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ASTM D86-08a

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure

Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The basic test method of determining the boiling range of a petroleum product by performing a simple batch distillation has been in use as long as the petroleum industry has existed. It is one of the oldest test methods under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02, dating from the time when it was still referred to as the Engler distillation. Since the test method has been in use for such an extended period, a tremendous number of historical data bases exist for estimating end-use sensitivity on products and processes.
The distillation (volatility) characteristics of hydrocarbons have an important effect on their safety and performance, especially in the case of fuels and solvents. The boiling range gives information on the composition, the properties, and the behavior of the fuel during storage and use. Volatility is the major determinant of the tendency of a hydrocarbon mixture to produce potentially explosive vapors.
The distillation characteristics are critically important for both automotive and aviation gasolines, affecting starting, warm-up, and tendency to vapor lock at high operating temperature or at high altitude, or both. The presence of high boiling point components in these and other fuels can significantly affect the degree of formation of solid combustion deposits.
Volatility, as it affects rate of evaporation, is an important factor in the application of many solvents, particularly those used in paints.
Distillation limits are often included in petroleum product specifications, in commercial contract agreements, process refinery/control applications, and for compliance to regulatory rules.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the atmospheric distillation of petroleum products using a laboratory batch distillation unit to determine quantitatively the boiling range characteristics of such products as light and middle distillates, automotive spark-ignition engine fuels, automotive spark-ignition engine fuels containing up to 10 % ethanol, aviation gasolines, aviation turbine fuels, 1-D and 2-D diesel fuels, biodiesel blends up to 20 %, marine fuels, special petroleum spirits, naphthas, white spirits, kerosines, and Grades 1 and 2 burner fuels.
1.2 The test method is designed for the analysis of distillate fuels; it is not applicable to products containing appreciable quantities of residual material.
1.3 This test method covers both manual and automated instruments.
1.4 Unless otherwise noted, the values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Dec-2008
ICS
75.080 - Petroleum products in general
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.08 - Volatility
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D86-08 - Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure
Effective Date
15-Dec-2008
Replaced By
ASTM D86-09 - Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure
Effective Date
15-Apr-2009
Referred By
ASTM D8369-21 - Standard Test Method for Detailed Hydrocarbon Analysis by High Resolution Gas Chromatography with Vacuum Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy (GC-VUV)
Effective Date
15-Dec-2008
Referred By
ASTM E3050-22 - Standard Specification for Denatured Ethanol for Use as Cooking and Appliance Fuel
Effective Date
15-Dec-2008
Referred By
ASTM D3338/D3338M-20a - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
Effective Date
15-Dec-2008
Referred By
ASTM F715-07(2023) - Standard Test Methods for Coated Fabrics Used for Oil Spill Control and Storage
Effective Date
15-Dec-2008
Referred By
ASTM D5797-21 - Standard Specification for Methanol Fuel Blends (M51–M85) for Methanol-Capable Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines
Effective Date
15-Dec-2008
Referred By
ASTM D8350-22 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils in the Sequence IVB Spark-Ignition Engine
Effective Date
15-Dec-2008
Referred By
ASTM D7398-21 - Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas Chromatography
Effective Date
15-Dec-2008
Referred By
ASTM D6201-19a - Standard Test Method for Dynamometer Evaluation of Unleaded Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation
Effective Date
15-Dec-2008
Referred By
ASTM D4814-23 - Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
Effective Date
15-Dec-2008
Referred By
ASTM D6750-23 - Standard Test Methods for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a High-Speed, Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine—1K Procedure (0.4 % Fuel Sulfur) and 1N Procedure (0.04 % Fuel Sulfur)
Effective Date
15-Dec-2008
Referred By
ASTM D4929-22 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Organic Chloride Content in Crude Oil
Effective Date
15-Dec-2008
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ASTM D233-13(2022) - Standard Test Methods of Sampling and Testing Turpentine
Effective Date
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ASTM D2880-23 - Standard Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation:D86–08a
Standard Test Method for
1
Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationD 86;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* D 323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
ucts (Reid Method)
1.1 This test method covers the atmospheric distillation of
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
petroleum products using a laboratory batch distillation unit to
Petroleum Products
determine quantitatively the boiling range characteristics of
D 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
such products as light and middle distillates, automotive
Petroleum Products
spark-ignition engine fuels, automotive spark-ignition engine
D 4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline and
fuels containing up to 10 % ethanol, aviation gasolines, avia-
Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)
tionturbinefuels,1-Dand2-Ddieselfuels,biodieselblendsup
D 5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
to 20 %, marine fuels, special petroleum spirits, naphthas,
ucts (Automatic Method)
white spirits, kerosines, and Grades 1 and 2 burner fuels.
D 5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
1.2 The test method is designed for the analysis of distillate
ucts (Mini Method)
fuels; it is not applicable to products containing appreciable
D 5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for
quantities of residual material.
Volatility Measurement
1.3 This test method covers both manual and automated
D 5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
instruments.
(Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method)
1.4 Unless otherwise noted, the values stated in SI units are
D 5950 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
to be regarded as the standard.The values given in parentheses
(Automatic Tilt Method)
are provided for information only.
D 5985 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
(Rotational Method)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D 6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Lubricants
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
E1 Specification forASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
2. Referenced Documents E77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-
mometers
2.1 All standards are subject to revision, and parties to
E 1272 Specification for Laboratory Glass Graduated Cyl-
agreement on this test method are to apply the most recent
inders
edition of the standards indicated below, unless otherwise
E 1405 Specification for Laboratory Glass Distillation
specified, such as in contractual agreements or regulatory rules
Flasks
where earlier versions of the method(s) identified may be
3
2.3 Energy Institute Standards:
required.
2
IP 69 Determination of Vapour Pressure—Reid Method
2.2 ASTM Standards:
IP 123 Petroleum Products—Determination of Distillation
D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
Characteristics
IP 394 Determination of Air Saturated Vapour Pressure
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
IP Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
and Related Products 1996—Appendix A
D02.08 on Volatility.
In the IP, the equivalent test method is published under the designation IP 123.
3. Terminology
It is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2008. Published February 2009. Originally
3.1 Definitions:
approved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D 86–08.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,
the ASTM website. U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D86–08a
TABLE 1 Preparation of Apparatus and Specimen
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Gro
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:D86–08 Designation:D86–08a
Standard Test Method for
1
Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationD 86;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1This1.1 This test method covers the atmospheric distillation of petroleum products using a laboratory batch distillation unit
to determine quantitatively the boiling range characteristics of such products as light and middle distillates, automotive
spark-ignition engine fuels, automotive spark-ignition engine fuels containing up to 10 % ethanol, aviation gasolines, aviation
turbinefuels,1-Dand2-Ddieselfuels,biodieselblendsupto20 %,marinefuels,specialpetroleumspirits,naphthas,whitespirits,
kerosines, and Grades 1 and 2 burner fuels.
1.2 The test method is designed for the analysis of distillate fuels; it is not applicable to products containing appreciable
quantities of residual material.
1.3 This test method covers both manual and automated instruments.
1.4 Unless otherwise noted, the values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are
provided for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreement on this test method are to apply the most recent edition of
the standards indicated below, unless otherwise specified, such as in contractual agreements or regulatory rules where earlier
versions of the method(s) identified may be required.
2
2.2 ASTM Standards:
D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
D 323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D 4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)
D 5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Automatic Method)
D 5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method)
D 5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for Volatility Measurement
D 5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method)
D 5950 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Automatic Tilt Method)
D 5985 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Rotational Method)
D 6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products and Lubricants
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Thermometers
E 1272 Specification for Laboratory Glass Graduated Cylinders
E 1405 Specification for Laboratory Glass Distillation Flasks
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.08 on
Volatility.
In the IP, the equivalent test method is published under the designation IP 123. It is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee.
Current edition approved Nov.Dec. 15, 2008. Published December 2008.February 2009. Originally approved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 20072008 as
D86–07b.D 86–08.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D86–08a
3
2.3 Energy Institute Standards:
IP 69 Determination of Vapour Pressure—Reid Method
IP 123 Petroleum Products—Determination of Distillation Characteristics
IP 394 Determination of Air Saturated Vapour Pressure
IP
...

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ASTM D1159-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Bromine Numbers of Petroleum Distillates and Commercial Aliphatic Olefins by Electrometric Titration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The bromine number is useful as a measure of aliphatic unsaturation in petroleum samples. When used in conjunction with the calculation procedure described in Annex A2, it can be used to estimate the percentage of olefins in petroleum distillates boiling up to approximately 315 °C (600 °F).  
5.2 The bromine number of commercial aliphatic monoolefins provides supporting evidence of their purity and identity.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method3 covers the determination of the bromine number of the following materials:  
1.1.1 Petroleum distillates that are substantially free of material lighter than isobutane and that have 90 % distillation points (by Test Method D86) under 327 °C (626 °F). This test method is generally applicable to gasoline (including leaded, unleaded, and oxygenated fuels), kerosine, and distillates in the gas oil range that fall in the following limits:    
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Note 1: These limits are imposed since the precision of this test method has been determined only up to or within the range of these bromine numbers.  
1.2 The magnitude of the bromine number is an indication of the quantity of bromine-reactive constituents, not an identification of constituents; therefore, its application as a measure of olefinic unsaturation should not be undertaken without the study given in Annex A1.  
1.3 For petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures of bromine number less than 1.0, a more precise measure for bromine-reactive constituents can be obtained by using Test Method D2710. If the bromine number is less than 0.5, then Test Method D2710 or the comparable bromine index methods for industrial aromatic hydrocarbons, Test Methods D1492 or D5776 must be used in accordance with their respective scopes. The practice of using a factor of 1000 to convert bromine number to bromine index is not applicable for these lower values of bromine number.  
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1.4.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The boiling range distribution of light and medium petroleum distillate fractions provides an insight into the composition of feed stocks and products related to petroleum refining process, This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for control of refining operations. This test method can be used for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 This test method extends the scope of boiling range determination by gas chromatography to include light and medium petroleum distillate fractions beyond the scope of Test Method D2887 (538 °C) and below Test Method D6352 (700 °C).  
5.3 Boiling range distributions obtained by this test method are theoretically equivalent to those obtained by true boiling point (TBP) distillation (see Test Method D2892). They are not equivalent to results from low efficiency distillation such as those obtained with Test Method D86 or D1160.
SCOPE
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SCOPE
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of solvent extractables in petroleum waxes.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
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1.2 This test method reports results specific to this test method and recorded as, “Saybolt Color units.”  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units or in SI units and which are not in parentheses are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
Note 2: Oil tubes and apparatus used in this test method have traditionally been marked in inches, (the tube is required to be etched with 1/8 in. divisions.) The Saybolt Color Numbers are aligned with inch, 1/2 in., 1/4 in., and 1/8 in. changes in the depth of oil. These fractional inch changes do not readily correspond to SI equivalents and in view of the preponderance of apparatus already in use and marked in inches, the inch/pound unit is regarded as the standard. However the test method does use SI units of length when the length is not directly related to divisions on the oil tube and Saybolt Color Numbers. The test method uses SI units for temperature.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7152-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Calculating Viscosity of a Blend of Petroleum Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Predicting the viscosity of a blend of components is a common problem. Both the Wright Blending Method and the ASTM Blending Method, described in this practice, may be used to solve this problem.  
5.2 The inverse problem, predicating the required blend fractions of components to meet a specified viscosity at a given temperature may also be solved using either the Inverse Wright Blending Method or the Inverse ASTM Blending Method.  
5.3 The Wright Blending Methods are generally preferred since they have a firmer basis in theory, and are more accurate. The Wright Blending Methods require component viscosities to be known at two temperatures. The ASTM Blending Methods are mathematically simpler and may be used when viscosities are known at a single temperature.  
5.4 Although this practice was developed using kinematic viscosity and volume fraction of each component, the dynamic viscosity or mass fraction, or both, may be used instead with minimal error if the densities of the components do not differ greatly. For fuel blends, it was found that viscosity blending using mass fractions gave more accurate results. For base stock blends, there was no significant difference between mass fraction and volume fraction calculations.  
5.5 The calculations described in this practice have been computerized as a spreadsheet and are available as an adjunct.3
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for calculating the estimated kinematic viscosity of a blend of two or more petroleum products, such as lubricating oil base stocks, fuel components, residual fuel oil with kerosene, crude oils, and related products, from their kinematic viscosities and blend fractions.  
1.2 This practice allows for the estimation of the fraction of each of two petroleum products needed to prepare a blend meeting a specific viscosity.  
1.3 This practice may not be applicable to other types of products, or to materials which exhibit strong non-Newtonian properties, such as viscosity index improvers, additive packages, and products containing particulates.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 Logarithms may be either common logarithms or natural logarithms, as long as the same are used consistently. This practice uses common logarithms. If natural logarithms are used, the inverse function, exp(×), must be used in place of the base 10 exponential function, 10×, used herein.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2887-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The boiling range distribution of petroleum fractions provides an insight into the composition of feedstocks and products related to petroleum refining processes. The gas chromatographic simulation of this determination can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for control of refining operations. This test method can be used for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Boiling range distributions obtained by this test method are essentially equivalent to those obtained by true boiling point (TBP) distillation (see Test Method D2892). They are not equivalent to results from low efficiency distillations such as those obtained with Test Method D86 or D1160.  
5.3 Procedure B was tested with biodiesel mixtures and reports the Boiling Point Distribution of FAME esters of vegetable and animal origin mixed with ultra low sulfur diesel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of petroleum products. The test method is applicable to petroleum products and fractions having a final boiling point of 538 °C (1000 °F) or lower at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method. This test method is limited to samples having a boiling range greater than 55.5 °C (100 °F), and having a vapor pressure sufficiently low to permit sampling at ambient temperature.
Note 1: Since a boiling range is the difference between two temperatures, only the constant of 1.8 °F/°C is used in the conversion of the temperature range from one system of units to another.  
1.1.1 Procedure A (Sections 6 – 14)—Allows a larger selection of columns and analysis conditions such as packed and capillary columns as well as a Thermal Conductivity Detector in addition to the Flame Ionization Detector. Analysis times range from 14 min to 60 min.  
1.1.2 Procedure B (Sections 15 – 23)—Is restricted to only 3 capillary columns and requires no sample dilution. In addition, Procedure B is used not only for the sample types described in Procedure A but also for the analysis of samples containing biodiesel mixtures B5, B10, and B20. The analysis time, when using Procedure B (Accelerated D2887), is reduced to about 8 min.  
1.2 This test method is not to be used for the analysis of gasoline samples or gasoline components. These types of samples must be analyzed by Test Method D7096.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4952-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for Active Sulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sulfur present as mercaptans or as hydrogen sulfide in distillate fuels and solvents can attack many metallic and non-metallic materials in fuel and other distribution systems. A negative result in the doctor test ensures that the concentration of these compounds is insufficient to cause such problems in normal use.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers and is intended primarily for the detection of mercaptans in motor fuel, kerosine, and similar petroleum products. This method may also provide information on hydrogen sulfide and elemental sulfur that may be present in these sample types.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For specific warning statements, see 7.3.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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