ASTM D3338/D3338M-20a
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for use as a guide in cases where experimental determination of heat of combustion is not available and cannot be made conveniently and where an estimate is considered satisfactory. It is not intended as a substitute for experimental measurements of heat of combustion. Table 1 shows a summary for the range of each variable used in developing the correlation. The mean value and an estimate of its distribution about the mean, namely the standard deviation, is shown. This indicates, for example, that the mean density for all fuels used in developing the correlation was 779.3 kg/m3 and that two thirds of the samples had a density between 721.4 kg/m3 and 837.1 kg/m3, that is, plus or minus one standard deviation. The correlation is most accurate when the values of the variables used are within one standard deviation of the mean, but is useful up to two standard deviations of the mean. The use of this correlation may be applicable to other hydrocarbon distillates and pure hydrocarbons; however, only limited data on non-aviation fuels over the entire range of the variables were included in the correlation.
Note 4: The procedures for the experimental determination of the gross and net heats of combustion are described in Test Methods D240 and D4809.
5.2 The calorimetric methods cited in Note 4 measure gross heat of combustion. However, net heat is used in aircraft calculations because all combustion products are in the gaseous state. This calculation method is based on net heat, but a correction is required for condensed sulfur compounds.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the net heat of combustion (megajoules per kilogram or [Btu per pound]) of aviation gasolines and aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels in the range from 40.19 MJ/kg to 44.73 MJ/kg or [17 280 Btu/lb to 19 230 Btu/lb]. The precision for estimation of the net heat of combustion outside this range has not been determined for this test method.
1.2 This test method is purely empirical and is applicable to liquid hydrocarbon fuels that conform to the specifications for aviation gasolines or aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels of grades Jet A, Jet A-1, Jet B, JP-4, JP-5, JP-7, and JP-8.
Note 1: The experimental data on heat of combustion from which the Test Method D3338 correlation was devised was obtained by a precision method similar to Test Method D4809.
Note 2: The estimation of the net heat of combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a relation between heat of combustion and aromatic and sulfur contents, density, and distillation range of the fuel has been derived from accurate experimental measurements on representative samples of that class. Even in this case, the possibility that the estimates may be in error by large amounts for individual fuels should be recognized. The fuels used to establish the correlation presented in this method are defined as follows:
Fuels:
Aviation gasoline—Grades 100/130 and 115/145 (1, 2)2
Kerosenes, alkylates, and special WADC fuels (3)
Pure hydrocarbons—paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics (4)
Fuels for which data were reported by the Coordinating Research Council (5).
Note 3: The property ranges used in this correlation are as follows:
Aromatics—from 0 % by mass to 100 % by mass
API Gravity—from [25.7° to 81.2°API]
Volatility—from [160 °F to 540 °F], average boiling point
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3.1 Although the test method permits the calculation of net heat of combustion in either SI or inch-pound units, SI units are the preferred...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D3338/D3338M − 20a
Standard Test Method for
1
Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3338/D3338M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the net heat of
with the standard.
combustion (megajoules per kilogram or [Btu per pound]) of
1.3.1 Although the test method permits the calculation of
aviation gasolines and aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels in
netheatofcombustionineitherSIorinch-poundunits,SIunits
the range from 40.19 MJ⁄kg to 44.73 MJ⁄kg or [17 280 Btu⁄lb
are the preferred units.
to 19 230 Btu⁄lb]. The precision for estimation of the net heat
1.3.2 The net heat of combustion can also be estimated in
of combustion outside this range has not been determined for
inch-pound units by Test Method D1405 or in SI units by Test
this test method.
MethodD4529.TestMethodD1405requirescalculationofone
1.2 This test method is purely empirical and is applicable to
of four equations dependent on the fuel type with a precision
liquid hydrocarbon fuels that conform to the specifications for
equivalent to that of this test method. Test Method D4529
aviation gasolines or aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels of
requires calculation of a single equation for all aviation fuels
grades Jet A, Jet A-1, Jet B, JP-4, JP-5, JP-7, and JP-8.
with a precision equivalent to that of this test method. Unlike
Test Method D1405 and D4529, Test Method D3338/D3338M
NOTE 1—The experimental data on heat of combustion from which the
Test Method D3338 correlation was devised was obtained by a precision
does not require the use of aniline point.
method similar to Test Method D4809.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
NOTE2—Theestimationofthenetheatofcombustionofahydrocarbon
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
fuel is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for
which a relation between heat of combustion and aromatic and sulfur responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
contents, density, and distillation range of the fuel has been derived from
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
accurate experimental measurements on representative samples of that
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
class. Even in this case, the possibility that the estimates may be in error
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
bylargeamountsforindividualfuelsshouldberecognized.Thefuelsused
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
toestablishthecorrelationpresentedinthismethodaredefinedasfollows:
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Fuels:
2
Aviation gasoline—Grades 100/130 and 115/145 (1, 2) Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Kerosenes, alkylates, and special WADC fuels (3)
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Pure hydrocarbons—paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics (4)
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Fuels for which data were reported by the Coordinating Research
Council (5).
2. Referenced Documents
NOTE 3—The property ranges used in this correlation are as follows:
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Aromatics—from 0 % by mass to 100 % by mass
API Gravity—from [25.7° to 81.2°API] D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and
Volatility—from [160 °F to 540 °F], average boiling point
Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units D240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hy-
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
drocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp
Method)
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
1 Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of ucts by Hydrometer Method
SubcommitteeD02.05onPropertiesofFuels,PetroleumCokeandCarbonMaterial.
Current edition approve
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D3338/D3338M − 20 D3338/D3338M − 20a
Standard Test Method for
1
Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3338/D3338M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the net heat of combustion (megajoules per kilogram or [Btu per pound]) of aviation
gasolines and aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels in the range from 40.19 MJ ⁄kg to 44.73 MJ ⁄kg or [17 280 Btu ⁄lb to
19 230 Btu ⁄lb]. The precision for estimation of the net heat of combustion outside this range has not been determined for this test
method.
1.2 This test method is purely empirical and is applicable to liquid hydrocarbon fuels that conform to the specifications for aviation
gasolines or aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels of grades Jet A, Jet A-1, Jet B, JP-4, JP-5, JP-7, and JP-8.
NOTE 1—The experimental data on heat of combustion from which the Test Method D3338 correlation was devised was obtained by a precision method
similar to Test Method D4809.
NOTE 2—The estimation of the net heat of combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which
a relation between heat of combustion and aromatic and sulfur contents, density, and distillation range of the fuel has been derived from accurate
experimental measurements on representative samples of that class. Even in this case, the possibility that the estimates may be in error by large amounts
for individual fuels should be recognized. The fuels used to establish the correlation presented in this method are defined as follows:
Fuels:
2
Aviation gasoline—Grades 100/130 and 115/145 (1, 2)
Kerosines, alkylates, and special WADC fuels (3)
Kerosenes, alkylates, and special WADC fuels (3)
Pure hydrocarbons—paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics (4)
Fuels for which data were reported by the Coordinating Research
Council (5).
NOTE 3—The property ranges used in this correlation are as follows:
Aromatics—from 0 % by mass to 100 % by mass
API Gravity—from [25.7° to 81.2°API]
Volatility—from [160 °F to 540 °F], average boiling point
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.05 on Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.
Current edition approved May 15, 2020Dec. 1, 2020. Published June 2020December 2020. Originally approved in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 20142020 as
ɛ2
D3338/D3338M – 09 (2014)D3338/D3338M – 20. . DOI: 10.1520/D3338_D3338M-20.10.1520/D3338_D3338M-20A.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of this standard.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D3338/D3338M − 20a
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3.1 Although the test method permits the calculation of net heat of combustion in either SI or inch-pound units, SI units are the
preferred units.
1.3.2 The net heat of combustion can also be estimated in inch-pound units by Test Method D1405 or in SI units by Test Method
D4529. Test Method D1405 requires calculation of one of four equations dependent on the fuel type with a precision equivalent
to that of this test method. Test Method D4529 requires calculation of a single equation for all aviation fuels with a precision
equivalent to that of this test method. Unlike Test Method D1405 and D4529, Test Method D3338/D3338M does not require the
use of aniline point.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environme
...
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