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ASTM D257-99(2005)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials

Standard Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials

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1.1 These test methods cover direct-current procedures for the determination of dc insulation resistance, volume resistance, volume resistivity, surface resistance, and surface resistivity of electrical insulating materials, or the corresponding conductances and conductivities.
1.2 These test methods are not suitable for use in measuring the electrical resistivity/conductivity of moderately conductive materials. Use Test Method D 4496 to evaluate such materials.
1.3 The test methods and procedures appear in the following sections:
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see .

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Aug-2005
ICS
29.035.01 - Insulating materials in general
Technical Committee
D09 - Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials
Drafting Committee
D09.12 - Electrical Tests
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D257-99 - Standard Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials
Effective Date
01-Sep-2005
Replaced By
ASTM D257-07 - Standard Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials
Effective Date
15-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM F1837M-97(2018) - Standard Specification for Heat-Shrink Cable Entry Seals (Metric)
Effective Date
01-Sep-2005
Referred By
ASTM D4872-14(2020) - Standard Test Method for Dielectric Testing of Wire and Cable Filling Compounds
Effective Date
01-Sep-2005
Referred By
ASTM D2647-18 - Standard Specification for Crosslinkable Ethylene Plastics
Effective Date
01-Sep-2005
Referred By
ASTM D707-15(2023) - Standard Classification System and Basis for Specification for Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Molding and Extrusion Compounds (CAB)
Effective Date
01-Sep-2005
Referred By
ASTM D5575-18(2023) - Standard Classification System for Copolymers of Vinylidene Fluoride (VDF) with Other Fluorinated Monomers
Effective Date
01-Sep-2005
Referred By
ASTM D709-17 - Standard Specification for Laminated Thermosetting Materials
Effective Date
01-Sep-2005
Referred By
ASTM D2442-75(2020) - Standard Specification for Alumina Ceramics for Electrical and Electronic Applications
Effective Date
01-Sep-2005
Referred By
ASTM D2305-18 - Standard Test Methods for Polymeric Films Used for Electrical Insulation
Effective Date
01-Sep-2005
Referred By
ASTM D116-86(2020) - Standard Test Methods for Vitrified Ceramic Materials for Electrical Applications
Effective Date
01-Sep-2005
Referred By
ASTM D4325-20 - Standard Test Methods for Nonmetallic Semi-Conducting and Electrically Insulating Rubber Tapes
Effective Date
01-Sep-2005
Referred By
ASTM D3222-21 - Standard Specification for Unmodified Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) (PVDF) Molding Extrusion and Coating Materials
Effective Date
01-Sep-2005
Referred By
ASTM F790-23 - Standard Guide for Testing Materials for Aerospace Plastic Transparent Enclosures
Effective Date
01-Sep-2005
Referred By
ASTM D8065/D8065M-16 - Standard Classification System and Basis for Specification for Specifying Plastic Films
Effective Date
01-Sep-2005

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ASTM D257-99(2005) - Standard Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating MaterialsASTM D257-99(2005) - Standard Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials
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ASTM D257-99(2005) - Standard Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation: D 257 – 99 (Reapproved 2005)
Standard Test Methods for
1
DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 257; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 These test methods cover direct-current procedures for 2.1 ASTM Standards:
the determination of dc insulation resistance, volume resis- D 150 Test Methods for AC Loss Characteristics and Per-
tance, volume resistivity, surface resistance, and surface resis- mittivity Dielectric Contant of Solid Electrical Insulation
tivity of electrical insulating materials, or the corresponding D 374 Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-
conductances and conductivities. lation
1.2 These test methods are not suitable for use in measuring D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
the electrical resistivity/conductivity of moderately conductive D 1169 Test Method for Specific Resistance (Resistivity) of
materials. Use Test Method D 4496 to evaluate such materials. Electrical Insulating Liquids
1.3 The test methods and procedures appear in the follow- D 1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulation
ing sections: D 4496 Test Method for DC Resistance or Conductance of
Moderately Conductive Materials
Test Method or Procedure Section
Calculation 13
D 5032 Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humid-
Choice of Apparatus and Test Method 7
ity by Means of Aqueous Glycerin Solutions
Cleaning Solid Specimens 10.1
E 104 Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humidity
Conditioning of Specimens 11
Effective Area of Guarded Electrode Appendix
by Means of Aqueous Solutions
X2
Electrode Systems 6
3. Terminology
Factors Affecting Insulation Resistance or Conductance Appendix
Measurements X1
3.1 Definitions—The following definitions are taken from
Humidity Control 11.2
Terminology D 1711 and apply to the terms used in these test
Liquid Specimens and Cells 9.4
methods.
Precision and Bias 15
Procedure for the Measurement of Resist- 12
3.1.1 conductance, insulation, n—the ratio of the total
ance or Conductance
volume and surface current between two electrodes (on or in a
Referenced Documents 2
Report 14 specimen) to the dc voltage applied to the two electrodes.
Sampling 8
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Insulation conductance is the recipro-
Significance and Use 5
cal of insulation resistance.
Specimen Mounting 10
3.1.2 conductance, surface, n—the ratio of the current
Summary of Test Methods 4
Terminology 3
betweentwoelectrodes(onthesurfaceofaspecimen)tothedc
Test Specimens for Insulation, Volume, and Surface 9
voltage applied to the electrodes.
Resistance or Conductance Determination
Typical Measurement Methods Appendix 3.1.2.1 Discussion—(Some volume conductance is un-
X3
avoidably included in the actual measurement.) Surface con-
ductance is the reciprocal of surface resistance.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.3 conductance,volume,n—theratioofthecurrentinthe
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
volume of a specimen between two electrodes (on or in the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
specimen) to the dc voltage applied to the two electrodes.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Volume conductance is the reciprocal
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific
of volume resistance.
hazard statement, see 6.1.8.
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 on
2
Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and are the direct responsibility of For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Subcommittee D09.12 on Electrical Tests. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2005. Published October 2005. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 1925. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 257 – 99. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D 257 – 99 (2005)
3.1.4 conductivity, surface, n—the surface conductance 4. Summary of Test Methods
multiplied by that ratio of specimen surface dimensions (dis-
4.1 The resistance or conductance of a material specimen or
tance between elect
...

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1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. (See IEEE/ASTM SI-10 for further details.)For specific precautionary statements, see Section 9.  
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Note 1: Although this test method and IEC 60695-2-12 differ in approach and in detail, data obtained to determine the glow-wire flammability index (GWFI) using either test method are technically similar. Although this test method and IEC 60695-2-13 differ in approach and in detail, data obtained to determine the glow-wire ignition temperature (GWIT) using either test method are technically similar.  
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1.1 This terminology standard is a compilation of technical terms associated with testing and specifying solid electrical and electronic insulating materials.  
1.2 This terminology standard shall contain all definitions that are balloted specifically through Subcommittee D09.94 and through D09 main committee and that are of general interest to standards associated with electrical and electronic insulating materials. Those definitions shall be of importance to electrical and electronic insulating materials issues but need not be directly associated with a specific standard under the jurisdiction of Committee D09 on Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials.  
1.3 It is intended that all definitions in this terminology standard originating in a specific standard under the jurisdiction of Committee D09 be identical to definitions of the same terms as printed in standards of originating technical subcommittees, with the exceptions of: (1) deletion of any part of the Discussion included in another standard that refers specifically to the use of a term in that standard; (2) figure numbers and corresponding references; and (3) in this terminology standard, a parenthetical addition of a reference to one or more technical standards in which the term is used and the year in which the term was added to this compilation.  
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1.6 Revisions and additions to those definitions in this terminology standard which originate in a specific standard under the jurisdiction of Committee D09 are to be made as a product of a collaborative effort between Subcommittee D09.94 and the corresponding technical subcommittee of Committee D09, with Subcommittee D09.94 providing editorial advice to the technical subcommittees.  
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Standard Specification for Pressboard for Electrical Insulating Purposes

ABSTRACT
This specification covers pressboard for electrical insulating purposes as well as for dielectrical or structural purposes in transformers and other electrical apparatus. Pressboards under this specification are of three types: Type 1 consists of high-purity (Grade 1.1) calendered pressboards, while Type 2 consists of normal-purity (Grades 2.1.1, 2.2.1, 2.3.1, and 2.3.2) calendered pressboards. Precompressed pressboards (Grades 3.1.1, 3.2.1, and 3.3) fall under Type 3. Not included in this specification, however, are pressboards comprised of two or more sheets laminated together using an adhesive. Pressboards shall be manufactured from unbleached kraft pulp, cotton pulp, or a combination of both, and shall conform to the thickness, density, surface texture (smooth calendered surface for Types1 and 2, and fine-textured finish for Type 3), and color (from tan to blue-gray, depending on the pressboard's grade) requirements specified. The pressboard must also be free of dirt, metal particles, and other foreign material. Tests for apparent density, thickness, moisture and ash content, aqueous extract conductivity, chloride content, tensile strength, pH of aqueous extract, dielectric strength in air and in oil, shrinkage, and compressibility shall be performed and shall conform to the requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers pressboard for electrical insulating purposes, manufactured from kraft, cotton, or kraft and cotton pulps. This board is intended for dielectrical or structural purposes in transformers and other electrical apparatus.  
1.2 Electrical insulating boards are most commonly referred to (and will be referred to herein) as pressboard. Other terms used for pressboard include transformer board, fuller board, and presspan.  
1.3 This specification covers pressboard having a nominal thickness of 0.030 to 0.315 in. (0.8 to 8.0 mm). For thinner material refer to Specification D1305.  
1.4 The maximum thickness available will differ with the type and the manufacturer. The maximum sheet size will differ with the thickness, type, and manufacturer.  
1.5 Pressboard shall normally be plied wet without pasting. Unless specified by the purchaser, this specification does not include pressboard comprised of two or more sheets that have been laminated together using an adhesive.
Note 1: The materials described in this specification are similar to corresponding types of pressboard described in IEC Specification 641-3, Sheet 1, Types B.0.1, B.2.1, B.2.3, B.3.1, and B.3.3.  
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D3394-16(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Electrical Insulating Board

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
19.1 Apparent density affects the dielectric and physical characteristics of insulating board and is a factor in the economics of its use in apparatus. This test is useful for specification, design, and quality control purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the sampling and testing of electrical insulating boards. These boards are porous, usually fibrous sheets used for dielectric and structural purposes in electrical apparatus.  
1.2 These test methods are not intended for testing vulcanized fibre or molded laminated sheets.  
1.3 These test methods are applicable to board materials having a nominal thickness of at least 0.030 in. (0.76 mm).  
Note 1: For materials thinner than 0.030 in. (0.76 mm) see Test Methods D202.  
1.4 The test methods appear in the following sections:    
Sections  
ASTM Method
Reference  
Apparent Density  
18 – 23  
Aqueous Extract Characteristics  
36 – 42  
D202  
Ash Content  
43 – 46  
T 413  
Compatibility with Dielectric
Liquids  
47 – 52  
D664, D877, D924,
D971, D974, D1169,
D1500, D1816,
D3455, D3487  
Compressibility  
79 – 85  
Conditioning  
11  
D685  
Degree of Polymerization  
86 – 89  
D4243  
Dielectric Strength in Air  
53 – 59  
D149  
Dielectric Strength in Oil  
60 – 65  
D149, D2413, D3426  
Dimensions of Sheets  
12 – 17  
Moisture Content  
31 – 35  
D644  
Oil Absorption  
72 – 78  
Reports  
10  
Sampling  
6 – 9  
D3636  
Shrinkage  
24 – 30  
D644  
Tensile Properties  
66 – 71  
D202  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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