening by heating to a temperature above the upper transformation temperature, quenching in oil, and then tempering by reheating to a suitable temperature to attain desired mechanical/performance properties. Protective coatings, platings, or finishes may be applied on the DTIs if specified. Compression load and hardness of the DTIs shall be determined by performing mechanical tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for carbon and alloy steel compressible-washer-type direct tension indicators (DTIs) capable of indicating a specified bolt tension in cap screws, bolts, anchors, and studs.  
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1.3 Direct tension indicators have two styles and four grades for inch fasteners, Grades 5, 8, 55, and 105, and two property classes for metric fasteners, property classes 8.8 and 10.9 each of which differ in their compressive load requirements at a given gap (see Table 1 and Table 2).  
1.3.1 Style 1 DTIs are suitable for comparatively smaller bearing surfaces. Style 1 DTIs are available in Grades 5 and 8, which differ in the amount of tension they indicate at a prescribed gap (see Table 1 and Table 3).  
1.3.2 Style 2 DTIs are suitable for comparatively large bearing surfaces. Style 2 DTIs are available in Grades 55 and 105, which differ in the amount of tension they indicate at a prescribed gap (see Table 1 and Table 3).    
1.4 Direct tension indicators are intended for installation under a bolt or cap screw head, a hex nut, or against a hardened washer or other flat hardened surface.  
1.5 Recommended Fasteners—Fasteners meeting the requirements of the standards referenced in Table 3 are considered compatible with the DTI grade or class listed.  
1.6 The values stated for Inch DTIs are expressed in inch-pound units and for Metric DTIs values are expressed in SI units. The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
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ABSTRACT
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1.2.2 Type 325–3—DTIs for use with Specification F3125 Grade A325 Type 3 bolts or Grade F1852 Type 3 assemblies.  
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4.1 Decarburization and carburization are two surface conditions created, either intentionally or unintentionally, as with a pre-existing condition created during the rod rolling process, the rod/wire annealing process, or while heat treating threaded steel products. Too much of either will adversely affect the safety and performance of the threaded product. Therefore, limits have been established for three different product groups: the harder and greater the tensile strength of the product, the more susceptible to failure the product becomes if these limits are exceeded.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for measuring, classifying, and determining the presence of decarburization and carburization in the threaded section of hardened and tempered inch series steel bolts, screws, studs, nuts, and similar parts which have been heated to facilitate fabrication or to modify their mechanical properties. This test method is not intended to address products which are intentionally carburized to achieve specific results.  
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4.1 Decarburization and carburization are two surface conditions created, either intentionally or unintentionally, as with a pre-existing condition created during the rod rolling process, the rod/wire annealing process, or while heat treating threaded steel products. Too much of either will adversely affect the safety and performance of the threaded product. Therefore, limits have been established for four different product groups: the harder and greater the tensile strength of the product, the more susceptible to failure the product becomes if these limits are exceeded.  
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers nails, spikes, staples, and other fasteners driven by hand tool, power tool, or mechanical device in single or multiple strikes and are positioned by hand, tool, or machine. The driven fasteners are classified as type I: nails (NL); type II: cut nails (CN); type III: spikes (SP); and type IV: staples (ST). Materials shall be tested and the individual types shall conform to the material requirements and physical properties, such as ductility, tensile strength. Protective coating and finishes are also detailed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers nails, spikes, staples, and other driven fasteners, as listed in Table 1.  
Note 1: Fastener ductility information is presented in Table 2 and dimensional information in Tables 3–63.  
1.2 Fasteners described in this specification are driven by hand tool, power tool, or mechanical device in single or multiple strikes and are positioned by hand, tool, or machine.  
1.3 This specification is applicable in either inch-pounds (F1667) or SI units [F1667M]. Values stated in SI are a mathematical conversion to two significant digits and are shown in brackets [ ].  
1.4 Fasteners in this specification are sold in bulk (loose) form and are collated for loading into the magazine of an application tool. Other than as covered in Section 9, Workmanship, cohering materials (including, but not limited to, plastic, adhesive bond, paper tape, plastic strip, plastic carrier, wire, etc.) and relative orientation of collated fasteners are not within the scope of this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ABSTRACT
This guide covers test procedures for performing accelerated tests to evaluate relative corrosion resistance of various coatings applied to mechanical fasteners. Corrosion mechanisms such as general and crevice corrosion may be evaluated with this method. Test duration may be selected to achieve any desired level of corrosion exposure and provides a frame of reference to determine relative coating resistance to corrosion. Fasteners tightened to a desired tension and subjected to this test procedure may be evaluated to simulate a variety of service conditions. Without large amounts of accumulated field results, it is difficult to relate test duration or the number of test cycles to actual service life for a given application.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers test procedures for performing accelerated tests to evaluate relative corrosion resistance of various coatings applied to mechanical fasteners. Corrosion mechanisms such as general and crevice corrosion may be evaluated with this method. Test duration may be selected to achieve any desired level of corrosion exposure and provides a frame of reference to determine relative coating resistance to corrosion. Fasteners tightened to a desired tension and subjected to this test procedure may be evaluated to simulate a variety of service conditions. Without large amounts of accumulated field results, it is difficult to relate test duration or the number of test cycles to actual service life for a given application.  
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Standard Test Method for Determining Bending Yield Moment of Staples

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Staples are mechanical fasteners used in wood structures. Engineering design procedures used to determine the capacities of laterally-loaded staple connections use a yield theory to establish nominal resistance (Note 2). In order to develop nominal resistance for laterally-loaded stapled connections, the bending yield moment must be known.
Note 2: When used as a structural fastener in shear walls and diaphragms, staples are installed with the crown parallel to the long dimension of the framing member. The orientation of the staples for this bending yield moment test represents the bending yield moment applicable for this intended use).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the bending yield moment of staples when subjected to static loading. Although intended for flat crown staples identified in Specification F1667/F1667M, this procedure is also applicable for staples with round wire. These staples are used in engineered wood building connection applications for which required connection capacities are specified by the designer.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
Note 1: This test method is applicable in either inch-pounds F3359 or SI Units [F3359M]. Values stated in SI are a mathematical conversion and are shown in brackets [ ].  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F606/F606M-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Properties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners, Washers, Direct Tension Indicators, and Rivets

ABSTRACT
These test methods establishes the standard procedures for conducting tests to determine the mechanical properties of externally and internally threaded fasteners, washers and direct tension indicators, and rivets. For externally threaded fasteners, the mechanical tests describe the procedures for determining the following properties: product hardness; proof load by length measurement (Method 1), yield strength (Method 2), yield strength of austenitic stainless steel and nonferrous materials (Method 2A), and uniform hardness (Method 3); axial tension of full size products such as fasteners and studs; wedge tension of full size products such as fasteners and studs; tension of machined test specimens including yield point (by drop of the beam or halt of the pointer, autographic diagram, and total extension under load methods), yield strength (by offset, and extension under load methods), tensile strength, elongation, and reduction of area; and total extension at fracture. As for internally threaded fasteners including nonheat- and heat-treated nuts, tests are provided for the determination of product hardness, proof load, and cone proof load. Test for determining the surface and core hardnesses are, conversely, described for direct tension indicators, and through-hardened, carburized, stainless steel, and nonferrous washers. And finally, product hardness testing is described for rivets. The test method for determining embrittlement of metallic coated externally threaded fasteners is detailed as well.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover establishment of procedures for conducting tests to determine the mechanical properties of externally and internally threaded fasteners, washers, direct tension indicators, and rivets.  
1.2 Property requirements and the applicable tests for their determination are specified in individual product standards. In those instances where the testing requirements are unique or at variance with these standard procedures, the product standard shall specify the controlling testing requirements. In the absence of any specified test requirement(s), these test methods shall apply.  
1.3 These test methods describe mechanical tests for determining the following properties:    
Section    
For Externally Threaded Fasteners:  
3  
Product Hardness  
3.1  
Proof Load  
3.2.1  
Method 1, Length Measurement  
3.2.3  
Method 2, Yield Strength  
3.2.4  
Method 3, Uniform Hardness  
3.2.5  
Axial Tension Testing of Full-Size Product  
3.4  
Wedge Tension Testing of Full-Size Product  
3.5  
Tension Testing of Machined Test Specimens  
3.6  
Total Extension at Fracture Test
Single Sheer Test  
3.7
3.8  
For Internally Threaded Fasteners:  
4  
Product Hardness  
4.1  
Proof Load Test  
4.2  
Cone Proof Load Test  
4.3  
For Washers and Direct Tension Indicators:  
5  
Product Hardness-General Requirements  
5.1  
Through Hardened Washers  
5.2  
Carburized Washers  
5.3  
Stainless Steel and Nonferrous Washers  
5.4  
Direct Tension Indicators  
5.5  
Compression Load  
5.6  
For Rivets:  
6  
Product Hardness  
6.1  
Test for Embrittlement of Metallic-Coated Externally Threaded Fasteners  
7  
Test Method for Determining Decarburization and Carburization  
8  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
Note 1: The values are stated in inch-pound for inch fasteners and SI metric units for metric fasteners.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish approp...

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