ASTM D3338/D3338M-20a
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for use as a guide in cases where experimental determination of heat of combustion is not available and cannot be made conveniently and where an estimate is considered satisfactory. It is not intended as a substitute for experimental measurements of heat of combustion. Table 1 shows a summary for the range of each variable used in developing the correlation. The mean value and an estimate of its distribution about the mean, namely the standard deviation, is shown. This indicates, for example, that the mean density for all fuels used in developing the correlation was 779.3 kg/m3 and that two thirds of the samples had a density between 721.4 kg/m3 and 837.1 kg/m3, that is, plus or minus one standard deviation. The correlation is most accurate when the values of the variables used are within one standard deviation of the mean, but is useful up to two standard deviations of the mean. The use of this correlation may be applicable to other hydrocarbon distillates and pure hydrocarbons; however, only limited data on non-aviation fuels over the entire range of the variables were included in the correlation.
Note 4: The procedures for the experimental determination of the gross and net heats of combustion are described in Test Methods D240 and D4809.
5.2 The calorimetric methods cited in Note 4 measure gross heat of combustion. However, net heat is used in aircraft calculations because all combustion products are in the gaseous state. This calculation method is based on net heat, but a correction is required for condensed sulfur compounds.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the net heat of combustion (megajoules per kilogram or [Btu per pound]) of aviation gasolines and aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels in the range from 40.19 MJ/kg to 44.73 MJ/kg or [17 280 Btu/lb to 19 230 Btu/lb]. The precision for estimation of the net heat of combustion outside this range has not been determined for this test method.
1.2 This test method is purely empirical and is applicable to liquid hydrocarbon fuels that conform to the specifications for aviation gasolines or aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels of grades Jet A, Jet A-1, Jet B, JP-4, JP-5, JP-7, and JP-8.
Note 1: The experimental data on heat of combustion from which the Test Method D3338 correlation was devised was obtained by a precision method similar to Test Method D4809.
Note 2: The estimation of the net heat of combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a relation between heat of combustion and aromatic and sulfur contents, density, and distillation range of the fuel has been derived from accurate experimental measurements on representative samples of that class. Even in this case, the possibility that the estimates may be in error by large amounts for individual fuels should be recognized. The fuels used to establish the correlation presented in this method are defined as follows:
Fuels:
Aviation gasoline—Grades 100/130 and 115/145 (1, 2)2
Kerosenes, alkylates, and special WADC fuels (3)
Pure hydrocarbons—paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics (4)
Fuels for which data were reported by the Coordinating Research Council (5).
Note 3: The property ranges used in this correlation are as follows:
Aromatics—from 0 % by mass to 100 % by mass
API Gravity—from [25.7° to 81.2°API]
Volatility—from [160 °F to 540 °F], average boiling point
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3.1 Although the test method permits the calculation of net heat of combustion in either SI or inch-pound units, SI units are the preferred...
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 30-Nov-2020
- Technical Committee
- D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
- Drafting Committee
- D02.05 - Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material
Relations
- Effective Date
- 15-Mar-2024
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Jul-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2019
- Effective Date
- 01-Nov-2019
- Effective Date
- 01-Jul-2019
- Effective Date
- 01-Jul-2019
- Effective Date
- 01-Jun-2019
- Effective Date
- 01-Jul-2018
- Effective Date
- 01-Apr-2018
- Effective Date
- 01-Jul-2016
- Effective Date
- 01-Jul-2016
- Effective Date
- 15-Apr-2016
- Effective Date
- 01-Jan-2016
Overview
ASTM D3338/D3338M-20a is an internationally recognized standard titled Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels. Developed by ASTM International, this test method provides a practical, empirical approach for estimating the net heat of combustion for aviation gasolines and aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels, when direct experimental measurements are not feasible or available. The standard is particularly useful for guiding professionals in aviation fuel quality assessment and compliance.
The test method covers the estimation of the net heat of combustion in both SI units (megajoules per kilogram) and inch-pound units (Btu per pound) and is relevant to fuels such as Jet A, Jet A-1, Jet B, JP-4, JP-5, JP-7, JP-8, as well as aviation gasolines of grades 100/130 and 115/145. While primarily designed for aviation fuels, the method’s correlation may also apply to similar hydrocarbon distillates.
Key Topics
- Scope of Estimation: This method is intended for estimates when experimental data is inaccessible or difficult to obtain, rather than as a replacement for direct measurement (such as ASTM D240 or ASTM D4809).
- Empirical Application: The estimation is based on the relationship between net heat of combustion and key fuel properties: aromatic and sulfur content, density, and volatility (distillation range).
- Applicable Fuels: Suitable for liquid hydrocarbon aviation fuels conforming to industry specifications. Limited application to non-aviation fuels is possible, depending on similarity in composition and properties.
- Measurement Units: Results can be reported in SI or inch-pound units, but values from the two systems should not be combined due to potential non-conformance.
- Correcting for Sulfur: As net heat of combustion is used for aircraft calculations, a correction for sulfur content is required to account for condensed sulfur compounds in combustion products.
- Precision and Accuracy: The method provides a defined precision within the tested fuel ranges, though potential errors in specific cases should be recognized.
Applications
The ASTM D3338/D3338M-20a test method is widely used in the aviation industry for:
- Routine Quality Control: Enables rapid estimation of net heat of combustion for batches of aviation fuels during production, storage, and delivery, supporting fuel quality compliance.
- Specification Verification: Assists refiners, distributors, and operators in verifying that aviation fuels meet the required net heat of combustion values established by relevant specifications.
- Fuel Blending and Procurement: Improves efficiency in fuel blending and procurement operations by providing an acceptable estimation for process control when direct calorimetric testing is impractical.
- Regulatory and Technical Auditing: Supports compliance with aviation fuel standards and provides data for technical audits and documentation requirements.
Related Standards
Professionals working with ASTM D3338/D3338M-20a should also be aware of these key related standards:
- ASTM D240 - Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
- ASTM D4809 - Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)
- ASTM D4529 - Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels (SI Units)
- ASTM D1405 - Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels (Inch-Pound Units)
- ASTM D86 - Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
- ASTM D4052 / D1298 - Test Methods for Density or API Gravity
- ASTM D1319 / D6379 / D8267 / D8305 - Test Methods for Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Types
For enhanced accuracy and reliability, always reference the current edition of ASTM standards as published by ASTM International.
Keywords: ASTM D3338, net heat of combustion, aviation fuels, estimation method, fuel testing, jet fuel specifications, ASTM aviation fuel standards.
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Frequently Asked Questions
ASTM D3338/D3338M-20a is a standard published by ASTM International. Its full title is "Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels". This standard covers: SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1 This test method is intended for use as a guide in cases where experimental determination of heat of combustion is not available and cannot be made conveniently and where an estimate is considered satisfactory. It is not intended as a substitute for experimental measurements of heat of combustion. Table 1 shows a summary for the range of each variable used in developing the correlation. The mean value and an estimate of its distribution about the mean, namely the standard deviation, is shown. This indicates, for example, that the mean density for all fuels used in developing the correlation was 779.3 kg/m3 and that two thirds of the samples had a density between 721.4 kg/m3 and 837.1 kg/m3, that is, plus or minus one standard deviation. The correlation is most accurate when the values of the variables used are within one standard deviation of the mean, but is useful up to two standard deviations of the mean. The use of this correlation may be applicable to other hydrocarbon distillates and pure hydrocarbons; however, only limited data on non-aviation fuels over the entire range of the variables were included in the correlation. Note 4: The procedures for the experimental determination of the gross and net heats of combustion are described in Test Methods D240 and D4809. 5.2 The calorimetric methods cited in Note 4 measure gross heat of combustion. However, net heat is used in aircraft calculations because all combustion products are in the gaseous state. This calculation method is based on net heat, but a correction is required for condensed sulfur compounds. SCOPE 1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the net heat of combustion (megajoules per kilogram or [Btu per pound]) of aviation gasolines and aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels in the range from 40.19 MJ/kg to 44.73 MJ/kg or [17 280 Btu/lb to 19 230 Btu/lb]. The precision for estimation of the net heat of combustion outside this range has not been determined for this test method. 1.2 This test method is purely empirical and is applicable to liquid hydrocarbon fuels that conform to the specifications for aviation gasolines or aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels of grades Jet A, Jet A-1, Jet B, JP-4, JP-5, JP-7, and JP-8. Note 1: The experimental data on heat of combustion from which the Test Method D3338 correlation was devised was obtained by a precision method similar to Test Method D4809. Note 2: The estimation of the net heat of combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a relation between heat of combustion and aromatic and sulfur contents, density, and distillation range of the fuel has been derived from accurate experimental measurements on representative samples of that class. Even in this case, the possibility that the estimates may be in error by large amounts for individual fuels should be recognized. The fuels used to establish the correlation presented in this method are defined as follows: Fuels: Aviation gasoline—Grades 100/130 and 115/145 (1, 2)2 Kerosenes, alkylates, and special WADC fuels (3) Pure hydrocarbons—paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics (4) Fuels for which data were reported by the Coordinating Research Council (5). Note 3: The property ranges used in this correlation are as follows: Aromatics—from 0 % by mass to 100 % by mass API Gravity—from [25.7° to 81.2°API] Volatility—from [160 °F to 540 °F], average boiling point 1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.3.1 Although the test method permits the calculation of net heat of combustion in either SI or inch-pound units, SI units are the preferred...
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1 This test method is intended for use as a guide in cases where experimental determination of heat of combustion is not available and cannot be made conveniently and where an estimate is considered satisfactory. It is not intended as a substitute for experimental measurements of heat of combustion. Table 1 shows a summary for the range of each variable used in developing the correlation. The mean value and an estimate of its distribution about the mean, namely the standard deviation, is shown. This indicates, for example, that the mean density for all fuels used in developing the correlation was 779.3 kg/m3 and that two thirds of the samples had a density between 721.4 kg/m3 and 837.1 kg/m3, that is, plus or minus one standard deviation. The correlation is most accurate when the values of the variables used are within one standard deviation of the mean, but is useful up to two standard deviations of the mean. The use of this correlation may be applicable to other hydrocarbon distillates and pure hydrocarbons; however, only limited data on non-aviation fuels over the entire range of the variables were included in the correlation. Note 4: The procedures for the experimental determination of the gross and net heats of combustion are described in Test Methods D240 and D4809. 5.2 The calorimetric methods cited in Note 4 measure gross heat of combustion. However, net heat is used in aircraft calculations because all combustion products are in the gaseous state. This calculation method is based on net heat, but a correction is required for condensed sulfur compounds. SCOPE 1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the net heat of combustion (megajoules per kilogram or [Btu per pound]) of aviation gasolines and aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels in the range from 40.19 MJ/kg to 44.73 MJ/kg or [17 280 Btu/lb to 19 230 Btu/lb]. The precision for estimation of the net heat of combustion outside this range has not been determined for this test method. 1.2 This test method is purely empirical and is applicable to liquid hydrocarbon fuels that conform to the specifications for aviation gasolines or aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels of grades Jet A, Jet A-1, Jet B, JP-4, JP-5, JP-7, and JP-8. Note 1: The experimental data on heat of combustion from which the Test Method D3338 correlation was devised was obtained by a precision method similar to Test Method D4809. Note 2: The estimation of the net heat of combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a relation between heat of combustion and aromatic and sulfur contents, density, and distillation range of the fuel has been derived from accurate experimental measurements on representative samples of that class. Even in this case, the possibility that the estimates may be in error by large amounts for individual fuels should be recognized. The fuels used to establish the correlation presented in this method are defined as follows: Fuels: Aviation gasoline—Grades 100/130 and 115/145 (1, 2)2 Kerosenes, alkylates, and special WADC fuels (3) Pure hydrocarbons—paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics (4) Fuels for which data were reported by the Coordinating Research Council (5). Note 3: The property ranges used in this correlation are as follows: Aromatics—from 0 % by mass to 100 % by mass API Gravity—from [25.7° to 81.2°API] Volatility—from [160 °F to 540 °F], average boiling point 1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.3.1 Although the test method permits the calculation of net heat of combustion in either SI or inch-pound units, SI units are the preferred...
ASTM D3338/D3338M-20a is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 75.160.20 - Liquid fuels. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ASTM D3338/D3338M-20a has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ASTM D8267-24, ASTM D86-23ae1, ASTM D86-23a, ASTM D2887-23, ASTM D8305-19, ASTM D8267-19a, ASTM D2887-19, ASTM D5453-19a, ASTM D8267-19, ASTM D4809-18, ASTM D1266-18, ASTM D1552-16, ASTM D86-16, ASTM D5453-16, ASTM D4294-16. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ASTM D3338/D3338M-20a is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D3338/D3338M − 20a
Standard Test Method for
Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3338/D3338M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the net heat of
with the standard.
combustion (megajoules per kilogram or [Btu per pound]) of
1.3.1 Although the test method permits the calculation of
aviation gasolines and aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels in
netheatofcombustionineitherSIorinch-poundunits,SIunits
the range from 40.19 MJ⁄kg to 44.73 MJ⁄kg or [17 280 Btu⁄lb
are the preferred units.
to 19 230 Btu⁄lb]. The precision for estimation of the net heat
1.3.2 The net heat of combustion can also be estimated in
of combustion outside this range has not been determined for
inch-pound units by Test Method D1405 or in SI units by Test
this test method.
MethodD4529.TestMethodD1405requirescalculationofone
1.2 This test method is purely empirical and is applicable to
of four equations dependent on the fuel type with a precision
liquid hydrocarbon fuels that conform to the specifications for
equivalent to that of this test method. Test Method D4529
aviation gasolines or aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels of
requires calculation of a single equation for all aviation fuels
grades Jet A, Jet A-1, Jet B, JP-4, JP-5, JP-7, and JP-8.
with a precision equivalent to that of this test method. Unlike
Test Method D1405 and D4529, Test Method D3338/D3338M
NOTE 1—The experimental data on heat of combustion from which the
Test Method D3338 correlation was devised was obtained by a precision
does not require the use of aniline point.
method similar to Test Method D4809.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
NOTE2—Theestimationofthenetheatofcombustionofahydrocarbon
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
fuel is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for
which a relation between heat of combustion and aromatic and sulfur responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
contents, density, and distillation range of the fuel has been derived from
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
accurate experimental measurements on representative samples of that
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
class. Even in this case, the possibility that the estimates may be in error
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
bylargeamountsforindividualfuelsshouldberecognized.Thefuelsused
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
toestablishthecorrelationpresentedinthismethodaredefinedasfollows:
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Fuels:
Aviation gasoline—Grades 100/130 and 115/145 (1, 2) Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Kerosenes, alkylates, and special WADC fuels (3)
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Pure hydrocarbons—paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics (4)
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Fuels for which data were reported by the Coordinating Research
Council (5).
2. Referenced Documents
NOTE 3—The property ranges used in this correlation are as follows:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Aromatics—from 0 % by mass to 100 % by mass
API Gravity—from [25.7° to 81.2°API] D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and
Volatility—from [160 °F to 540 °F], average boiling point
Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units D240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hy-
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
drocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp
Method)
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
1 Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of ucts by Hydrometer Method
SubcommitteeD02.05onPropertiesofFuels,PetroleumCokeandCarbonMaterial.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2020. Published December 2020. Originally
approved in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as D3338/D3338M – 20. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
DOI: 10.1520/D3338_D3338M-20A. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
this standard. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D3338/D3338M − 20a
D1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petro- 4. Summary of Test Method
leum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
4.1 A correlation (6) in inch-pound units has been estab-
D1405 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-
lished between the net heat of combustion and gravity, aro-
tion of Aviation Fuels
matic content, and average volatility of the fuel. This correla-
D1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
tion was converted to SI units; the relationships are given by
High Temperature Combustion and Infrared (IR) Detec-
the following equations:
tion or Thermal Conductivity Detection (TCD)
Type Fuel
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry All aviation gasolines, aircraft turbine, and jet engine fuels
D2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Pe-
Equation
troleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography
D3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light
Q 5 16.24 G 2 3.007 A 10.01714 G 3V (1)
~ ! ~ ! ~ !
p1
Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-
lometry
20.2983 A 3G 10.00053 A 3G 3V 117685
~ ! ~ !
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
or in SI units
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum
Q 5 @5528.73 2 92.6499 A 1 10.1601 T (2)
p2
Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-
1 0.314169 AT#/D10.0791707A
trometry
D4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-
20.00944893T 2 0.000292178AT135.9936
tion of Aviation Fuels
D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid
where:
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision
Q = net heat of combustion, [Btu/lb] sulfur-free basis,
p1
Method)
Q = net heat of combustion, MJ/kg, sulfur-free basis,
p2
D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in
A = aromatics, volume %
Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel
G = gravity, API,
V = volatility: boiling point or average of Test Method
Engine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
D6379 Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydro- D86 or D2887 10 %, 50 %, and 90 % points, [°F],
D = density, kg/m at 15 °C
carbon Types in Aviation Fuels and Petroleum
T = volatility: boiling point or average of Test Method
Distillates—High Performance Liquid Chromatography
D86 or D2887 10 %, 50 %, and 90 % points, °C.
Method with Refractive Index Detection
D8267 Test Method for Determination of Total Aromatic,
4.2 To correct for the effect of the sulfur content of the fuel
Monoaromatic and Diaromatic Content of Aviation Tur-
on the net heat of combustion, apply the following equation:
bine Fuels Using Gas Chromatography with Vacuum
Q 5 Q 3 @1 2 0.01~S !#1C~S ! (3)
p 1 1
Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy Detection (GC-
VUV)
where:
D8305 Test Method for The Determination of Total Aro-
Q = net heat of combustion, MJ/kg or [Btu/lb], of the fuel
matic Hydrocarbons and Total Polynuclear Aromatic Hy-
containing S weight percent sulfur,
drocarbons in Aviation Turbine Fuels and other Kerosene
Q = Q [inch-pound units] or Q (SI units),
p p1 p2
Range Fuels by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
S = sulfur content of the fuel, mass %, and
2.2 Energy Institute Standard:
C = 0.10166 (SI units) or [43.7 (inch-pound units)] = a
IP 436 Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydro- constant based on the thermochemical data on sulfur
carbon Types in Aviation Fuels and Petroleum
compounds.
Distillates—High Performance Liquid Chromatography
4.3 The empirical equations for the estimated net heat of
Method with Refractive Index Detection
combustion, sulfur-free basis, were derived by stepwise linear
regression methods using data from 241 fuels, most of which
3. Terminology
conform to specifications for aviation gasolines and aircraft
3.1 Definitions:
turbine or jet engine fuels.
3.1.1 gross heat of combustion, Qg (MJ/kg), n—quantity of
energyreleasedwhenaunitmassoffuelisburnedinaconstant
5. Significance and Use
volume enclosure, with the products being gaseous, other than
water, which is condensed to the liquid state. 5.1 This test method is intended for use as a guide in cases
where experimental determination of heat of combustion is not
3.1.2 net heat of combustion, Qn (MJ/kg), n—quantity of
available and cannot be made conveniently and where an
energy released when a unit mass of fuel is burned at constant
estimate is considered satisfactory. It is not intended as a
pressure, with all of the products, including water, being
substitute for experimental measurements of heat of combus-
gaseous.
tion. Table 1 shows a summary for the range of each variable
used in developing the correlation. The mean value and an
Available from Energy Institu
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D3338/D3338M − 20 D3338/D3338M − 20a
Standard Test Method for
Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3338/D3338M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the net heat of combustion (megajoules per kilogram or [Btu per pound]) of aviation
gasolines and aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels in the range from 40.19 MJ ⁄kg to 44.73 MJ ⁄kg or [17 280 Btu ⁄lb to
19 230 Btu ⁄lb]. The precision for estimation of the net heat of combustion outside this range has not been determined for this test
method.
1.2 This test method is purely empirical and is applicable to liquid hydrocarbon fuels that conform to the specifications for aviation
gasolines or aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels of grades Jet A, Jet A-1, Jet B, JP-4, JP-5, JP-7, and JP-8.
NOTE 1—The experimental data on heat of combustion from which the Test Method D3338 correlation was devised was obtained by a precision method
similar to Test Method D4809.
NOTE 2—The estimation of the net heat of combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which
a relation between heat of combustion and aromatic and sulfur contents, density, and distillation range of the fuel has been derived from accurate
experimental measurements on representative samples of that class. Even in this case, the possibility that the estimates may be in error by large amounts
for individual fuels should be recognized. The fuels used to establish the correlation presented in this method are defined as follows:
Fuels:
Aviation gasoline—Grades 100/130 and 115/145 (1, 2)
Kerosines, alkylates, and special WADC fuels (3)
Kerosenes, alkylates, and special WADC fuels (3)
Pure hydrocarbons—paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics (4)
Fuels for which data were reported by the Coordinating Research
Council (5).
NOTE 3—The property ranges used in this correlation are as follows:
Aromatics—from 0 % by mass to 100 % by mass
API Gravity—from [25.7° to 81.2°API]
Volatility—from [160 °F to 540 °F], average boiling point
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.05 on Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.
Current edition approved May 15, 2020Dec. 1, 2020. Published June 2020December 2020. Originally approved in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 20142020 as
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D3338/D3338M – 09 (2014)D3338/D3338M – 20. . DOI: 10.1520/D3338_D3338M-20.10.1520/D3338_D3338M-20A.
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of this standard.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
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D3338/D3338M − 20a
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3.1 Although the test method permits the calculation of net heat of combustion in either SI or inch-pound units, SI units are the
preferred units.
1.3.2 The net heat of combustion can also be estimated in inch-pound units by Test Method D1405 or in SI units by Test Method
D4529. Test Method D1405 requires calculation of one of four equations dependent on the fuel type with a precision equivalent
to that of this test method. Test Method D4529 requires calculation of a single equation for all aviation fuels with a precision
equivalent to that of this test method. Unlike Test Method D1405 and D4529, Test Method D3338/D3338M does not require the
use of aniline point.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
D240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by
Hydrometer Method
D1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
D1405 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
D1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by High Temperature Combustion and Infrared (IR) Detection or Thermal
Conductivity Detection (TCD)
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography
D3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcoulometry
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)
D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel,
and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
D6379 Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Types in Aviation Fuels and Petroleum Distillates—High
Performance Liquid Chromatography Method with Refractive Index Detection
D8267 Test Method for Determination of Total Aromatic, Monoaromatic and Diaromatic Content of Aviation Turbine Fuels
Using Gas Chromatography with Vacuum Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy Detection (GC-VUV)
D8305 Test Method for The Determination of Total Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in
Aviation Turbine Fuels and other Kerosene Range Fuels by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
2.2 Energy Institute Standard:
IP 436 Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Types in Aviation Fuels and Petroleum Distillates—High
Performance Liquid Chromatography Method with Refractive Index Detection
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 gross heat of combustion, Qg (MJ/kg), n—quantity of energy released when a unit mass of fuel is burned in a constant
volume enclosure, with the products being gaseous, other than water, which is condensed to the liquid state.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk.
D3338/D3338M − 20a
3.1.2 net heat of combustion, Qn (MJ/kg), n—quantity of energy released when a unit mass of fuel is burned at constant pressure,
with all of the products, including water, being gaseous.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A correlation (6) in inch-pound units has been established between the net heat of combustion and gravity, aromatic content,
and average volatility of the fuel. This correlation was converted to SI units; the relationships are given by the following equations:
Type Fuel
All aviation gasolines, aircraft turbine, and jet engine fuels
Equation
Q 5 16.24 G 2 3.007 A 10.01714 G 3V (1)
~ ! ~ ! ~ !
p1
20.2983 A 3G 10.00053 A 3G 3V 117685
~ ! ~ !
or in SI units
Q 5 @5528.73 2 92.6499 A 1 10.1601 T (2)
p2
1 0.314169 AT#/D10.0791707A
20.00944893T 2 0.000292178AT135.9936
where:
Q = net heat of combustion, [Btu/lb] sulfur-free basis,
p1
Q = net heat of combustion, MJ/kg, sulfur-free basis,
p2
A = aromatics, volume %
G = gravity, API,
V = volatility: boiling point or average of Test Method D86 or D2887 10 %, 50 %, and 90 % points, [°F],
D = density, kg/m at 15 °C
T = volatility: boiling point or average of Test Method D86 or D2887 10 %, 50 %, and 90 % points, °C.
4.2 To correct for the effect of the sulfur content of the fuel on the net heat of combustion, apply the following equation:
Q 5 Q 3@12 0.01~S !#1C~S ! (3)
p 1 1
where:
Q = net heat of combustion, MJ/kg or [Btu/lb], of the fuel containing S weight percent sulfur,
Q = Q [inch-pound units] or Q (SI units),
p p1 p2
S = sulfur content of the fuel, mass %, and
C = 0.10166 (SI units) or [43.7 (inch-pound units)] = a constant based on the thermochemical data on sulfur compounds.
4.3 The empirical equations for the estimated net heat of combustion, sulfur-free basis, were derived by stepwise linear regression
methods using data from 241 fuels, most of which conform to specifications for aviation gasolines and aircraft turbine or jet engine
fuels.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method is intended for use as a guide in cases where experimental determination of heat of combustion is not
available and cannot be made conveniently and where an estimate is considered satisfactory. It is not intended as a substitute for
experimental measurement
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