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ASTM C1114-06

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Thin-Heater Apparatus

Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Thin-Heater Apparatus

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the steady-state thermal transmission properties of flat-slab specimens of thermal insulation using a thin heater of uniform power density having low lateral heat flow. A thin heater with low lateral thermal conductance can reduce unwanted lateral heat flow and avoid the need for active-edge guarding.
1.2 This primary test method of thermal-transmission measurement describes a principle, rather than a particular apparatus. The principle involves determination of the thermal flux across a specimen of known thickness and the temperatures of the hot and cold faces of the specimen.
1.3 Considerable latitude is given to the designer of the apparatus in this test method; since a variety of designs is possible, a procedure for qualifying an apparatus is given in .
1.4 The specimens must meet the following conditions if thermal resistance or thermal conductance of the specimen is to be determined by this test method:
1.4.1 The portion of the specimen over the isothermal area of the heater must accurately represent the whole specimen.
1.4.2 The remainder of the specimen should not distort the heat flow in that part of the specimen defined in .
1.4.3 The specimen shall be thermally homogeneous such that the thermal conductivity is not a function of the position within the sample, but rather may be a function of direction, time, and temperature. The specimen shall be free of holes, of high-density volumes, and of thermal bridges between the test surfaces or the specimen edges.
1.4.4 Test Method C 177 describes tests that can help ascertain whether conditions of are satisfied. For the purposes of this test method, differences in the measurements of less than 2 % may be considered insignificant, and the requirements fulfilled.
1.5 The specimens shall meet one of the following requirements, in addition to those of .
1.5.1 If homogeneous materials as defined in Terminology C 168 are tested, then the thermal resistivity and thermal conductivity can be determined by this test method.
1.5.2 If materials which are layered or otherwise thermally inhomogeneous are tested, thermal resistance and thermal conductance can be determined by this test method.
1.6 Two versions of thin-heater apparatus using the same principle of the standard are described in and . They are similar in concept but differ in size and construction, and hence warrant separate descriptions for each design. This test method in no way limits the size of the thin-heater element. One of the units described uses a thin metal foil, while the other uses a metal screen as the heat source. The smaller, foil apparatus is designed to make rapid measurements of heat transmission through specimens as thin as 0.5 cm and as thick as 2 cm; however, an apparatus using a foil heater could be designed to measure much thicker materials, if desired. The larger, screen apparatus is designed to measure specimens with thicknesses between 3 and 15 cm, where the exact limits depend on the thermal resistance of the specimens. Both apparatuses use thermocouples for measuring temperature, but other temperature-sensing systems can be used.
1.7 This test method covers the theory and principles of the measurement technique. It does not provide details of construction other than those required to illustrate two devices which meet the prescribed requirements. Detailed information is available in References  () and the Adjunct.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2006
ICS
17.200.10 - Heat. Calorimetry
Technical Committee
C16 - Thermal Insulation
Drafting Committee
C16.30 - Thermal Measurement
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C1114-00(2006) - Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Thin-Heater Apparatus
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Replaced By
ASTM C1114-06(2013) - Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Thin-Heater Apparatus
Effective Date
01-Sep-2013
Referred By
ASTM C552-22 - Standard Specification for Cellular Glass Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM C1470-20 - Standard Guide for Testing the Thermal Properties of Advanced Ceramics
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM C612-14(2019) - Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Block and Board Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM C1728-23 - Standard Specification for Flexible Aerogel Insulation
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM C1014-17 - Standard Specification for Spray-Applied Mineral Fiber Thermal and Sound Absorbing Insulation
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM C687-18 - Standard Practice for Determination of Thermal Resistance of Loose-Fill Building Insulation
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM C1482-23 - Standard Specification for Polyimide Flexible Cellular Thermal and Sound Absorbing Insulation
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM C739-21a - Standard Specification for Cellulosic Fiber Loose-Fill Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM C553-13(2019) - Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Blanket Thermal Insulation for Commercial and Industrial Applications
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM C1427-21 - Standard Specification for Extruded Preformed Flexible Cellular Polyolefin Thermal Insulation in Sheet and Tubular Form
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM C518-21 - Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM C1058/C1058M-10(2023) - Standard Practice for Selecting Temperatures for Evaluating and Reporting Thermal Properties of Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM C1594-23 - Standard Specification for Polyimide Rigid Cellular Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006

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ASTM C1114-06 - Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Thin-Heater ApparatusASTM C1114-06 - Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Thin-Heater Apparatus
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ASTM C1114-06 - Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Thin-Heater Apparatus
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C1114 − 06
StandardTest Method for
Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of
1
the Thin-Heater Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1114; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope this test method, differences in the measurements of less than
2% may be considered insignificant, and the requirements
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationofthesteady-
fulfilled.
state thermal transmission properties of flat-slab specimens of
1.5 The specimens shall meet one of the following
thermalinsulationusingathinheaterofuniformpowerdensity
requirements, in addition to those of 1.4.
having low lateral heat flow. A thin heater with low lateral
1.5.1 If homogeneous materials as defined in Terminology
thermalconductancecanreduceunwantedlateralheatflowand
C168 are tested, then the thermal resistivity and thermal
avoid the need for active-edge guarding.
conductivity can be determined by this test method.
1.2 This primary test method of thermal-transmission mea-
1.5.2 If materials which are layered or otherwise thermally
surement describes a principle, rather than a particular appa-
inhomogeneous are tested, thermal resistance and thermal
ratus. The principle involves determination of the thermal flux
conductance can be determined by this test method.
across a specimen of known thickness and the temperatures of
1.6 Two versions of thin-heater apparatus using the same
the hot and cold faces of the specimen.
principleofthestandardaredescribedinAnnexA1andAnnex
1.3 Considerable latitude is given to the designer of the
A2. They are similar in concept but differ in size and
apparatus in this test method; since a variety of designs is
construction, and hence warrant separate descriptions for each
possible, a procedure for qualifying an apparatus is given in
design. This test method in no way limits the size of the
5.3.
thin-heater element. One of the units described uses a thin
metal foil, while the other uses a metal screen as the heat
1.4 The specimens must meet the following conditions if
source. The smaller, foil apparatus is designed to make rapid
thermalresistanceorthermalconductanceofthespecimenisto
2
measurements of heat transmission through specimens as thin
be determined by this test method :
as 0.5 cm and as thick as 2 cm; however, an apparatus using a
1.4.1 The portion of the specimen over the isothermal area
foil heater could be designed to measure much thicker
of the heater must accurately represent the whole specimen.
materials,ifdesired.Thelarger,screenapparatusisdesignedto
1.4.2 The remainder of the specimen should not distort the
measure specimens with thicknesses between 3 and 15 cm,
heat flow in that part of the specimen defined in 1.4.1.
where the exact limits depend on the thermal resistance of the
1.4.3 The specimen shall be thermally homogeneous such
specimens. Both apparatuses use thermocouples for measuring
that the thermal conductivity is not a function of the position
temperature, but other temperature-sensing systems can be
within the sample, but rather may be a function of direction,
used.
time, and temperature. The specimen shall be free of holes, of
1.7 This test method covers the theory and principles of the
high-density volumes, and of thermal bridges between the test
measurementtechnique.Itdoesnotprovidedetailsofconstruc-
surfaces or the specimen edges.
tion other than those required to illustrate two devices which
1.4.4 Test Method C177 describes tests that can help ascer-
meet the prescribed requirements. Detailed information is
tainwhetherconditionsof1.4aresatisfied.Forthepurposesof
3
available in References (1-23) and the Adjunct.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeC16onThermal
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on Thermal
Measurement.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2006. Published December 2006. Originally
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
approved 1989. Last previous edition approved 2006 as C1114–00(2006). DOI:
10.1520/C1114-06.
2
Further discussion on the definition of these limitations may be found in Tye,
3
R. P., “What Property Do We Measure?,” Heat Transmission Measurements in Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof
Thermal Insulations, ASTM STP 544, ASTM, 1974, pp 5–12. this test method.
Copyri
...

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1.1 This practice provides the user with a uniform procedure for calculating the thermal transmission properties of a material or system from data generated by steady state, one dimensional test methods used to determine heat flux and surface temperatures. This practice is intended to eliminate the need for similar calculation sections in Test Methods C177, C335, C518, C1033, C1114 and C1363 and Practices C1043 and C1044 by permitting use of these standard calculation forms by reference.  
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ASTM C1114-06(2019)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Thin-Heater Apparatus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Factors that may influence the thermal-transmission properties of a specimen of material are described in Practice C1045 and the Precision and Bias section of Test Method C177.  
5.2 Because of the required test conditions prescribed by this test method, it shall be recognized that the thermal properties obtained will not necessarily apply without modification to all conditions of service. As an example, this test method normally provides that the thermal properties shall be obtained on specimens that do not contain moisture, although in service such conditions may not be realized. Even more basic is the dependence of the thermal properties on variables such as mean temperature and temperature difference.  
5.3 When a new or modified design of apparatus is evolved, tests shall be made on at least two sets of differing material of known long-term thermal stability. Tests shall be made for each material at a minimum of two different mean temperatures within the operating range of each. Any differences in results should be carefully studied to determine the cause and then be removed by appropriate action. Only after a successful verification study on materials having known thermal properties traceable to a recognized national standards laboratory shall test results obtained with this apparatus be considered to conform with this test method. Periodic checks of apparatus performance are recommended.  
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5.5 Typical uses for the thin-heater apparatus include the following:  
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5.5.2 Measurement of thermal conductivity at desired mean temperatures.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the steady-state thermal transmission properties of flat-slab specimens of thermal insulation using a thin heater of uniform power density having low lateral heat flow. A thin heater with low lateral thermal conductance can reduce unwanted lateral heat flow and avoid the need for active-edge guarding.  
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1.4 The specimens must meet the following conditions if thermal resistance or thermal conductance of the specimen is to be determined by this test method2:  
1.4.1 The portion of the specimen over the isothermal area of the heater must accurately represent the whole specimen.  
1.4.2 The remainder of the specimen should not distort the heat flow in that part of the specimen defined in 1.4.1.  
1.4.3 The specimen shall be thermally homogeneous such that the thermal conductivity is not a function of the position within the sample, but rather may be a function of direction, time, and temperature. The specimen shall be free of holes, of high-density volumes, and of thermal bridges between the test surfaces or the specimen edges.  
1.4.4 Test Method C177 describes tests that can help ascertain whether conditions of 1.4 are satisfied. For the purposes of this test method, differences in the measurements of less than 2 % may be considered insignificant, and the requirements fulfilled.  
1.5 The specimens shall meet one of the following requirements, in addition to those of 1.4.  
1.5.1 If homogeneous material...

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ASTM C1043-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Guarded-Hot-Plate Design Using Circular Line-Heat Sources

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice describes the design of a guarded hot plate with circular line-heat sources and provides guidance in determining the mean temperature of the meter plate. It provides information and calculation procedures for: (1) control of edge heat loss or gain (Annex A1); (2) location and installation of line-heat sources (Annex A2); (3) design of the gap between the meter and guard plates (Appendix X1); and (4) location of heater leads for the meter plate (Appendix X2).  
4.2 A circular guarded hot plate with one or more line-heat sources is amenable to mathematical analysis so that the mean surface temperature is calculated from the measured power input and the measured temperature(s) at one or more known locations. Further, a circular plate geometry simplifies the mathematical analysis of errors resulting from heat gains or losses at the edges of the specimens (see Refs (10, 11)).  
4.3 The line-heat source(s) is (are) placed in the meter plate at a prescribed radius such that the temperature at the outer edge of the meter plate is equal to the mean surface temperature over the meter area. Thus, the determination of the mean temperature of the meter plate is accomplished with a small number of temperature sensors placed near the gap.  
4.4 A guarded hot plate with one or more line-heat sources will have a radial temperature variation, with the maximum temperature differences being quite small compared to the average temperature drop across the specimens. Provided guarding is adequate, only the mean surface temperature of the meter plate enters into calculations of thermal transmission properties.  
4.5 Care shall be taken to design a circular line-heat-source guarded hot plate so that the electric-current leads to each heater either do not significantly alter the temperature distributions in the meter and guard plates or else affect these temperature distributions in a known way so that appropriate corrections are applied.  
4.6 The use of one or a few ...
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1.1 This practice covers the design of a circular line-heat-source guarded hot plate for use in accordance with Test Method C177.  
Note 1: Test Method C177 describes the guarded-hot-plate apparatus and the application of such equipment for determining thermal transmission properties of flat-slab specimens. In principle, the test method includes apparatus designed with guarded hot plates having either distributed- or line-heat sources.  
1.2 The guarded hot plate with circular line-heat sources is a design in which the meter and guard plates are circular plates having a relatively small number of heaters, each embedded along a circular path at a fixed radius. In operation, the heat from each line-heat source flows radially into the plate and is transmitted axially through the test specimens.  
1.3 The meter and guard plates are fabricated from a continuous piece of thermally conductive material. The plates are made sufficiently thick that, for typical specimen thermal conductances, the radial and axial temperature variations in the guarded hot plate are quite small. By proper location of the line-heat source(s), the temperature at the edge of the meter plate is made equal to the mean temperature of the meter plate, thus facilitating temperature measurements and thermal guarding.  
1.4 The line-heat-source guarded hot plate has been used successfully over a mean temperature range from − 10 to + 65°C, with circular metal plates and a single line-heat source in the meter plate. The chronological development of the design of circular line-heat-source guarded hot plates is given in Refs (1-9).2
Note 2: Detailed drawings and descriptions for the construction of two line-heat-source guarded-hot-plate apparatuses are available in the adjunct.3  
1.5 This practice does not preclude (1) lower or higher temperatures; (2) plate geometries other than circular; (3) line-heat-source geometries other than circular; (4) the use of...

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ASTM C177-19e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measurements and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method covers the measurement of heat flux and associated test conditions for flat specimens. The guarded-hot-plate apparatus is generally used to measure steady-state heat flux through materials having a “low” thermal conductivity and commonly denoted as “thermal insulators.” Acceptable measurement accuracy requires a specimen geometry with a large ratio of area to thickness.  
5.2 Two specimens are selected with their thickness, areas, and densities as identical as possible, and one specimen is placed on each side of the guarded-hot-plate. The faces of the specimens opposite the guarded-hot-plate and primary guard are placed in contact with the surfaces of the cold surface assemblies.  
5.3 Steady-state heat transmission through thermal insulators is not easily measured, even at room temperature. This is due to the fact heat transmission through a specimen occurs by any or all of three separate modes of heat transfer (radiation, conduction, and convection). It is possible that any inhomogeneity or anisotropy in the specimen will require special experimental precautions to measure that flow of heat. In some cases it is possible that hours or even days will be required to achieve the thermal steady-state. No guarding system can be constructed to force the metered heat to pass only through the test area of insulation specimen being measured. It is possible that moisture content within the material will cause transient behavior. It is also possible that and physical or chemical change in the material with time or environmental condition will permanently alter the specimen.  
5.4 Application of this test method on different test insulations requires that the designer make choices in the design selection of materials of construction and measurement and control systems. Thus it is possible that there will be different designs for the guarded-hot-plate apparatus when used at ambient versus cryogenic or high temperatures. Test thickness, temperature range,...
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1.1 This test method establishes the criteria for the laboratory measurement of the steady-state heat flux through flat, homogeneous specimen(s) when their surfaces are in contact with solid, parallel boundaries held at constant temperatures using the guarded-hot-plate apparatus.  
1.2 The test apparatus designed for this purpose is known as a guarded-hot-plate apparatus and is a primary (or absolute) method. This test method is comparable, but not identical, to ISO 8302.  
1.3 This test method sets forth the general design requirements necessary to construct and operate a satisfactory guarded-hot-plate apparatus. It covers a wide variety of apparatus constructions, test conditions, and operating conditions. Detailed designs conforming to this test method are not given but must be developed within the constraints of the general requirements. Examples of analysis tools, concepts and procedures used in the design, construction, calibration and operation of a guarded-hot-plate apparatus are given in Refs (1-41).2  
1.4 This test method encompasses both the single-sided and the double-sided modes of measurement. Both distributed and line source guarded heating plate designs are permitted. The user should consult the standard practices on the single-sided mode of operation, Practice C1044, and on the line source apparatus, Practice C1043, for further details on these heater designs.  
1.5 The guarded-hot-plate apparatus can be operated with either vertical or horizontal heat flow. The user is cautioned however, since the test results from the two orientations may be different if convective heat flow occurs within the specimens.  
1.6 Although no definitive upper limit can be given for the magnitude of specimen conductance that is measurable on a guarded-hot-plate, for practical reasons the specimen conductance should be less than 16 W/(m2K).  
1.7 This test method is applicable to the measurement of a wide variety of sp...

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ASTM E473-23b(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rheology

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology is a compilation of definitions of terms used in ASTM documents relating to thermal analysis and rheology. This terminology includes only those terms for which ASTM either has standards or is contemplating some action. It is not intended to be an all-inclusive listing of terms related to thermal analysis and rheology.  
1.2 This terminology specifically supports the single-word form for terms using thermo as a prefix, such as thermoanalytical or thermomagnetometry, while recognizing that for some terms a two-word form can be used, such as thermal analysis. This terminology does not support, nor does it recommend, use of the grammatically incorrect, single-word form using thermal as a prefix, such as, thermalanalytical or thermalmagnetometry.  
1.3 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in a Discussion area. It is reviewed every five years.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1142-23b(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties

SCOPE
1.1 This is a compilation of only those terms and corresponding definitions included in or being considered for inclusion in ASTM documents relating to thermophysical properties. It is not intended as an all-inclusive listing of thermophysical property terms. Terms that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources are not included.  
1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in a Discussion.  
1.3 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field (such as dynamic mechanical measurements) are identified with an italicized introductory phrase.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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