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ASTM D6196-03

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Selection of Sorbents, Sampling, and Thermal Desorption Analysis Procedures for Volatile Organic Compounds in Air

Standard Practice for Selection of Sorbents, Sampling, and Thermal Desorption Analysis Procedures for Volatile Organic Compounds in Air

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is recommended for use in measuring the concentration of VOCs in ambient, indoor, and workplace atmospheres. It may also be used for measuring emissions from materials in small or full scale environmental chambers for material emission testing or human exposure assessment.
Such measurements in ambient air are of importance because of the known role of VOCs as ozone precursors, and in some cases (for example, benzene), as toxic pollutants in their own right.
Such measurements in indoor air are of importance because of the association of VOCs with air quality problems in indoor environments, particularly in relation to sick building syndrome and emissions from building materials. Many volatile organic compounds have the potential to contribute to air quality problems in indoor environments and in some cases toxic VOCs may be present at such elevated concentrations in home or workplace atmospheres as to prompt serious concerns over human exposure and adverse health effects (6).
Such measurements in workplace air are of importance because of the known toxic effects of many such compounds.
In all three environments, in order to protect the environment as a whole and human health in particular, it is necessary to take measurements of air quality as part of an overall assessment in relation to mandatory requirements.
The choices of sorbents, sampling method, and analytical methodology affect the efficiency of sorption, recovery, and quantification of individual VOCs. This practice is potentially effective for a wide range of volatile organic compounds found in air, over a wide range of volatilities and concentration levels. However, it is the responsibility of the user to ensure that the sampling, recovery, analysis, and quality control for the measurement of a specific VOC of interest are within acceptable limits. Guidance for this evaluation is part of the scope of this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to assist in the selection of sorbents and procedures for the sampling and analysis of ambient (1), indoor (2) and workplace (3,4) atmospheres for a variety of common volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It may also be used for measuring emissions from materials in small or full scale environmental chambers or for human exposure assessment.
1.2 A complete listing of VOCs for which this practice has been tested, at least over part of the measurement range (1.6), is shown in Tables 1-9. For other compounds this practice shall be tested according to EN 1076 (pumped); Practice D 6246, ISO 16107, ANSI/ISEA 104, EN838 or EN 13528-1/EN 13528-2 (diffusive); or other appropriate validation protocols (Sections 13 and 14). (5,1)
1.3 This practice is based on the sorption of VOCs from air onto selected sorbents or combinations of sorbents. Sampled air is either drawn through a tube containing one or a series of sorbents (pumped sampling) or allowed to diffuse, under controlled conditions, onto the sorbent tube or tubes (diffusive or passive sampling). The sorbed VOCs are subsequently recovered by thermal desorption and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography.
1.4 This practice applies to three basic types of samplers that are compatible with thermal desorption: (1) pumped sorbent tubes containing one or more sorbents; (2) axial diffusive samplers (typically of the same physical dimensions as standard pumped sorbent tubes and containing only one sorbent); and (3) radial diffusive samplers.
1.5 This practice recommends a number of sorbents that can be packed in sorbent tubes, for use in the sampling of a wide range of different volatile organic compounds, in the range 0 to 400°C (v.p. 15 to 0.01 kPa at 25°C).
1.5.1 For pumped sampling, sorbent selection is based on breakthrough capacity. Single-bed tubes containing for example sorbent Type A3,4 are appropriate for normal alkanes from n-C6(hexane) to n-C10(decane) and substances with similar volatility (v.p. 15 to ...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-May-2003
ICS
13.040.20 - Ambient atmospheres
Technical Committee
D22 - Air Quality
Drafting Committee
D22.05 - Indoor Air
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D6196-97 - Standard Practice for Selection of Sorbents and Pumped Sampling/Thermal Desorption Analysis Procedures for Volatile Organic Compunds in Air
Effective Date
10-May-2003
Replaced By
ASTM D6196-03(2009) - Standard Practice for Selection of Sorbents, Sampling, and Thermal Desorption Analysis Procedures for Volatile Organic Compounds in Air
Effective Date
01-Mar-2009
Referred By
ASTM D7663-12(2018)e1 - Standard Practice for Active Soil Gas Sampling in the Vadose Zone for Vapor Intrusion Evaluations
Effective Date
10-May-2003
Referred By
ASTM E800-20 - Standard Guide for Measurement of Gases Present or Generated During Fires
Effective Date
10-May-2003
Referred By
ASTM D6306-17 - Standard Guide for Placement and Use of Diffusive Samplers for Gaseous Pollutants in Indoor Air
Effective Date
10-May-2003
Referred By
ASTM D3687-19 - Standard Test Method for Analysis of Organic Compound Vapors Collected by the Activated Charcoal Tube Adsorption Method
Effective Date
10-May-2003
Referred By
ASTM D8345-21 - Standard Test Method for Determination of an Emission Parameter for Phthalate Esters and Other Non-Phthalate Plasticizers from Planar Polyvinyl Chloride Indoor Materials for Use in Mass Transfer Modeling Calculations
Effective Date
10-May-2003
Referred By
ASTM D7143-17 - Standard Practice for Emission Cells for the Determination of Volatile Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/Products
Effective Date
10-May-2003
Referred By
ASTM D6399-18 - Standard Guide for Selecting Instruments and Methods for Measuring Air Quality in Aircraft Cabins
Effective Date
10-May-2003
Referred By
ASTM D7339-18 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Carpet using a Specific Sorbent Tube and Thermal Desorption / Gas Chromatography
Effective Date
10-May-2003
Referred By
ASTM D7706-17 - Standard Practice for Rapid Screening of VOC Emissions from Products Using Micro-Scale Chambers
Effective Date
10-May-2003
Referred By
ASTM D6803-19 - Standard Practice for Testing and Sampling of Volatile Organic Compounds (Including Carbonyl Compounds) Emitted from Architectural Coatings Using Small-Scale Environmental Chambers
Effective Date
10-May-2003
Referred By
ASTM D7758-17 - Standard Practice for Passive Soil Gas Sampling in the Vadose Zone for Source Identification, Spatial Variability Assessment, Monitoring, and Vapor Intrusion Evaluations
Effective Date
10-May-2003
Referred By
ASTM D6330-20 - Standard Practice for Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds (Excluding Formaldehyde) Emissions from Wood-Based Panels Using Small Environmental Chambers Under Defined Test Conditions
Effective Date
10-May-2003
Referred By
ASTM D1356-20a - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Effective Date
10-May-2003

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ASTM D6196-03 - Standard Practice for Selection of Sorbents, Sampling, and Thermal Desorption Analysis Procedures for Volatile Organic Compounds in AirASTM D6196-03 - Standard Practice for Selection of Sorbents, Sampling, and Thermal Desorption Analysis Procedures for Volatile Organic Compounds in Air
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ASTM D6196-03 - Standard Practice for Selection of Sorbents, Sampling, and Thermal Desorption Analysis Procedures for Volatile Organic Compounds in Air
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D6196–03
Standard Practice for
Selection of Sorbents, Sampling, and Thermal Desorption
1
Analysis Procedures for Volatile Organic Compounds in Air
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6196; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.5.1 For pumped sampling, sorbent selection is based on
breakthrough capacity. Single-bed tubes containing for ex-
1.1 This practice is intended to assist in the selection of
3,4
ample sorbent Type A are appropriate for normal alkanes
sorbents and procedures for the sampling and analysis of
2 from n-C (hexane) to n-C (decane) and substances with
ambient (1) , indoor (2) and workplace (3, 4) atmospheres for 6 10
similar volatility (v.p. 15 to 0.3 kPa at 25°C). More volatile
a variety of common volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It
materials should be sampled on stronger sorbents, such as
may also be used for measuring emissions from materials in
3,5
sorbentTypeB .Othersorbenttypesthanthosespecifiedmay
small or full scale environmental chambers or for human
be used, if their breakthrough capacities are adequate and their
exposure assessment.
thermal desorption blanks are sufficiently small. Examples are
1.2 A complete listing of VOCs for which this practice has
given in Appendix X2. A broader range of VOCs may be
been tested, at least over part of the measurement range (1.6),
sampled using multi-bed tubes.
is shown inTables 1-9. For other compounds this practice shall
1.5.2 Guidance given for the selection of sorbents for
be tested according to EN 1076 (pumped); Practice D 6246,
pumped monitoring tubes can be applied equally well to axial
ISO 16107, ANSI/ISEA 104, EN 838 or EN 13528-1/
diffusive sampling tubes. The restriction to a single sampling
EN 13528-2 (diffusive); or other appropriate validation proto-
surface (hence single sorbent), limits the target analyte range
cols (Sections 13 and 14). (5,1)
that can be monitored by a single tube. However, the unobtru-
1.3 This practice is based on the sorption of VOCs from air
sive nature and low cost of diffusive samplers usually means
onto selected sorbents or combinations of sorbents. Sampled
that two or more samplers containing different sorbents can be
air is either drawn through a tube containing one or a series of
used in parallel without impacting study objectives.
sorbents (pumped sampling) or allowed to diffuse, under
1.5.3 The high sampling rate and associated risk of back
controlled conditions, onto the sorbent tube or tubes (diffusive
diffusion associated with radial diffusive samplers typically
or passive sampling). The sorbed VOCs are subsequently
restricts the use of these samplers to compounds of equal or
recovered by thermal desorption and analyzed by capillary gas
lower volatility than benzene. It also means that stronger
chromatography.
sorbents are generally required for these samplers when
1.4 This practice applies to three basic types of samplers
compared with either axial diffusive or pumped sorbent tubes.
that are compatible with thermal desorption: (1) pumped
1.6 This practice can be used for the measurement of
sorbent tubes containing one or more sorbents; (2) axial
airborne vapors of these volatile organic compounds over a
diffusive samplers (typically of the same physical dimensions
wide concentration range.
as standard pumped sorbent tubes and containing only one
1.6.1 With pumped sampling, this practice can be used for
sorbent); and (3) radial diffusive samplers.
the measurement of airborne vapors of VOCs in a concentra-
1.5 Thispracticerecommendsanumberofsorbentsthatcan
3 3
tion range of approximately 0.1 µg/m to 1 g/m , for individual
be packed in sorbent tubes, for use in the sampling of a wide
organic compounds in 1–10 L air samples. The method is also
range of different volatile organic compounds boiling in the
suitable for the measurement of the airborne concentrations of
range 0 to 400°C (v.p. 15 to 0.01 kPa at 25°C).
3
If you are aware of alternative sorbent types, please provide this information to
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Sampling ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will be carefully considered at a meeting of
and Analysis of Atmospheres and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
4
D22.05 on Indoor Air. An example of sorbent Type A known to perform as specified in this practice
Current edition approved May 10, 2003. Published July 2003. Originally is Chromosorb 106 manufactured by Manville Corp., USA and available from
approved in 1997. Last
...

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Note 2: In cases of EBL levels, investigation of the total living environment of the child and a pediatric medical evaluation may also be needed. Reference should be made to documents such as Managing Elevated Blood Lead Levels Among Young Children,6 Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young Children (1991),7 the HUD Guidelines, and Screening Young Children for Lead Poisoning (1997).7  
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1.3 Procedures for random sampling of units within dwellings having multiple units are not included.  
1.4 This guide contains notes, which are explanatory, and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this guide.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5.1 Exception—The inch-pound and SI units shown for wipe sampling data are to be individually regarded as standard for wipe sampling data.  
1.6 Methods described in this guide may not meet or be allowed by requirements or regulations established by local authorities having jurisdiction. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to comply with all such requirements and regulations.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8406-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Performance Evaluation of Ambient Outdoor Air Quality Sensors and Sensor-based Instruments for Portable and Fixed-point Measurement

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice establishes standardized tests for the performance evaluation of sensor-based continuous instruments for ambient air quality measurements. Public and private air monitoring interests have manifested themselves as a driving force for the deployment of air quality sensors and instruments to quantify air pollutant concentrations in communities, around schools, around industrial facilities, and elsewhere. Users of air quality sensors require information on the performance and limitations of these devices so that informed decisions regarding their suitability for various purposes can be determined. This practice describes both laboratory and field tests that provide information on candidate instrument repeatability, sensitivity, linearity, cross-interferences, drift and comparability with more costly instruments typically used by entities such as government agencies. The air quality sensors are first evaluated in a laboratory chamber by comparing their response to a reference instrument and challenging the gas sensors with interferents. The sensors are then deployed outdoors for field testing at two sites with different climates against reference air quality instruments. This practice is intended to be referenced in standards and codes that establish minimum performance quality for sensor-based ambient outdoor air monitoring.  
5.2 This practice is intended for air quality sensors that measure one or more of the criteria pollutants in ambient air (ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, PM10 and PM2.5) that can be operated in outdoor environments and can log a concentration reading. It is not intended for devices or transducers that require additional enclosures for deployment outdoors or post-processing to convert their output signal into a pollutant concentration reading.  
5.3 It is anticipated that the main users of this practice will be manufacturers, developers, and distributors of outdoor air quality sensors, air quality agenc...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes standardized tests for the performance evaluation of sensor-based continuous instruments for ambient outdoor air quality measurements. It describes both laboratory and field tests that provide information on candidate sensor repeatability, sensitivity, linearity, cross-interferences, drift, and comparability against reference instruments.  
1.2 This practice does not apply to sensors or instruments that remotely measure atmospheric pollutants using open path, lidar, or imaging technology.  
1.3 The evaluation procedures contained in this practice are for sensors that alone or in combination measure outdoor criteria pollutants in ambient air: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), or nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at concentrations that are relevant to public health.  
1.4 Testing is to be performed by a competent entity able to demonstrate that it operates in conformity with internationally accepted test laboratory quality standards such as ISO/IEC 17025.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1914-95(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Conversion Units and Factors Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 ASTM requires the use of SI units in all its publications and their use in reporting atmospheric measurement data. However, there are historic data and even data currently reported that are based on a variety of units of measurement. This practice tabulates factors that are necessary to convert such data to SI and other units of measurement.  
3.2 IEEE/ASTM SI-10 does not list all the conversion factors commonly used in air pollution and meteorological fields. This practice supplements IEEE/ASTM SI-10.  
3.3 The values reported here were obtained from a number of standard publications. They were adjusted to five figures and organized in a rational order. All values reflect the latest information from the 16th General Conference on Weights and Measurements held in 1979.  
3.4 The factors in Table 1 are provided to change units of measurement from one system to related units in other systems, as well as to smaller or larger units in the same system.  
3.5 Values of units in the left column may be converted to values of units in the right column merely by multiplying by the conversion factor provided in the center column.  (A) For specific applications and exceptions, see Terminology D1356.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides units and factors useful for members of the air pollution and meteorological communities.  
1.2 This practice is used together with IEEE/ASTM SI-10, which discusses SI units and contains selected conversion factors for inter-relation of SI units and some commonly used non-metric units.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2914-15(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Sulfur Dioxide Content of the Atmosphere (West-Gaeke Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sulfur dioxide is a major air pollutant, commonly formed by the combustion of sulfur-bearing fuels. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set primary and secondary air quality standards (7) that are designed to protect the public health and welfare.  
5.2 The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has promulgated exposure limits for sulfur dioxide in workplace atmospheres (8).  
5.3 These methods have been found satisfactory for measuring sulfur dioxide in ambient and workplace atmospheres over the ranges pertinent in 5.1 and 5.2.  
5.4 Method A has been designed to correspond to the EPA-Designated Reference Method (7) for the determination of sulfur dioxide.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the bubbler collection and colorimetric determination of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the ambient or workplace atmosphere.  
1.2 These test methods are applicable for determining SO2 over the range from approximately 25 μg/m3 (0.01 ppm(v)) to 1000 μg/m3 (0.4 ppm(v)), corresponding to a solution concentration of 0.03 μg SO2/mL to 1.3 μg SO2/mL. Beer's law is followed through the working analytical range from 0.02 μg SO2/mL to 1.4 μg SO2/mL.  
1.3 The lower limit of detection is 0.075 μg SO2/mL (1),2 representing an air concentration of 25 μg SO2/m3 (0.01 ppm(v)) in a 30-min sample, or 13 μg SO2/m3 (0.005 ppm(v)) in a 24-h sample.  
1.4 These test methods incorporate sampling for periods between 30 min and 24 h.  
1.5 These test methods describe the determination of the collected (impinged) samples. A Method A and a Method B are described.  
1.6 Method A is preferred over Method B, as it gives the higher sensitivity, but it has a higher blank. Manual Method B is pH-dependent, but is more suitable with spectrometers having a spectral band width greater than 20 nm.
Note 1: These test methods are applicable at concentrations below 25 μg/m3 by sampling larger volumes of air if the absorption efficiency of the particular system is first determined, as described in Annex A4.
Note 2: Concentrations higher than 1000 μg/m3 can be determined by using smaller gas volumes, larger collection volumes, or by suitable dilution of the collected sample with absorbing solution prior to analysis.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see 8.3.1, Section 9, and A3.1.3.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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