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ASTM D257-07

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials

Standard Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials

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1.1 These test methods cover direct-current procedures for the measurement of dc insulation resistance, volume resistance, and surface resistance. From such measurements and the geometric dimensions of specimen and electrodes, both volume and surface resistivity of electrical insulating materials can be calculated, as well as the corresponding conductances and conductivities.
1.2 These test methods are not suitable for use in measuring the electrical resistance/conductance of moderately conductive materials. Use Test Method D 4496 to evaluate such materials.
1.3 This standard describes several general alternative methodologies for measuring resistance (or conductance). Specific materials can be tested most appropriately by using standard ASTM test methods applicable to the specific material that define both voltage stress limits and finite electrification times as well as specimen configuration and electrode geometry. These individual specific test methodologies would be better able to define the precision and bias for the determination.
1.4 The procedures appear in the following sections:
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-May-2007
ICS
29.035.01 - Insulating materials in general
Technical Committee
D09 - Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials
Drafting Committee
D09.12 - Electrical Tests
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D257-99(2005) - Standard Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials
Effective Date
15-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM D6343-14(2018) - Standard Test Methods for Thin Thermally Conductive Solid Materials for Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Applications
Effective Date
15-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM D876-21 - Standard Test Methods for Nonrigid Vinyl Chloride Polymer Tubing Used for Electrical Insulation
Effective Date
15-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM D788-16 - Standard Classification System for Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA) Molding and Extrusion Compounds
Effective Date
15-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM D4066-13(2019) - Standard Classification System for Nylon Injection and Extrusion Materials (PA)
Effective Date
15-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM F3510-21 - Standard Guide for Characterizing Fiber-Based Constructs for Tissue-Engineered Medical Products
Effective Date
15-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM D3004-08(2020) - Standard Specification for Crosslinked and Thermoplastic Extruded Semi-Conducting, Conductor, and Insulation Shielding Materials
Effective Date
15-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM D709-17 - Standard Specification for Laminated Thermosetting Materials
Effective Date
15-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM D6411/D6411M-99(2020) - Standard Specification for Silicone Rubber Room Temperature Vulcanizing Low Outgassing Materials
Effective Date
15-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM D1636-21 - Standard Specification for Allyl Molding Compounds
Effective Date
15-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM D8065/D8065M-16 - Standard Classification System and Basis for Specification for Specifying Plastic Films
Effective Date
15-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM D6224-22 - Standard Practice for In-Service Monitoring of Lubricating Oil for Auxiliary Power Plant Equipment
Effective Date
15-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM D8501-23 - Standard Classification System for and Basis for Specification for Unfilled Poly(Ether Ketone Ketone) (PEKK) Materials for Molding, Extrusion, Composites, Powder Coating and Additive Manufacturing
Effective Date
15-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM D2647-18 - Standard Specification for Crosslinkable Ethylene Plastics
Effective Date
15-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM D5575-18(2023) - Standard Classification System for Copolymers of Vinylidene Fluoride (VDF) with Other Fluorinated Monomers
Effective Date
15-May-2007

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ASTM D257-07 - Standard Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating MaterialsASTM D257-07 - Standard Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials
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ASTM D257-07 - Standard Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D257 − 07 AnAmerican National Standard
Standard Test Methods for
1
DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D257; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
Significance and Use 5
Specimen Mounting 10
1.1 These test methods cover direct-current procedures for
Summary of Test Methods 4
themeasurementofdcinsulationresistance,volumeresistance, Terminology 3
Test Specimens for Insulation, Volume, and Surface 9
and surface resistance. From such measurements and the
Resistance or Conductance Determination
geometric dimensions of specimen and electrodes, both vol-
Typical Measurement Methods Appendix
ume and surface resistivity of electrical insulating materials X3
can be calculated, as well as the corresponding conductances
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
and conductivities.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.2 These test methods are not suitable for use in measuring
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
the electrical resistance/conductance of moderately conductive
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
materials. Use Test Method D4496 to evaluate such materials.
1.3 This standard describes several general alternative
2. Referenced Documents
methodologies for measuring resistance (or conductance).
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Specific materials can be tested most appropriately by using
D150 Test Methods forAC Loss Characteristics and Permit-
standardASTMtestmethodsapplicabletothespecificmaterial
tivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulation
that define both voltage stress limits and finite electrification
D374 Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-
times as well as specimen configuration and electrode geom-
lation
etry. These individual specific test methodologies would be
D1169 Test Method for Specific Resistance (Resistivity) of
better able to define the precision and bias for the determina-
Electrical Insulating Liquids
tion.
D1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulation
1.4 The procedures appear in the following sections:
D4496 Test Method for D-C Resistance or Conductance of
Test Method or Procedure Section
Moderately Conductive Materials
Calculation 13
D5032 Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humidity
Choice of Apparatus and Test Method 7
by Means of Aqueous Glycerin Solutions
Cleaning Solid Specimens 10.1
Conditioning of Specimens 11
D6054 Practice for Conditioning Electrical Insulating Mate-
Effective Area of Guarded Electrode Appendix
rials for Testing
X2
E104 Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humidity
Electrode Systems 6
Factors Affecting Insulation Resistance or Conductance Appendix
by Means of Aqueous Solutions
Measurements X1
Humidity Control 11.2
3. Terminology
Liquid Specimens and Cells 9.4
Precision and Bias 15
3.1 Definitions:
Procedure for the Measurement of Resist- 12
3.1.1 The following definitions are taken from Terminology
ance or Conductance
Referenced Documents 2
D1711 and apply to the terms used in the text of this standard.
Report 14
3.1.2 conductance, insulation, n—the ratio of the total
Sampling 8
volume and surface current between two electrodes (on or in a
specimen) to the dc voltage applied to the two electrodes.
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 on
Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and are the direct responsibility of
2
Subcommittee D09.12 on Electrical Tests. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 15, 2007. Published June 2007. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1925. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D257 – 99(2005). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D0257-07. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D257 − 07
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Insulation conductance is the recipro- 3.1.11.1 Discussion—Surface resistivity is expressed in
cal of insulation resistance. ohms.Itispopularlyexpressedalsoasohms/square(thesizeof
thesquareisimmaterial).Surfaceresistivityisthereciprocalof
3.1.3 con
...

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ASTM D2304-23(Test Method)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 Thermal degradation is often a major factor affecting the life of insulating materials and the equipment in which they are used. The temperature index provides a means for comparing the thermal capability of different materials in respect to the degradation of a selected property (the aging criterion). This property needs to directly or indirectly represent functional needs in application. For example, it is possible that a change in dielectric strength will be of direct, functional importance. However, more often it is possible that a decrease in dielectric strength will indirectly indicate the development of undesirable cracking (embrittlement). A decrease in flexural strength has the potential to be of direct importance in some applications, but also has the potential to indirectly indicate a susceptibility to failure in vibration. Often, it is necessary that two or more criteria of failure be used; for example, dielectric strength and flexural strength.  
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ASTM D5424-23a(Test Method)
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ASTM D5537-23a(Test Method)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 During operation of electrical equipment, including wires, resistors, and other conductors, it is possible for overheating to occur under certain conditions of operation, or when malfunctions occur. When this happens, a possible result is ignition of the adjacent insulation material.  
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5.3 This test method determines the minimum temperature required to ignite a material by the effect of a glowing heat source, under the specified conditions of test.  
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1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. (See IEEE/ASTM SI-10 for further details.)For specific precautionary statements, see Section 9.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 9.  
1.7 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.
Note 1: Although this test method and IEC 60695-2-12 differ in approach and in detail, data obtained to determine the glow-wire flammability index (GWFI) using either test method are technically similar. Although this test method and IEC 60695-2-13 differ in approach and in detail, data obtained to determine the glow-wire ignition temperature (GWIT) using either test method are technically similar.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulation

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1.1 This terminology standard is a compilation of technical terms associated with testing and specifying solid electrical and electronic insulating materials.  
1.2 This terminology standard shall contain all definitions that are balloted specifically through Subcommittee D09.94 and through D09 main committee and that are of general interest to standards associated with electrical and electronic insulating materials. Those definitions shall be of importance to electrical and electronic insulating materials issues but need not be directly associated with a specific standard under the jurisdiction of Committee D09 on Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials.  
1.3 It is intended that all definitions in this terminology standard originating in a specific standard under the jurisdiction of Committee D09 be identical to definitions of the same terms as printed in standards of originating technical subcommittees, with the exceptions of: (1) deletion of any part of the Discussion included in another standard that refers specifically to the use of a term in that standard; (2) figure numbers and corresponding references; and (3) in this terminology standard, a parenthetical addition of a reference to one or more technical standards in which the term is used and the year in which the term was added to this compilation.  
1.3.1 Definitions contained in this terminology standard which did not originate in a specific standard under the jurisdiction of Committee D09, or which originated in a standard that has since been revised or withdrawn, and that have been appropriately balloted, shall also be included in this terminology standard.  
1.4 It is permissible to include symbols as part of the representation of terms, where appropriate.  
1.5 It is not intended that this terminology standard include symbols (except as noted in 1.4). It is also permissible to include acronyms and abbreviations referring directly to defined terms.  
1.6 Revisions and additions to those definitions in this terminology standard which originate in a specific standard under the jurisdiction of Committee D09 are to be made as a product of a collaborative effort between Subcommittee D09.94 and the corresponding technical subcommittee of Committee D09, with Subcommittee D09.94 providing editorial advice to the technical subcommittees.  
1.7 Each definition in this terminology standard shall be accompanied by the year in which it was first incorporated into the standard, placed at the end in parentheses. All discussions shall also carry a date; it is possible that the discussion date is different from the definition date.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Ovens used for thermal evaluation of insulating materials are to be capable of maintaining uniform conditions of temperature and air circulation over the extended periods of time that are required for conducting these tests. Specification D5423 specifies the permissible variations from absolute uniformity that have been accepted internationally for these ovens. These test methods include procedures for measuring these variations and other specified characteristics of the ovens.
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1.1 These test methods cover procedures for evaluating the characteristics of forced-convection ventilated electrically-heated ovens, operating over all or part of the temperature range from 20 °C above the ambient temperature to 500 °C and used for thermal endurance evaluation of electrical insulating materials.  
1.2 These test methods are based on IEC Publication 60216-4-1, and are technically identical to it. This compilation of test methods and an associated specification, D5423, have replaced Specification D2436.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM
ASTM D4063-99(2022)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Pressboard for Electrical Insulating Purposes

ABSTRACT
This specification covers pressboard for electrical insulating purposes as well as for dielectrical or structural purposes in transformers and other electrical apparatus. Pressboards under this specification are of three types: Type 1 consists of high-purity (Grade 1.1) calendered pressboards, while Type 2 consists of normal-purity (Grades 2.1.1, 2.2.1, 2.3.1, and 2.3.2) calendered pressboards. Precompressed pressboards (Grades 3.1.1, 3.2.1, and 3.3) fall under Type 3. Not included in this specification, however, are pressboards comprised of two or more sheets laminated together using an adhesive. Pressboards shall be manufactured from unbleached kraft pulp, cotton pulp, or a combination of both, and shall conform to the thickness, density, surface texture (smooth calendered surface for Types1 and 2, and fine-textured finish for Type 3), and color (from tan to blue-gray, depending on the pressboard's grade) requirements specified. The pressboard must also be free of dirt, metal particles, and other foreign material. Tests for apparent density, thickness, moisture and ash content, aqueous extract conductivity, chloride content, tensile strength, pH of aqueous extract, dielectric strength in air and in oil, shrinkage, and compressibility shall be performed and shall conform to the requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers pressboard for electrical insulating purposes, manufactured from kraft, cotton, or kraft and cotton pulps. This board is intended for dielectrical or structural purposes in transformers and other electrical apparatus.  
1.2 Electrical insulating boards are most commonly referred to (and will be referred to herein) as pressboard. Other terms used for pressboard include transformer board, fuller board, and presspan.  
1.3 This specification covers pressboard having a nominal thickness of 0.030 to 0.315 in. (0.8 to 8.0 mm). For thinner material refer to Specification D1305.  
1.4 The maximum thickness available will differ with the type and the manufacturer. The maximum sheet size will differ with the thickness, type, and manufacturer.  
1.5 Pressboard shall normally be plied wet without pasting. Unless specified by the purchaser, this specification does not include pressboard comprised of two or more sheets that have been laminated together using an adhesive.
Note 1: The materials described in this specification are similar to corresponding types of pressboard described in IEC Specification 641-3, Sheet 1, Types B.0.1, B.2.1, B.2.3, B.3.1, and B.3.3.  
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D3394-16(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Electrical Insulating Board

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
19.1 Apparent density affects the dielectric and physical characteristics of insulating board and is a factor in the economics of its use in apparatus. This test is useful for specification, design, and quality control purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the sampling and testing of electrical insulating boards. These boards are porous, usually fibrous sheets used for dielectric and structural purposes in electrical apparatus.  
1.2 These test methods are not intended for testing vulcanized fibre or molded laminated sheets.  
1.3 These test methods are applicable to board materials having a nominal thickness of at least 0.030 in. (0.76 mm).  
Note 1: For materials thinner than 0.030 in. (0.76 mm) see Test Methods D202.  
1.4 The test methods appear in the following sections:    
Sections  
ASTM Method
Reference  
Apparent Density  
18 – 23  
Aqueous Extract Characteristics  
36 – 42  
D202  
Ash Content  
43 – 46  
T 413  
Compatibility with Dielectric
Liquids  
47 – 52  
D664, D877, D924,
D971, D974, D1169,
D1500, D1816,
D3455, D3487  
Compressibility  
79 – 85  
Conditioning  
11  
D685  
Degree of Polymerization  
86 – 89  
D4243  
Dielectric Strength in Air  
53 – 59  
D149  
Dielectric Strength in Oil  
60 – 65  
D149, D2413, D3426  
Dimensions of Sheets  
12 – 17  
Moisture Content  
31 – 35  
D644  
Oil Absorption  
72 – 78  
Reports  
10  
Sampling  
6 – 9  
D3636  
Shrinkage  
24 – 30  
D644  
Tensile Properties  
66 – 71  
D202  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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